Hasil untuk "Cartography"

Daniel Paluba, Vojtěch Bližňák, Miloslav Müller et al.

This study assesses the accuracy of ten satellite-based and reanalysis precipitation datasets available in Google Earth Engine (GEE) using in-situ rain gauge measurements across Czechia, Central Europe, from 2001 to 2021. The gauge-adjusted GSMaP dataset (GSMaPGA) was the most accurate dataset overall (Pearson’s correlation coefficient r = 0.79), followed by ERA5-Land (r = 0.75), with both showing superior performance for rainy days above 1 mm of precipitation. In contrast, CHIRPS, GLDAS, and PERSIANN-CDR showed the weakest performance (r ≈ 0.41–0.42). All datasets overestimated precipitation on days with no or with very light rain (≤1 mm/day) and underestimated it during heavy rainfall events ( >5 mm/day). ERA5-Land systematically overestimated annual precipitation by 15–35%, while GSMaPGA showed slight underestimation by 0.5–9%. Although absolute errors generally increased with elevation, GSMaPGA showed the smallest elevation-related biases, highlighting the importance for gauge-adjustment. Part of the observed spatial and seasonal biases may be explained by the combination of coarse spatial resolution and the challenges of capturing short-lived summer convective storms over complex terrain. Overall, GSMaPGA is recommended for most applications due to its superior accuracy, while ERA5-Land is suitable for long-term studies because of its long historical record extending back to the 1950s.

Dániel Szabó, András Jung, Zsófia Varga et al.

The Daily Light Integral (DLI) maps of Portugal are decision-support tools to provide objective assessments of light availability for plants. These maps allow for the analysis of the spatial and seasonal distribution patterns of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR, 400–700 nm). A semi-automatic DLI mapping workflow was elaborated and DLI maps with two different scales (2 and 5 mol·m⁻²·d⁻¹) were created for Portugal’s mainland, analyzing from regional (Northern regions, Central regions, Southern regions) and seasonal (Spring, Summer, Autumn, Winter) perspectives. The DLI values and ranges in Portugal provide a clear spatial gradient from north to south, influenced by geographic location, topography, and climate. In autumn, the DLI values decrease (11–41 mol·m⁻²·d⁻¹) and the lowest DLI values are observed in the winter months (7–17 mol·m⁻²·d⁻¹). During spring, DLI values increase, reaching their peak in the summer months (41–57 mol·m⁻²·d⁻¹). In autumn the DLI range is narrow (11–13 mol·m⁻²·d⁻¹), as well as in winter (8–12 mol·m⁻²·d⁻¹), and it becomes broader during spring and summer (11–14 mol·m⁻²·d⁻¹). To enhance agricultural practices, future DLI maps should be integrated with agro-climatic maps and thematic layers such as soil, water, topography, temperature, and biodiversity. These integrated maps should then be incorporated into agricultural policy and decision-making to improve crop management strategies. Portugal’s agricultural lighting strategy will utilize DLI maps alongside crop-specific recommendations, shading management, local conditions and market demands.

Marcin Kluczek, Bogdan Zagajewski, Marlena Kycko

Climate change is significantly affecting mountain plant communities, causing dynamic alterations in species composition as well as spatial distribution. This raises the need for constant monitoring. The Tatra Mountains are the highest range of the Carpathians which are considered biodiversity hotspots in Central Europe. For this purpose, microwave Sentinel-1 and optical multi-temporal Sentinel-2 data, topographic derivatives, and iterative machine learning methods incorporating classifiers random forest (RF), support vector machines (SVMs), and XGBoost (XGB) were used for the identification of thirteen non-forest plant communities (various types of alpine grasslands, shrublands, herbaceous heaths, mountain hay meadows, rocks, and scree communities). Different scenarios were tested to identify the most important variables, retrieval periods, and spectral bands. The overall accuracy results for the individual algorithms reached RF (0.83–0.96), SVM (0.87–0.93), and lower results for XGBoost (0.69–0.82). The best combination, which included a fusion of Sentinel-1, Sentinel-2, and topographic data, achieved F1-scores for classes in the range of 0.73–0.97 (RF) and 0.66–0.95 (SVM). The inclusion of topographic variables resulted in an improvement in F1-scores for Sentinel-2 data by one–four percent points and Sentinel-1 data by 1%–9%. For spectral bands, the Sentinel-2 10 m resolution bands B4, B3, and B2 showed the highest mean decrease accuracy. The final result is the first comprehensive map of non-forest vegetation for the Tatra Mountains area.

Aline de Souza Souto, Virgínia Carmem da Rocha Bezerra, Glaciene Mary da Silva Gonçalves et al.

Abstract The article analyzed the sugarcane-derived socioenvironmental conflicts and injustice in the Acaú-Goiana Extractive Reserve, Pernambuco, Brazil. A descriptive case study was conducted with rural workers based on social cartography and documents, analyzed under the EJAtlas categories. The Global Atlas of Environmental Justice (EJAtlas) is a web inventory that gathers environmental conflicts and injustice, serving as a basis for reporting affected territories. Even with the creation of the Reserve to protect natural assets and ecosystem life, new conflicts emerged from the installation of enterprises that put pressure on the territory and added to centuries-old problems such as sugarcane cultivation. Other impacts include air pollution, contamination of soil and water resources, biodiversity loss, food and nutritional insecurity, increased violence, human rights violations, and mental health problems.

Joanna Wibig, Ewelina Krawczyk

Changes in air humidity in Łódź in the years 1966–2020 in the light of selected indicators The aim of the study is to present changes in air humidity in central Poland in the years 1966–2000 in Łódź as an example. The values of air temperature, relative humidity and atmospheric pressure from four observation terms, 00, 06, 12 and 18 UTC, were used. On this basis, the saturated vapour pressure, the current vapour pressure, and the saturation deficit were calculated. Then, the variability of these three indicators and relative humidity was examined. The variability of monthly and seasonal average values of humidity indices in four observation periods was presented, the trends in seasonal variability of humidity indices were calculated and the distribution functions of their distributions were compared in the midday period in three 15-year periods: 1966–1980, 1986–2000 and 2006–2020. It has been shown that the pressure of saturated water vapour is the highest in summer, the lowest in winter, and slightly higher in spring than in autumn at all times, except for the night. It increased significantly in the studied period as a result of the increase in air temperature. A comparison of the distributions in three 15-year periods shows a significant increase in the probability of occurrence of high values of saturation vapour pressure, even above 30hPa. The water vapour pressure in the air is highest in summer and lowest in winter, but in spring it is lower than in autumn. All trend coefficients are positive, but only less than half are statistically significant. A comparison of the distributions over three 15-year periods show a slight increase in the probability of higher values of the actual vapour pressure. The saturation deficit, as the difference between the previous two indicators, increases significantly. Its value in spring is significantly higher than in autumn. The trend is positive, especially in spring and summer, and the comparison of distributions shows that in the last 15 years the probability of high values of saturation deficit increased significantly. The course of relative humidity is the opposite of saturation deficit. In autumn, the relative humidity is definitely higher than in spring. The trend is down. To sum up, warming brings an increase in the capacity of the atmosphere for water vapour, a slight increase in the amount of water vapour in the air, but also a significant increase in saturation deficit and a decrease in relative humidity, which is particularly strong in spring in the first half of the growing season. Keywords: water vapour pressure, saturation deficit, relative humidity, linear trend, probability distribution Zarys treści: Celem opracowania jest ocena zmian wilgotności powietrza w środkowej Polsce w latach 1966–2000 na przykładzie Łodzi. Wykorzystano wartości temperatury powietrza, wilgotności względnej i ciśnienia atmosferycznego z czterech terminów obserwacyjnych, godzin 00, 06, 12 i 18 UTC. Na tej podstawie policzono ciśnienie pary wodnej nasyconej, aktualne ciśnienie pary wodnej i niedosyt wilgotności. Następnie zbadano zmienność tych trzech wskaźników oraz wilgotności względnej. Przedstawiono zmienność średnich miesięcznych i sezonowych wartości wskaźników wilgotności w czterech terminach obserwacyjnych, policzono trendy sezonowych wartości wskaźników wilgotności i porównano dystrybuanty ich rozkładów w terminie południowym w trzech 15-letnich okresach: 1966–1980, 1986–2000 i 2006–2020. Pokazano, że ciśnienie pary wodnej nasyconej największe jest latem, najmniejsze zimą, wiosną jest nieco wyższe niż jesienią we wszystkich terminach oprócz nocnego. Ciśnienie pary wodnej nasyconej wzrosło istotnie w badanym okresie z powodu wzrostu temperatury powietrza. Porównanie rozkładów w trzech 15-letnich okresach wskazuje na znaczny wzrost prawdopodobieństwa wystąpienia wysokich wartości ciśnienia pary wodnej nasyconej, nawet powyżej 30 hPa. Ciśnienie pary wodnej w powietrzu największe jest latem, najmniejsze zimą, jednak wiosną jest niższe niż jesienią. Wszystkie współczynniki trendu są dodatnie, ale tylko mniej niż połowa jest statystycznie istotna. Porównanie rozkładów w trzech 15-letnich okresach pokazuje nieznaczny wzrost prawdopodobieństwa wystąpienia wyższych wartości ciśnienia pary wodnej. Niedosyt wilgotności jako różnica poprzednich dwóch wskaźników wzrasta wyraźnie. Jego wartość wiosną jest znacząco wyższa niż jesienią. Trendy są dodatnie, szczególnie wiosną i latem, a porównanie rozkładów wskazuje, że w ostatnim 15-leciu prawdopodobieństwo dużych wartości niedosytu wilgotności znacząco wzrosło. Przebieg wilgotności względnej jest odwrotny do niedosytu wilgotności. Jesienią wilgotność względna jest zdecydowanie wyższa niż wiosną. Trend jest spadkowy. Podsumowując, ocieplenie przynosi wzrost pojemności atmosfery na parę wodną, niewielki wzrost ilości pary wodnej w powietrzu, ale też znaczący wzrost niedosytu wilgotności i spadek wilgotności względnej, szczególnie silny wiosną w pierwszej połowie okresu wegetacyjnego.

Emily J. Sturdivant, Karen E. Frey, Frank E. Urban

The timing of seasonal snowmelt in high-latitude tundra has implications ranging from local biological productivity to global atmospheric circulation, yet remains difficult to quantify, particularly at large spatial scales. Snowmelt detection in such remote polar environments is possible using satellite-based microwave scatterometers, such as NASA’s QuikSCAT. QuikSCAT measured scattering in Ku-band, which is sensitive to snowmelt signals, from 1999 until the antenna failed in 2009. The Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT) (2006–2021 (projected) operational), which operates at C-band, may be able to extend the QuikSCAT record, but existing techniques fail to adequately monitor tundra environments. Here, we designed a departure threshold algorithm to produce a consistent 15-year time series of melt onset for the tundra of the Alaskan North Slope, using the overlap period for the enhanced resolution datasets to calibrate the ASCAT melt detection record against QuikSCAT. We produced a time series of day of year of melt onset for 4.45 km x 4.45 km grid cells on the Alaskan North Slope from 2000–2014. Time series validation with in situ mean daily air temperature produced mean R2 values of 0.75 (QuikSCAT) and 0.72 (ASCAT). We qualitatively observed a difference between early-season melt, which occurred rapidly and was driven by strong wind events, and more typical melt, which occurred gradually along a latitudinal gradient. We speculate that future melt timing will have greater frequency of early-season onset as climate change destabilizes the high-latitude atmosphere.

Ymer Kuka, Perparim Ameti, Temenoujka Bandrova

The main objective of this paper is to analyze and develop a GIS system that includes all necessary information obtained by using GPS and mobile GIS techniques as well. Since several techniques for information management exist, the aim is how to integrate them for a sustainable management of vineyards areas in Kosovo. It has been designed a system, which is able to produce maps, make various analyses based on the requests of the specific users and offers trend orientation for decision making. The JAVA programming language has been used. This provides the most possible flexibility in the data flow and data management. The structure of the data base is proposed to be designed in that way that the textual and geometric data have been processed in a unique data base in PostGIS PostgreSQL technology.Web GIS technology presented in this paper, shows an advantage comparing to the desktop based technology since it enables an access in real time. Foremost, the application offers an access depending on the roles and privileges for different users. Development of a WEB application for viticulture management will improve the efficiency and decision making process as well.Results show numerous capabilities of GIS methodologies to manage the agricultural crops, in this particular case, the vineyards. Further, the results provide insight into information management in a single system and serve as a basis for similar researches in other areas of agriculture in the future.

Camila Caires Craveiro

 O artigo parte de uma discussão do campo dos estudos da Subjetividade (GUATTARI, ROLNIK, 2010), para refletir sobre os modos de produção subjetiva, através das práticas alimentares no contexto da cidade contemporânea. Buscaremos refletir sobre como a cidade – movida por um crescente fenômeno de urbanização em conexão com a modernização/mecanização das práticas agrícolas – amparada pelo desenvolvimento capitalista, produz práticas alimentares como reflexo e reprodução deste modo de desenvolvimento. Ao mesmo tempo em que pode ser possibilidade de reinvenção dos modos de vida dispostos neste contexto atual, fazendo apostas numa éco-lógica (GUATTARI, 1990; SANTOS, 2002), como reinvenção das práticas de cuidado de si e da cidade (FOUCAULT, 2006b).   Abstract The article begins with a discussion of the field of studies of Subjectivity (GUATTARI, ROLNIK, 2010), to reflect on subjective modes of production, through eating practices in the context of the contemporary city. It aims to explore the transformations that have occurred in the last century in the context of cities and their consequences in the logic of the production of food practices. Such reflection will be woven based on the cartographic method (PASSOS, KASTRUP, ESCÓSSIA, 2014ª, 2014b, FONSECA, NASCIMENTO MARASCHIN, 2012), supporting the cartography of the multiplicity of discourses and food practices present in the context of the contemporary city. The article is based on a bibliographical review involving discussions of the human and social sciences that can expand the field of discussion, presenting already, the perspective that this field does not fit within specific disciplinary sectors. As a result of the analyzes, it is possible to show that the growing urbanization phenomenon in connection with the modernization / mechanization of agricultural practices - supported by capitalist development - produces food practices as a reflection and reproduction of this mode of development. Resulting in the constitution of the habit of eating as a mere act of consumption, one among so many products on the shelves of the market. At the same time, it is possible to see the act of eating as a possibility of reinventing the ways of life in this current context, making bets in an eclogical (GUATTARI, 1990; SANTOS, 2002), as a reinvention of the practices of self care and (Foucault, 2006b). Keywords: subjectivity; city; food practices.

Lukáš Vít, Jan D. Bláha

Among other topics related to the visual aspect of cartographic products, current research addresses the problem of user friendliness. The most significant research concerns those products that evolve most rapidly, a typical example being interactive dynamic maps. This group of cartographic works includes products that are relatively challenging for users with respect to their temporally fluid content and the possibility of interactive manipulation. The article begins with a basic discussion of user-friendliness in cartographic products; in this context it addresses the historical development of the notion of cartography as a science, as well as the evolution of the ways in which it has been defined and of its subjects of interest. It demonstrates that, aside from notions of cartography as a technical discipline, it is also of interest from a linguistic point of view for its role as a mean of communication between cartographer and map user. Still greater emphasis is placed on the design aspects of cartographic production. The study offers the example of recent developments in Czech cartographic production, in which the last twenty years have seen a significant differentiation between published cartographic products and amateur cartography generally. This applies to creation as well as user base. Next the article describes a study on the user-friendliness of temporal legends, which are very common in animated maps. The goal of this study, which was conducted during the summer of 2010, was not only to evaluate the given temporal legends, but also to investigate the extent to which users were able to work with temporal variables (with time) in a cartographic product. Among the tools for collecting data was a form of online test. This test posed questions to respondents and automatically measured the amount of time it took them to find their answers. This method was based on the assumption that, given two cartographic works containing similar content, the work which enables the user to find information more quickly is the more user-friendly of the two. The results of the test were then analyzed on the basis of an objective standard for comparing qualities in a cartography work. The authors conclude by suggesting future directions for research on the subject. <b>Výzkum uživatelské vstřícnosti časové legendy v animovaných mapách</b> Vedle technické stránky kartografické tvorby se v současnosti stále více diskutuje o její uživatelské vstřícnosti. Výzkum uživatelské vstřícnosti může být vhodným vodítkem pro odlišení vizualizačních technik, které má smysl dále rozvíjet a technik, které jsou z pohledu uživatele neefektivní. Článek navrhuje a diskutuje tři odlišné typy časové legendy, které řeší rozdílným způsobem samotné znázornění času (dvě odlišné formy časové osy × alfanumerické vyjádření času) a také jeho rychlost a její případné změny. První ze zkoumaných legend vyjadřuje rychlost času rychlostí pohyblivého jezdce, druhá grafickou délkou časových jednotek na časové ose. Poslední, alfanumerická časová legenda, používá ke znázornění rychlosti času speciální, uměle přidaný prvek ve tvaru šipky. Tyto tři navržené časové legendy byly vzájemně porovnány na základě online testu uživatelské vstřícnosti. Do porovnání vstupovaly jak faktory objektivní (jak je uživatel schopen s danou časovou legendou pracovat), tak faktory subjektivní. Z testu vyplynulo, že nejlepší způsob vyjádření času je formou časové osy, kdy je rychlost času vyjádřena proměnnou rychlostí pohyblivého ukazatele („jezdce“). Tento způsob je však v praxi nejběžněji používaný a zůstává proto otázkou, nakolik jsou výsledky testu ovlivněny faktorem zvyku uživatelů. Pro stanovení jasných závěrů by bylo třeba provést větší množství elementárních testů.

Fabrizio Bernardini

GPS 2000

João Vitor Meza Bravo, Claudia Robbi Sluter, Fernando Luiz de Paula Santil

Durante o último século, os cartógrafos desenvolveram pesquisas com o objetivo de melhorar a apresentação de mapas. Eles realizam experimentos para testar a efetividade dos símbolos representados nos mapas com base nos pressupostos teóricos psicofísicos. Entretanto, nas duas últimas décadas, notou-se o crescente interesse desses profissionais em compreender as questões cognitivas a operar no cérebro humano durante a visualização espacial, o que demandou uma abordagem experimental fundamentada em conhecimentos provindos da psicologia cognitiva. Propostas como a teoria do protótipo de Eleanor Rosch ou os conceitos de partonomia e taxonomia têm auxiliado os pesquisadores em cartografia a compreender como funciona a organização mental do conhecimento espacial durante as tarefas de leitura de mapas. Não obstante, neste artigo faz-se uma discussão baseada numa breve historiografia, a qual está voltada aos principais conceitos que conduzem as pesquisas sobre os processos cognitivos humanos durante o uso e produção de mapas. Assim sendo, tem-se apresentados e discutidos conceitos relativos aos campos de conhecimento de linguística, psicologia e cartografia, amalgamados na intenção de prover suporte de conhecimento àqueles pesquisadores interessados em investigar aspectos da cognição na cartografia.

Mauro Salvemini

In Italia la Direttiva INSPIRE ha avuto sino ad ora l’impatto maggiore sulle Regioni Italiane ed ovviamente sugli utenti dei dati e dei servizi da esse messi a disposizione secondo i dettami della Direttiva. Per questo motivo il CISIS-CPSG ha ritenuto di mettere a punto (marzo 2013) uno studio dal titolo “PROPOSTA DI DEFINIZIONE DELLE LINEE GUIDA STRATEGICHE , TECNICHE ED AMMINISTRATIVE PER LA REALIZZAZIONE DI IDT REGIONALI E PER UN SISTEMA FEDERATO DI IDT REGIONALI” al quale si rimanda per la completa trattazione e gli approfondimenti. In the article an innovative patchwork model for integration of sub-national SDIs within national SDI is discussed according to the feasability study that the union of Italian Regions carried out in 2013 spring. Multi scale and innovative policies for SDIs management are discussed and essential information of national SDI evolution are explained.

Gisele Cemin, Vânia Elisabete Schneider, Alexandra Rodrigues Finotti et al.

O Zoneamento Ambiental é um dos instrumentos da Política Nacional do Meio Ambiente (Lei Federal N° 6.938), a qual estabelece normas para a preservação, proteção e melhoria da qualidade ambiental. O zoneamento consiste na segmentação de uma determinada região em zonas homogêneas, que apresentam as mesmas características ambientais, constituindo, desta forma, um mecanismo a disposição do poder público para o planejamento do território. O objetivo deste trabalho foi de elaborar um Zoneamento Ambiental para o município de Nova Alvorada/RS, a partir de dados relativos ao meio físico e biótico, constituindo uma das etapas para a elaboração de um cenário para a proposição de diretrizes e metas que visem definir, entre as alternativas possíveis, o uso sustentável dos recursos naturais. Para o desenvolvimento deste trabalho foram utilizados dados cartográficos e imagem de satélite, os quais permitiam a elaboração de mapas temáticos referentes aos recursos hídricos, malha viária, hipsometria, clinografia, uso e cobertura do solo, risco potencial a erosão dos solos e áreas de preservação permanente, que depois de avaliados e cruzados, geraram o mapa de Zoneamento Ambiental. Foram definidas seis zonas planejamento, como seguem: zona de uso agrícola 1 e 2, zona urbana consolidada, zona de expansão urbana, zona de proteção aos remanescentes florestais e zona proteção aos recursos hídricos, encostas e topos de morro.

Algimantas Zakarevičius, Asta Anikėnienė

The correlation analysis of measured vertical movements of the crystal base relief and the deposit cover geological indexes was performed in the north–east part of Lithuanian territory. A tough correlation connection between earth surface movements and the geologic, geomorphologic rates was determined. For the forecast and specification of tectonic background the regression model was adopted. Article in Lithuanian Dabartinių vertikaliųjų žemės plutos judesių šiaurės rytinėje  Lietuvos dalyje regresiniai modeliai Santrauka. Šiaurės rytinėje Lietuvos teritorijos dalyje atlikta išmatuotų vertikaliųjų judesių bei kristalinio pamato reljefo ir nuosėdinės dangos geologinių rodiklių koreliacinė analizė. Nustatytas artimas koreliacinis ryšys tarp vertikaliųjų Žemės paviršiaus judesių ir teritorijos geologinių, geomorfologinių rodiklių. Teritorijos tektoniniam fonui detalizuoti bei jo prognozei taikytas regresinis modelis. Reikšminiai žodžiai: vertikalieji Žemės plutos judesiai, regresinis modelis. Reikšminiai žodžiai: vertikalieji Žemės plutos judesiai, regresinis modelis.

Robert Tenzer, Petr Vaníček

Helmert (1890) used Poincaré-Prey's gravity gradient for the definition of the orthometric height. According to this approach the gravity value needed for the evaluation of the height is obtained from the observed gravity at the earth surface reduced to the mid-point between the earth surface and the geoid, considering that the gravity gradient is con-stant along the plumbline. Moreover, the mean topographical density p. = 2.67 g.cm -3 is assumed to approximate the actual distribution of topographical density. The correction to Helmert's orthometric height due to the lateral variation of topographical density has been introduced by Vaníček et al. (1995). In this paper, some numerical aspects of this correction are investigated.

Lambo Srl Lambo Srl

LandSIM3D: realtime 3D modelling of geographic data LandSIM3D allows to model in 3D an existing landscape in a few hours only and geo-referenced offering great landscape analysis and understanding tools. 3D projects can then be inserted into the existing landscape with ease and precision. The project alternatives and impact can then be visualized and studied into their immediate environmental. The complex evolution of the landscape in the future can also be simulated and the landscape model can be manipulated interactively and better shared with colleagues. For that reason, LandSIM3D is different from traditional 3D imagery solutions, normally reserved for computer graphics experts. For more information about LandSIM3D, go to www.landsim3d.com.

Andrea Deiana, Andrea Minghetti, Luca Lorenzini et al.

Bologna 3D: the Municipal Structural Plan partecipated planning The Bologna Municipality used 3D GIS solutions by Skyline for opening to citizens the decision process which leaded to its new urban plan (PSC): 3D prospective is enhancing understanding of territory strategical planning, even to nontechnical and common people. A Skyline 3D terrain, produced in TerraBuilder environment from 10 meters DTM and from 50 centimeters per pixel colour imagery, is served online by TerraGate streaming server as basis layer for the delivering of interactive 3D GIS applications made using TerraExplorer Pro’s authoring environment, integrating all the significant GIS layers and various informations into many 3D projects, now also available online by installing the free plugin TerraExplorer Viewer.

Thomaz C. e C. da Costa, Ricardo S. Brites

Landuse/landcover maps produced by classification of remote sensing images incorporate uncertainty. This uncertainty is measured by accuracy indices using reference samples. The size of the reference sample is defined by approximation by a binomial function without the use of a pilot sample. This way the accuracy are not estimated, but fixed a priori. In case of divergency between the estimated and a priori accuracy the error of the sampling will deviate from the expected error. The size using pilot sample (theorically correct procedure) justify when haven´t estimate of accuracy for work area, referent the product remote sensing utility.

Grygorenko Wiktor

B. Werlen

No abstract available