Approximately 70% of the aquatic-based production of animals is fed aquaculture, whereby animals are provided with high-protein aquafeeds. Currently, aquafeeds are reliant on fish meal and fish oil sourced from wild-captured forage fish. However, increasing use of forage fish is unsustainable and, because an additional 37.4 million tons of aquafeeds will be required by 2025, alternative protein sources are needed. Beyond plant-based ingredients, fishery and aquaculture byproducts and insect meals have the greatest potential to supply the protein required by aquafeeds over the next 10–20 years. Food waste also has potential through the biotransformation and/or bioconversion of raw waste materials, whereas microbial and macroalgal biomass have limitations regarding their scalability and protein content, respectively. In this review, we describe the considerable scope for improved efficiency in fed aquaculture and discuss the development and optimization of alternative protein sources for aquafeeds to ensure a socially and environmentally sustainable future for the aquaculture industry.
ABSTRACT Is there an ecological niche for ‘ocean ranched’ hatchery salmon, Oncorhynchus spp., to supplement wild salmon? Ecologically, I hypothesize that the carrying capacity for biota is: (1) limited; (2) filled with locally adapted biota competing and cooperating to nurture viable offspring; and (3) sustained by the biogeochemical recycling of their nutrient elements. Thus, biotic abundance is limited more by the space and food needed to nurture viable adults than by the numbers reproduced. Hatchery immigrants compete for space and food with wild biota, spawn with and reduce the fitness and biodiversity of wild salmon, and their growth and commercial harvest consume more biogeochemical resources than they recycle. This contributes directly to ecological overshoot and to the declining or depressed populations of wild salmon, Pacific herring Clupea pallasi and eulachon Thaleichthys pacificus now observed in Southeast Alaska and wherever there are production releases of hatchery salmon. Industrial‐scale hatcheries do not have a niche in sustainable salmon management.
Yuliana Salosso, Andi Taufika Rahma, Asriati Djonu
et al.
Graphical Abstract
Research Highlights
• The combination of honey and hirta improved hematological parameters of C. gariepinus catfish infected with A. hydrophila bacteria.
• The combination of honey and hirta positive affected the histopathology of liver, kidneys, and gills, which led to a restoration of organ function to normal levels.
• The combination of honey and hirta also improved the morphology of C. gariepinus.
• The most effective combination of honey and hirta was treatment C (1:2).
Abstract
Honey and Euphorbia hirta are natural ingredients that may serve as alternative treatments for Clarias gariepinus catfish infected with Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria. Both honey and E. hirta contain bioactive compounds with known antibacterial properties. This study aims to investigate the effects of combining honey and E. hirta on various hematological parameters, including erythrocytes, leukocytes, MCH, MCV, as well as histopathological and morphological changes in C. gariepinus catfish infected with A. hydrophila. This study used an experimental design involving three treatment combinations of honey and E. hirta, which were A (2:1), B (1:1), C (1:2) and a control with three replications. The treatments were administered to the fish through immersion. Honey was diluted at a 50% concentration in distilled water. Meanwhile, E. hirta was prepared as a coarse powder and boiled at a 3% concentration. The results showed that the combination of honey and E. hirta affected the hematological, histopathological, and morphological parameters of C. gariepinus catfish within the normal ranges. The most effective treatment was found to be treatment C (1:2). Therefore, the combination of honey and E. hirta is potential as a therapeutic option for bacterial infections in fish.
Lucas Aguiar Leal Rocha, Helena Antunes Portela, Mônica Regina da Costa Marques Calderari
et al.
Microplastics have drawn significant interest within the scientific community due to their environmental impact. In marine ecosystems, these particles readily absorb toxic substances and, because of their microscopic size, are consumed by various organisms that are eventually incorporated into the human food chain. Several studies emphasize this unintentional transfer to human foods. To investigate microplastic contamination in Perna perna mussels sold commercially, wild (harvested from the coastal environment) and farm-raised (cultivated) samples were purchased from local markets in Niterói, RJ, Brazil. One kilogram of each type was processed through digestion in an NaOH 5% solution and then analysed to assess the quantity and types of microplastics present. Both wild and cultivated mussels contained microplastic film and fibres, with 145 items (0.145 items g⁻¹) identified in wild specimens [67% nylon (polyamide) and 33% polyethylene] and 120 items (0.120 items g⁻¹) in cultivated mussels (100% polyamide). The microplastics varied in size, ranging from 0.45 μm to 28 mm, with the most common colours being black, blue and transparent. These findings highlight the potential risks of consuming these organisms regardless of their source and the need for further investigation into the effects of these pollutants on human health.
The present review presents a checklist with an aim to review and summarize the results of the systematic researches on the freshwater resources including various rivers and aquatic resources of the north eastern state of Nagaland, India. The need of such a review is of utmost importance as systematic status of many of the species has changed, and reorganization and updating of the published information has become essential for future ichthyofaunal studies in the state. The total confirmed fish species of the state of Nagaland comprise of 219 species belonging to 31 families. The most diverse family is Cyprinidae with 90 species (41.09%), followed by Sisoridae with 22 species (10.04%), Nemacheilidae with 16 species (7.3%), Bagridae with 11 species (5.02%) while the remaining 26 families account for rest of the species in the list. This paper will certainly help in making appropriate conservation and management planning for fisheries in all the rivers of Nagaland and would also be helpful in looking at the various degenerative reasons for population decline of fishes.
The crustacean hepatopancreas is a complex organ, with multiple functions that are essential for coping with adverse environments. Excessive alkalinity in water seriously threatens the survival of crustaceans, however, studies on its mechanism of alkalinity stress and adaption are still limited. In this study, we aimed to investigate the mechanism of acute alkalinity stress in hepatopancreas of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (initial weight: 0.22±0.13 g) by integrating physiological, histological, transcriptome, and metabolome analyses. Groups performed acute alkalinity stress for 24 h, including control (alkalinity: 45 mg/L) and treatment (alkalinity: 350 mg/L). The physiological parameters related to energy metabolism, ammonia detoxification, and oxidative stress were significantly changed under acute alkalinity stress, including glycogen, glucose, fatty acid synthesis, glucose dehydrogenase, glutamine synthase, urea, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and malondialdehyde. The expression levels of genes and metabolites were significantly changed, which related to glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, fatty acid metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, ammonia metabolism, and antioxidation. In addition, the local structure of the hepatopancreas was damaged and accompanied by cell apoptosis. The above results indicate that the glycogen catabolism in hepatopancreas was significantly enhanced under acute alkalinity stress, while the lipid anabolism was inhibited. Additionally, the ornithine-urea cycle mechanism was further mobilized to alleviate the ammonia excretion and accumulation in the internal environment. The antioxidant capacity and glycerophospholipid metabolism were disturbed in hepatopancreas. In addition, acute alkalinity stress would induce apoptosis in hepatopancreas. The current study will provide important clues for understanding the stress response mechanism of Pacific white shrimp under acute alkalinity stress and lay a theoretical basis for the optimization of related saline-alkaline aquaculture.
En utilisant les données du Réseau d’information comptable agricole (RICA) sur la période 2010 à 2022, cet article présente une analyse de l’évolution des revenus des exploitations agricoles françaises et de leur dispersion. L’indicateur utilisé pour en rendre compte est le résultat courant avant impôt (RCAI) par unité de travail agricole (UTA) non salariée. Dans un premier temps, l’analyse est conduite toutes orientations de production confondues. Elle met en évidence une forte variabilité interannuelle du revenu moyen des agriculteurs français, avec un pic à 55 800 euros en 2022 et un creux à 21 300 euros en 2016 (pour une moyenne de 34 100 euros par an sur la période 2010-2022). Une grille typologique distinguant 64 cases est ensuite proposée pour démontrer l’influence de trois indicateurs essentiels sur le niveau des revenus, à savoir « la productivité du travail », « l’efficience productive » et « la capacité de l’exploitation à faire face à ses engagements financiers ». Dans un deuxième temps, l’analyse est menée selon les orientations de production. Tout en rendant compte des écarts internes à chacune d’elles, ce travail démontre que le revenu moyen dégagé dans les exploitations spécialisées en productions de ruminants est, dans une approche de long terme, clairement inférieur à celui obtenu dans d’autres orientations de production telles que les grandes cultures, la viticulture ou la production porcine. En combinant les trois indicateurs précités, une méthode permet enfin de répartir les exploitations bovins-lait et bovins-viande selon huit classes dites de « performances économiques ».
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the suitability of water quality parameters in intensive white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) cultivation activities based on Good Aquaculture Practice (GAP) quality standards implication practice. This research was carried out with the ex-pose facto causal design concept during one cycle of shrimp cultivation, with the indicator being studied was the condition of the water quality parameters which were then corrected with the GAP standard according to the Minister of Agriculture Regulation No. 75 of 2016. The results showed that the condition of the water quality parameters during the cultivation period was still in accordance with the GAP quality standards, except for the alkalinity parameter which had a value of 157 mg/L and organic matter 104.43 mg/L, both values were above the GAP quality standard threshold. The abnormal condition of the two parameters was caused by unpredictable natural and seasonal factors. This can be seen from the trend of the temperature and salinity parameter graphs that fluctuate unstable. Furthermore, for technical parameters, the cultivation system at the research site was still in accordance with the cultivation quality standards listed in the GAP. Based on the discussions, it can be concluded that the water quality parameters at the research pond location as a whole were still in accordance with the GAP quality standard which refers to the Minister of Fisheries Regulation No. 75 of 2016, except for the alkalinity and organic matter parameters which had a slightly worse concentration than the GAP quality standard.
Antibiotics use in aquaculture cause multiple adverse effects on aquatic animal health. Accordingly, studies on alternative approaches to antibiotics in aquaculture are urgently required. This study investigated the effects of dietary postbiotics as an alternative to florfenicol antibiotic on growth performance, survival rate, antioxidant capacity, non-specific immunity, and gut health of juvenile oriental river prawn (Macrobrachium nipponense). Seven isonitrogenous and isocaloric experimental diets were formulated containing 0% (control), 0.25%, 0.5%, 1%, 2% and 4% postbiotics. These experimental diets were fed to three replicates of 70 juvenile prawns (initial weight 0.110 ± 0.010 g) for eight weeks. In addition, a diet containing 0.2% florfenicol (FFC0.2) was included as the antibiotic treatment, which was fed to the prawns for two weeks. Results showed that feeding the prawns on the postbiotics diets improved weight gain and survival rate. The prawns fed on the antibiotics or postbiotics diets increased antioxidant capacity in the hepatopancreas. Moreover, the prawns fed on the postbiotics diets increased significantly non-specific immunity. The optimum amount of postbiotics required for maximum non-specific immunity was 0.76%, 0.86% and 2.85% based on acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and phenoloxidase activities, respectively. The prawns fed on the postbiotics diets upregulated significantly the mRNA expression of immunity related genes, which were downregulated significantly in the prawns fed on the FFC0.2 diet. Furthemore, the prawns fed on the 1% and 2% postbiotics diets had longer microvilli with closely packed intestinal epithelial cell and basement membrane. In summary, supplementing 0.76 to 2.66% postbiotics in the diets for M. nipponense improves growth performance, survival rate, antioxidant capacity, non-specific immunity and gut health compared with florfenicol antibiotic.
Dimas Dharmawan, Norisca Aliza Putriana, Santi R. Anggraeni
Seaweed or macroalgae is one of the natural products with biological activities such as antioxidant, antibacterial, and immunostimulant. One of them is the brown alga Sargassum sp. This brown alga produces secondary metabolites such as flavonoids and their derivatives as well as polyphenols. These compounds have many roles in counteracting ultraviolet radiation and have the potential to be developed as active ingredients of sunscreen. This study aimed to determine the total phenolic content and the Sun Protection Factor (SPF) value of Sargassum sp. originating from Pameungpeuk beach, Garut Regency. The SPF value is used to categorize how efficiently a material prevents exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Total phenolic content was measured using Follin Ciocalteu reagent with gallic acid standard. The Sargassum sp extract sample contained total phenolic of 149,04±5,14 mg GAE/g. The SPF value of Sargassum sp extract was calculated using the Mansur equation at a wavelength of 290-320 nm. The obtained SPF value of extract was 33,2±3,11 which equals to oxybenzone. The value indicated an ultra-protection capability and the potency of extract for further development as UV filter.
Rumput laut atau makroalga merupakan salah satu bahan alam dengan aktivitas biologis seperti antioksidan, aktivitas antibakteri dan imunostimulan. Salah satunya adalah alga cokelat jenis Sargassum sp. Alga cokelat ini menghasilkan metabolit sekunder seperti flavanoid dan turunannya serta polifenol dan turunannya. Senyawa-senyawa tersebut banyak berperan dalam menangkal radiasi ultraviolet dan berpotensi dikembangkan sebagai bahan aktif tabir surya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kandungan total fenolik dan nilai Sun Protection Factor (SPF) dari Sargassum sp yang berasal dari pantai Pameungpeuk, Kabupaten Garut. Kandungan total fenolik diukur dengan menggunakan reagen Follin Ciocalteu dan menggunakan standar baku asam galat. Sampel ekstrak Sargassum sp mengandung total fenolik sebesar 149,04±5,14 mg GAE/g. Nilai SPF digunakan untuk mengkategorikan seberapa efisien sebuah bahan dalam menangkal paparan radiasi sinar ultraviolet. Nilai SPF ekstrak Sargassum sp dihitung menggunakan menggunakan persamaan Mansur pada panjang gelombang 290-320 nm. Nilai SPF yang didapatkan yaitu 33,2±3,11 yang tergolong ke dalam kategori ultra.
Spiny lobsters are one of the most important commercial and highly priced crustaceans along the Southern coast of Iran (Sistan and Baluchistan Province). In the last three decades, the economy of a large part of the fishermen population has been directly dependent on it. The lobster fishing rate decreased from 42 t in 1989 to 1 t in 2004. This has been attributed to the effects of improper fishing methods and overfishing. Meanwhile, Oman, as a leading country in the fishing industry in the Gulf of Oman, produced 450 t of lobster in 2016, compared to 416 t in 2015. Little attention has been paid to lobsters by related organizations. This neglect in framing and enforcing fishing regulations has led to heavy fishing pressure on this vulnerable resource along the southern coast of Iran. For this reason, some efforts have been made by researchers at the Iranian fisheries science research institute, such as the Preliminary study of lobster biology, feeding biology and ecology, designing the appropriate lobster trap, designing an artificial reef as a shelter for lobster; and some experimental research is currently underway to assess population dynamics and maximum sustainable yield (MSY). Furthermore, the release of artificially raised lobster juveniles contributes to the reestablishment or enhancement of lobster stocks. However, one of the main problems for successful restock programs has been the lack of inexpensive methods for juvenile production.
The smallknob flathead, Thysanophrys papillaris Imamura et Knapp, 1999, is redescribed based on six specimens collected from southern Taiwan, which constitutes a northward range extension of the species [previously recorded from the Andaman, Timor, and Arafura seas (eastern Indian Ocean), and Nha Trang, Vietnam (western Pacific Ocean)]. Thysanophrys papillaris is distinguished from all congeneric species in having a combination of 11 second dorsal-fin rays, 12 anal-fin rays, 58–75 scale rows below the lateral line (slanting downward and forward), a longer snout (snout length / orbital diameter ratio 1.1–1.3), 1 or 2 small papillae on the eye, the upper iris lappet with short branches, a single preorbital spine and 3–5 suborbital spines. Previously suggested intraspecific variation in the number of eye papillae is confirmed.
Khansa Mutia Yahya, Anis Kurniasih Kurniasih, Purna Sulastya Putra
et al.
Simeulue Island, Aceh Province is one of the areas that affected by the tsunami due to the Sumatra-Andaman earthquake. A lot of research about tsunami sediments around Aceh and Simeulue Island has been conducted, but there are only few in the eastern Simeulue. In 2017, the geological coastal chapter team of the 'Widya Nusantara Expedition' LIPI did the research and took samples including SIM 5A in Air Pinang Village and SIM 5C in Sambay Village. The study aims to determine the characteristic of tsunami deposits by sedimentological and paleontological data. The research continue with laboratory analysis which are granulometric analysis, X ray Fluorescence (XRF), Loss of Ignition (LoI) and diatom abundance. Based on granulometry analysis, the candidate of SIM 5A has a grain size is bimodal - unimodal pattern, very coarse silt – coarse silt, poorly sorted - very poorly sorted. While SIM 5C has fine sand - very coarse silt, distribution patterns are unimodal, bimodal and trimodal. LoI analysis shows average value of carbonate material 26,26% with organic material value 15,37% while SIM 5C has average value of carbonate material 13,42% and organic material value 6,55%. The candidate of both samples has the dominant chemical composition of Zr, Fe, K, Sr, Rb, Ca, Ti. Paleontological analysis of tsunami deposit has diatom species with three different salinity environments: air tawar, air payau and marine. In conclusion, all of the results show that tsunami candidates are proven to be tsunami deposit. Differents of characteristic deposits influenced by factors such as micro- topography and post-deposition process.
Pulau Simeulue, Provinsi Aceh merupakan salah satu daerah yang mengalami dampak tsunami akibat gempa Sumatra-Andaman. Penelitian mengenai endapan tsunami di sekitar Aceh dan Pulau Simeulue sudah banyak dilakukan, namun masih sedikit pada daerah Simeulue bagian timur. Pada tahun 2017 Tim Geologi coastal chapter 'Ekspedisi Widya Nusantara' LIPI melakukan penelitian dan pengambilan sampel diantaranya SIM 5A pada Desa Air Pinang dan SIM 5C pada Desa Sambay. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karateristik endapan tsunami secara sedimentologi dan paleontologi. Pada kedua sampel tersebut masing-masing ditemukan satu kandidat endapan tsunami. Penelitian dilanjutkan dengan analisis laboratorium berupa analisis granulometri, X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), Loss of Ignition (LOI) dan kelimpahan diatom. Analisis granulometri menunjukkan kandidat endapan tsunami SIM 5A memiliki distribusi ukuran butir pola bimodal – unimodal dengan ukuran lanau sangat kasar – lanau kasar, sortasi jelek – sangat jelek, sedangkan SIM 5C memiliki ukuran butir pasir halus – lanau sangat kasar, distribusi ukuran butir pola unimodal, bimodal dan trimodal. Analisis LOI memberikan nilai rata-rata material karbonat 26,26% dengan rata-rata material organik 15,37% sedangkan SIM 5C memiliki nilai rata-rata material karbonat 13,42% dan rata-rata material organik 6,55%. Endapan kandidat tsunami kedua sampel tersebut memiliki komposisi kimia dominan berupa Zr, Fe, K, Sr, Rb, Ca, Ti. Analisis paleontologi pada endapan tsunami memiliki spesies diatom dengan tiga lingkungan salinitas berbeda yaitu tawar, payau, asin. Keseluruhan hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa kandidat endapan tsunami terbukti endapan tsunami. Perbedaan karakteristik dapat dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor seperti mikrotopografi dan proses pasca pengendapan.
Marcelo Kovačić, Branko Dragičević, Mišo Pavičić
et al.
The family Gobiidae represents the species-richest family of fishes in the Mediterranean Sea. However, many Mediterranean gobiid species are poorly known with just one or few species records in total. Among those species, the recently described Zebrus pallaoroi Kovačić, Šanda et Vukić, 2021 has been known only from the localities in the species description: the southern Adriatic, northern Ionian, and northern and western Aegean seas. The additional specimens of this species were collected in central and northern Adriatic Sea. The identification was confirmed by morphological and genetic methods. The morphological and preserved coloration characters were compared with the data from the limited type material and the alternative preserved coloration diagnostic character was suggested. The first data on alive and freshly dead coloration are reported. The phylogenetic analysis was performed on sequenced COI, cytochrome b, and rhodopsin genes. The analyzed molecular markers placed Z. pallaoroi in a distinct clade within Zebrus–Millerigobius group. The preference of this species for the very shallow habitat is confirmed and discussed.