Hasil untuk "Cattle"

H.M. Hammon, L. Bachmann, L. Vogel et al.

ABSTRACT: Long-chain fatty acids such as essential fatty acids (EFA) and CLA have the potential to affect glucose metabolism and milk synthesis in the mammary gland. The present study tested the hypothesis that EFA, CLA, or a combined EFA and CLA treatment influences the formation of milk constituents from glucose and regulation of milk synthesis during early lactation. For this purpose, the carbon flow from glucose and important enzymes and regulatory factors of milk synthesis were measured in the mammary gland. Rumen-cannulated German Holstein cows (n = 38) were investigated from wk 9 antepartum until wk 9 postpartum. The cows were abomasally infused with coconut oil (CTRL, 76 g/d; n = 9), 78 g/d linseed and 4 g/d safflower oil (EFA treatment; n = 9), Lutalin (CLA treatment, isomers cis-9,trans-11 and trans-10,cis-12 CLA, each 10 g/d; n = 10), or the combination of EFA+CLA (n = 10). In wk 3 postpartum, [13C6]-glucose was infused intravenously for 4 h, and 13C-enrichment was measured in milk ingredients (lactose, casein, and fat) before and several times after tracer infusion. Tissue from the mammary gland was collected after tracer infusion in wk 4 by biopsy and in wk 9 after slaughtering the cows. Tissue was used for measuring gene and protein (only wk 9) expression of parameters related to milk synthesis. Milk FCM and ECM decreased with CLA treatment. After [13C6]-glucose infusion, 13C-enrichment increased about 30-fold higher in lactose than in casein and milk fat. 13C-Enrichment in milk fat increased more, but in casein increased less in CLA-treated than non-CLA-treated cows after infusion of [13C6]-glucose. In milk fat, 13C-enrichment of triglycerides was closely related to glycerol. The mRNA abundance of key factors and enzymes associated with milk fat synthesis, such as SREBF1, ACACA, FASN, ELOVL2, and EEF1A1, was reduced by CLA treatment. Protein expression of FAS and SREBP (68 kD) was reduced, but FABP4 was increased in cows infused with CLA. The reduced 13C-enrichment in casein of CLA-treated cows was partly combined with lower urea and protein concentrations in milk but no clear changes in gene and protein expression of parameters associated with milk protein synthesis. The EFA treatment did not affect 13C-enrichment of milk ingredients after [13C6]-glucose infusion, but protein expression of SREBP (68 kD) was reduced. Results indicated a coordinated inhibition of parameters related to milk fat synthesis in the mammary gland in CLA and EFA+CLA cows. The inhibitory effect on milk fat synthesis was associated with an elevated carbon flux of glucose in glycerol of the triglycerides in milk fat. Reduction of glucose flux in casein by CLA treatment and less milk urea pointed at less nonessential AA synthesized from glucose, but regulation of milk protein synthesis was barely affected by CLA and EFA+CLA. The EFA treatment had no influence on glucose flux into milk ingredients and seems to barely affect milk fat and protein synthesis in the present study.

Wangli Hao, Chao Ren, Yulong Fan et al.

The accurate tracking of individual calves is essential for health monitoring. However, existing multi tracking frameworks often encounter frequent ID abnormal switching issues during occlusion. To address these challenges, we propose a novel multi-object tracking framework named YSD-BPTrack for calves in occluded environments on cattle farms in this paper. This framework mainly consists of two stages: detection and tracking. Concerning the detection phase, the DCNv4 is integrated into the YOLOv8s model to capture spatial deformation features caused by occlusion, thereby enhancing detection performance under occlusion. Additionally, the Star operation of StarNet is also applied to the model to achieve excellent detection performance with lower computational costs. Concerning the tracking stage, we first propose an innovative rematching algorithm (Rematching module) and a new trajectory removal strategy (Trajectory removal module). The Rematching module performs rematching with detection boxes utilizing extended trajectory prediction boxes in cases of occlusion, resulting in a reduced probability of ID switch errors. Moreover, the Trajectory Removal module dynamically adjusts the removal time for lost matching trajectories, which decreases the likelihood of trajectories being mistakenly removed. Specifically, our proposed novel framework achieves a HOTA (Higher Order Tracking Accuracy) of 91.6%, surpassing other frameworks in both track accuracy and efficiency. Experimental results also validate the superiority of the YSD-BPTrack, with HOTA increasing by 17.6%, MOTA (Multiple Object Tracking Accuracy) by 13.9%, MOTP (Multiple Object Tracking Precision) by 1.8%, IDF1 (Identification F1 Score) by 15.4%, and reducing parameters by 49.1%, IDSw (Identification Switches) by 88.9%, and computational overhead by 39.2% compared to the other frameworks. Overall, the proposed multi-object tracking framework has great potential to revolutionize the tracking of calves.

A. Soufleri, G. Banos, N. Panousis et al.

The objective of this study was to derive the estimated breeding values (EBVs) of Holstein sires for colostrum and passive transfer of immunity traits to (1) estimate the genetic association between these new traits and established production, conformation, and function, and (2) explore whether sires can be classified in specific profiles regarding the new traits. For cow colostrum traits, the study included 699 daughters of 67 sires from 6 commercial dairy herds. The number of daughters per sire ranged from 5 to 49. Passive transfer of immunity was measured as the blood serum total protein content in 854 purebred Holstein calves of 61 sires from 8 commercial dairy herds. The number of calves per sire ranged from 5 to 44. Data were statistically analyzed using mixed models. Approximate genetic correlations of the derived sire EBVs for cow colostrum and calf serum total protein with EBVs for several other traits were estimated. Moreover, sires were classified into colostrum and calf serum total protein profile groups. Approximate genetic correlations of cow colostrum and calf serum traits with milk production, conformation, and functional traits were mostly unfavorable. Colostrum TS and protein contents were negatively correlated with milk yield, fat yield, protein yield, productive life, and livability. The only favorable correlation found was between colostrum TS/calf serum total protein and daughter pregnancy rate. However, several bulls had favorable profiles in both colostrum/passive transfer of immunity and production traits. Colostrum/passive immunity traits could be included in future genetic improvement programs after careful structure of relevant indexes.

Loukaiya Zorobouragui, Loukaiya Zorobouragui, Isidore Houaga et al.

Understanding farmers’ breeding systems and preferred traits is crucial for establishing effective genetic improvement programs. This study investigated Gudali cattle breed selection, breeding objectives, and selection criteria in North-east Benin (Malanville and Tchaourou). We surveyed 120 Gudali cattle farmers using a structured questionnaire and conducted hierarchical clustering using R software. We identified the distribution of farmers based on herd composition and production systems. Farmers were grouped into four classes: Sedentary Purebreds (16.67%), Transhumant Purebreds (33.33%), Sedentary Mixed Breeds (34.17%), and Transhumant Mixed Breeds (15.83%), with average Gudali herd sizes ranging from 23.68 to 90.11 heads depending on the system. The overall average herd size was 42.67 ± 6.00 heads. The majority of farmers owned different breeds, including Borgou (26.67%), Yakana (26.67%), and Azawak (7.5%), with only 32.5% having Gudali only herds. Farmers chose Gudali cattle for their milk production, good growth and market value, with 96.67% prioritizing milk production. The main selection criterion was coat color in all breeding systems with respective indices of 0.59; 0.57; 0.54 and 0.47 respectively for sedentary purebred; sedentary mixed breed; transhumant purebred and transhumant mixed breed systems. Most mixed breed farmers (55.84%) cross Gudali with local breeds for better dairy performance. While only 3.33% of farmers were aware of community-based breeding programs (CBBP), there was strong interest (95%) in participating. Potential challenges such as access to feed and disease management were reported. The proposed mitigation strategies include establishing pasture areas and strengthening collaboration among stakeholders. Implementing CBBP programs by incorporating farmers’ preferences and practices, could sustainably improve Gudali cattle productivity and resilience in Benin.

S RAJA, S SATHESHKUMAR, M SELVARAJU et al.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the haemodynamics of uterine blood flow in uterine torsion and record the period of resumption of ovarian cyclicity in cattle with uterine torsion. Crossbred cows with term gestation and straining for parturition due to post-cervical uterine torsion were selected for the study. Transrectal ultrasonographic assessment for measuring the doppler indices of middle uterine artery for both ipsilateral and contralateral side before and after detorsion was studied. Haemodynamic parameters such as blood flow volume (BFV), time-averaged peak velocity (TAP), resistance index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI) were assessed by using minimum three cardiac cycles. Blood samples were collected for haematological and biochemical assessment. Before detorsion, the PI value was high in ipsilateral side of uterine torsion and significant decrease could be observed after detorsion. However, BFV significantly increased after detorsion in both ipsilateral and contralateral side of uterine torsion when compared to the pre-detorsion values. Haematological and serum biochemical values were within the reference values and no significant observation could be made out of this in torsion affected cows. Two out of six animals (33.33%) exhibited the heat signs within three months of calving. In conclusion the blood flow volume was evidently increased after detorsion; however, the viability of the fetus was decided by the occurrence, duration and degree of uterine torsion.

Florian Fumy, Thomas Fartmann

Insects are by far the most species-rich branch of the tree of life and fundamental parts of extensive networks of biotic interactions. However, insect populations are declining dramatically and many species are facing extinction in the course of global change. In this study, we investigated species richness of threatened butterflies and grasshoppers in mire and grassland ecosystems in a low-mountain range in SW Germany: the southern Black Forest. Altogether, 84 randomly selected plots (100 m × 100 m) were surveyed. Across a hydrological gradient, each plot belonged to one of the five following habitat types: peat bog, fen, mesic grassland, semi-dry grassland and dry grassland. Our study revealed strong differences in environmental conditions and in assemblage composition of threatened butterfly and grasshopper species in mire and grassland habitats. Species richness and the number of indicator species of both groups peaked in fens and dry grasslands, and to a lesser extent in semi-dry grasslands. All three habitat types were characterized by low to intermediate levels of land use. In line with this, land-use intensity was the key driver of habitat heterogeneity and, hence, of species richness of threatened butterflies and grasshoppers. We recommend a conservation policy that secures the maintenance or re-establishment of low-intensity land use. In particular, we suggest continuous large-scale, low-intensity cattle grazing from spring to autumn, which has been shown to best promote high habitat heterogeneity.

Mompati Vincent Chakale, John Awungnjia Asong, Madeleen Struwig et al.

Ethnoveterinary practices and ethnobotanical knowledge serve as potential therapeutic approaches used to manage and prevent cattle diseases within poor communities in developing nations. Most of the knowledge and practices remain inadequately documented and threatened with extinction in the future. This study aimed to explore the ethnoveterinary practices and knowledge on plants used to treat cattle diseases in two communities of the Ramotshere Moiloa local municipality, South Africa. A semi-structured interview guide, snowball, and purposive technique were used to collect data and recruit 90 participants. Three ethnobotanical indices (informant consensus factor (Fic), use-value (UV), and relative frequency of citation (RFC) were used for quantitative analysis. A total of 64 medicinal plants from 32 families (dominated by Compositae, Fabaceae, and Asparagaceae) were used to treat 27 cattle diseases. The plants with a high frequency of citation and RFC were <i>Gomphocarpus fruticosus</i> (75, 0.83), <i>Opuntia ficus-indica</i> (74, 0.82), <i>Schkuhria pinnata</i> and <i>Portulaca oleracea</i> (73, 0.81), <i>Solanum lichtensteinii</i> (70, 0.77), and <i>Senna italica.</i> In addition, <i>Schkuhria pinnata</i> and <i>Aloe greatheadii</i> (0.077) had the highest UV. About 28.13% of 64 identified plants were documented as ethnoveterinary medicine for treating cattle ailments, for the first time. The remedies were mainly either prepared as a decoction (52.04%), ground, or prepared as an infusion (16.33%). The plants were administered either orally (69.79%) or topically (30.2%). The ailments with a high frequency of citations were: wounds and constipation (76); arthralgia and retained placenta (69); and lumpy skin disease (68). The categories with the highest number of plants used were gastrointestinal problems (53), skin problems (33), respiratory problems (25), and fertility/reproduction disorders (21). The highest Fic score was cited for tick-borne diseases (1), followed by musculoskeletal systems (Fic = 0.89), and general system infection (Fic = 0.88). The current findings contribute to the documentation and preservation of valuable knowledge from indigenous communities for extensive use. Additionally, ethnoveterinary uses of <i>Portulaca oleracea</i>, <i>Securidaca longipedunculata,</i> and <i>Plumbago zeylanica</i> were recorded for the first time. Further scientific evaluation of the most cited and indigenous/native plants is recommended to establish their therapeutic potential and possible integration into the conventional veterinary sector for the welfare of cattle.

Hannah A.Danks, Caroline Sobotyk, Meriam N.Saleh et al.

Dictyocaulus is a globally distributed genus of lungworms of domestic and wild ungulates. Dictyocaulus adults inhabit the bronchi, frequently causing subclinical and clinical disease, and that impacts animal health and production. North American bison (Bison bison) and cattle (Bos taurus) share various parasitic nematode species, particularly in areas where co-grazing occurs. The current assumption is that North American bison share the lungworm D. viviparus with cattle, but this has not been confirmed on a molecular basis. The aim of this study was to molecularly characterize Dictyocaulus lungworm isolates from North American plains bison (Bison bison bison). Fecal samples were collected from 5 wild conservation bison herds located in Iowa, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Colorado, and Montana in 2019 and 2020, and from ranched and feedlot bison from 2 herds in Oklahoma and Texas. First-stage lungworm larvae (L1) were isolated via Baermann technique. Genomic DNA was extracted from L1s of up to 3 samples per herd and followed by PCR and sequencing targeting the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region of the nuclear ribosomal DNA and the partial cytochrome oxidase c subunit 1 (cox1) of mitochondrial DNA. Phylogenetic analyses were performed in MEGA X 10.1. Sequences of North American plains bison Dictyocaulus belong to a single, uncharacterized species, clustering in well-supported clades (100% and 100% bootstrap support for ITS2 and cox1, respectively), differing from D. viviparus of cattle in North America and Europe, and European bison (Bison bonasus). Our results contradict previous assumptions regarding parasite identity, highlighting the need for characterization of this species through morphological and molecular methods, elucidating its biology and host range, and potential impact on host health. Further investigation into the biodiversity of Dictyocaulus species infecting bovids and cervids in North America is warranted.

A. Kakimov, A. Mayorov, A. Baikadamova et al.

Bone processing is an urgent task of rational use of meat industry waste. Disposal of cattle bones can be carried out by different methods. Various methods are used for processing bone raw materials, such as mechanical processing, chemical hydrolysis, ultrasonic processing, etc. Processed meat and bone raw materials in meat and bone paste are chemically exposed to ascorbic acid (0.05 M, 1 h, 25 ° C) and pepsin (pH 2.0, t=10...40 ° C, τ=1...8 h). This allows you to reduce the mass of bone particles in meat and bone paste by 70%. Meat and bone paste subjected to enzyme processing can be used in the technology of meat products.

Rachel M. Park, Margaret Foster, Courtney L. Daigle

Housing systems and environmental features can influence beef cattle welfare. To date, little information has been synthesized on this topic. The aim of this scoping review was to examine the relationship between housing and welfare status, so that beef cattle producers and animal scientists can make informed decisions regarding how their housing choices could impact beef cattle welfare. Housing features were categorized by floor type, space allowance and shade availability, as well as the inclusion of enrichment devices or ventilation features. Evaluation of space allowances across feedlot environments determined behavioral and production benefits when cattle were housed between 2.5 m² to 3.0 m² per animal. Over 19 different flooring types were investigated and across flooring types; straw flooring was viewed most favorably from a behavioral, production and hygiene standpoint. Veal calves experience enhanced welfare (e.g., improved behavioral, physiological, and performance metrics) when group housed. There is evidence that the implementation of progressive housing modifications (e.g., shade, environmental enrichment) could promote the behavioral welfare of feedlot cattle. This review presents the advantages and disadvantages of specific housing features on the welfare of beef cattle.

S. Lam, J. Zeidan, F. Miglior et al.

Abstract Background Optimization of an RNA-Sequencing (RNA-Seq) pipeline is critical to maximize power and accuracy to identify genetic variants, including SNPs, which may serve as genetic markers to select for feed efficiency, leading to economic benefits for beef production. This study used RNA-Seq data (GEO Accession ID: PRJEB7696 and PRJEB15314) from muscle and liver tissue, respectively, from 12 Nellore beef steers selected from 585 steers with residual feed intake measures (RFI; n = 6 low-RFI, n = 6 high-RFI). Three RNA-Seq pipelines were compared including multi-sample calling from i) non-merged samples; ii) merged samples by RFI group, iii) merged samples by RFI and tissue group. The RNA-Seq reads were aligned against the UMD3.1 bovine reference genome (release 94) assembly using STAR aligner. Variants were called using BCFtools and variant effect prediction (VeP) and functional annotation (ToppGene) analyses were performed. Results On average, total reads detected for Approach i) non-merged samples for liver and muscle, were 18,362,086.3 and 35,645,898.7, respectively. For Approach ii), merging samples by RFI group, total reads detected for each merged group was 162,030,705, and for Approach iii), merging samples by RFI group and tissues, was 324,061,410, revealing the highest read depth for Approach iii). Additionally, Approach iii) merging samples by RFI group and tissues, revealed the highest read depth per variant coverage (572.59 ± 3993.11) and encompassed the majority of localized positional genes detected by each approach. This suggests Approach iii) had optimized detection power, read depth, and accuracy of SNP calling, therefore increasing confidence of variant detection and reducing false positive detection. Approach iii) was then used to detect unique SNPs fixed within low- (12,145) and high-RFI (14,663) groups. Functional annotation of SNPs revealed positional candidate genes, for each RFI group (2886 for low-RFI, 3075 for high-RFI), which were significantly (P < 0.05) associated with immune and metabolic pathways. Conclusion The most optimized RNA-Seq pipeline allowed for more accurate identification of SNPs, associated positional candidate genes, and significantly associated metabolic pathways in muscle and liver tissues, providing insight on the underlying genetic architecture of feed efficiency in beef cattle.

VINEETA ARYA, B N SHAHI, D KUMAR et al.

The study of lactation curve helps to predict lactation milk production at a certain point of time and provides useful information for taking desirable decisions on preliminary sire evaluation, early culling of poor producers, breeding and feeding management and comparison of lactation records of unequal length. The test day milk yield data on 511 crossbred cattle were obtained and utilized according to fortnightly interval upto 305th day maintained at Instructional Dairy Farm, G B Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (Uttarakhand). The different statistical models predicting the shape of lactation curve considered were exponential function, parabolic exponential function, inverse polynomial function and gamma type function. For fortnightly test day milk yield, the inverse polynomial function exhibited the highest coefficient of determination (R2=99.97%) followed by parabolic exponential (89.32%), gamma type (87.26%) and exponential function (35.70). Inverse polynomial function is the best fitted function for explaining the first lactation curve by utilizing the records of fortnightly test day milk yields.

C. Ngassam-Tchamba, J.N. Duprez, M. Fergestad et al.

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of lytic bacteriophages on Staphylococcus aureus causing bovine mastitis, by in vitro and in vivo assays using Galleria mellonella and murine mastitis models. Methods: Between May and December 2016, ten S. aureus (five methicillin-resistant and five methicillin-sensitive) isolates were isolated from milk samples of cattle with mastitis in Belgium and Norway. The isolates were assessed in vitro for their susceptibility to four lytic bacteriophages (Romulus, Remus, ISP and DSM105264) and subsequently in vivo in G. mellonella larvae and in murine mastitis model. Results: Romulus, Remus and ISP showed a lytic activity against the S. aureus isolates in vitro. A larvae survival rate below 50% was observed at 4 days post-inoculation (DPI) in the groups infected with a methicillin-sensitive S. aureus isolate and treated with these three phages in vivo. An incomplete recovery of the mouse mastitis was observed at 48 h post-inoculation (HPI) in the groups infected and treated with the ISP phage in vivo. Conclusions: The observations are much more pronounced statistically between the infected- phosphate buffered saline (PBS)-treated and infected-phage-treated groups in G. mellonella and the murine mastitis model demonstrating an effect of the phages against S. aureus associated with bovine mastitis.

Edelmir Silvio Stadler Junior, Leslei Caroline Santos, Heloísa Godoi Bertagnon et al.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the productive performance, ingestive behavior, apparent digestibility of the diet, rectal temperature, superficial thermography of skin and hull, and the carcass traits of heifers finished in confinement under the effect of inclusion of live yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae as probiotic) in the diet. The treatments were: Control: diet without the inclusion of live yeasts, and Yeast: diet with the inclusion of live yeasts (7 g animal day-1, at the concentration of 107 CFU g-1. The diets were composed of corn silage at a constant forage: concentrate ratio of 50: 50, on a dry matter basis. The experimental design was completely randomized, composed of two treatments and nine replicates, wherein each replicate was represented by a stall with two animals. Thirty-six heifers, ½ blood Angus, from the same herd, with an average age of 11.9 months and an initial average body weight of 317 kg, were used in the experiment. Supplementation of live yeasts in the diet for finishing heifers proved to be efficient in the feedlot finishing phase because it provided improvement in the apparent digestibility of DM. In relation to the productive performance, ingestive behavior, rectal temperature, superficial thermography of skin and hull and carcass traits, no statistical difference was found between the treatments. The animals have already come from the property adapted to the feedlot system, defining small challenge against the presence of live yeasts included in the experimental diet, justifying the lack of expression on some results obtained.

Andrew Robins, Gabrielle Berthoux, Eduardo Santurtun et al.

Unpredictable floor motions during transport disturbs animals&#8217; balance, requiring stepping to move the centre of gravity in the direction of body movement. When repeated regularly, this may be stressful, requiring involvement of the right brain hemisphere, hence we investigated the existence of behavioral laterality in sheep during prolonged floor motions. Six sheep were restrained in pairs on a programmable rocking platform, in which they were unable to turn around. They were exposed to three continuous rocking motion treatments (roll, pitch or both) in a regular or irregular pattern for 1 h periods in a changeover design. Right forelimb and left hindlimb diagonal stepping was more frequent in response to the motion treatment of irregular roll and pitch, which previous research has suggested to be the most stressful from heart rate measurements. An overall strategy to maintain balance appeared to be the use of the right hindlimb as a stabilizer, which was repositioned least often of all limbs until towards the end of the hour of experimental treatment. Of each tested pair, sheep restrained on the left side of the rocking floor stepped significantly often than its partner restrained on the right side, and we postulate the existence of visuomotor lateralization as left restrained sheep were unable to view their partner within the field of view of their left eye. We also investigated which side sheep lie down on, which if left lateralized could explain our observed bipedal diagonal control of sheep balance under stress. From the observation of 412 web-based images of sheep, there was an overall left-sided laterality to their lying, as has been observed in cattle. We conclude that stepping activity in sheep in response to a motion stressor is lateralized, providing evidence that floor motion experienced in transport may induce stress responses.

D. Hancock, T. Besser, M. Kinsel et al.

M. Wiltbank, A. Gümen, Roberto Sartori

Jishan LIU, Shuguang LI, Xiaojing XIA et al.

Bovine Escherichia coli infection, which causes major economic losses to the cattle industry each year, can be prevented by administering formalin-inactivated vaccine. However, to enhance the application of this vaccine, the cell density of the formalin-inactivated E. coli should be boosted. This can be achieved by reducing the accumulation of acetate, a primary inhibitory metabolite in E. coli fermentation. To this end, the present study investigated the effect of pH, dissolved oxygen (DO) levels, and feeding methods on bovine E. coli fermentation, and developed two-stage pH and DO control strategies and a combined pH- and DO-mediated feeding strategy for the fermentation. The optimized conditions for Bovine E. coli were pH 7.0 at 0-10 h, 6.5 at 10-24 h; DO 50% at 0-10 h, 30% at 10–24 h; pH and DO feedback feeding at 0-10 h and 10-24 h, respectively. With Bovine E. coli fermentation under the optimized conditions, the acetate accumulation was 1.12 g/L and the cell density was 36.47 (OD600), which were 59.12% lower and 77.29% higher than these with the original conditions (pH 7.0; DO 20%; residual glucose concentration maintained at 2.0 g/L). After analyzing the main nodes of acetate synthesis, it was found that the lower carbon flux enters the Embden-Meyerhof pathway. Under the optimized conditions, the pyruvate flux and acetyl-CoA synthesis were low, and much of the acetyl-CoA participated in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. The extracellular acetate flux was 8.3%, which was 65.13% lower than in the original conditions.

F. Diez-Gonzalez, T. Callaway, Menas G. Kizoulis et al.

P. Taberlet, A. Valentini, H. Rezaei et al.