Hasil untuk "Analytical chemistry"

Miguel Gómez-Sánchez, Elisa Blanco-González, María Montes-Bayón et al.

Abstract Background Current methods for assessing radiopharmaceutical uptake are based on scintillation counting (e.g., γ-counting) or imaging techniques, such as positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), which evaluate the average radiopharmaceutical uptake in biological samples. Single-cell analysis of radiopharmaceutical uptake and biodistribution would provide a better understanding of the possible heterogeneous uptake in cellular populations and organs, with the potential to improve current dosimetry and toxicity assessments. In this proof-of-concept study, we evaluate the use of mass cytometry (CyTOF) as an analytical tool to study the uptake of non-radioactive radiopharmaceutical surrogates at the single-cell level. Results The preclinical immunoconjugate DOTA-cAC10, targeting CD30 (a receptor overexpressed in lymphomas), was labeled either with radioactive lutetium-177 (177Lu) resulting in the [177Lu]Lu-DOTA-cAC10 radioimmunoconjugate, or stable lutetium-175 (175Lu), yielding the surrogate [175Lu]Lu-DOTA-cAC10. For CyTOF experiments, cells were incubated with the stable surrogate and an iridium DNA intercalator (Cell-ID™) to enable concurrent determination of immunoconjugate uptake and cell identification. CyTOF analysis of the surrogate was performed in three T-cell lymphoma cell lines with varying CD30 expression (Karpas 299, Myla and Jurkat) and compared to γ-counting data obtained for the radioimmunoconjugate. Radioimmunoconjugate [177Lu]Lu-DOTA-cAC10 cellular uptake studies by γ-counting showed receptor-dependent accumulation, with Karpas 299 cells exhibiting the highest uptake levels (32.5 ± 1.6% of total added activity), followed by Myla (20.0 ± 1.0%) and Jurkat cells (15.7 ± 1.2%). Mass cytometry enabled analysis of the stable surrogate [175Lu]Lu-DOTA-cAC10 uptake at single-cell resolution, revealing median signal intensities of 175Lu of 32.2, 14.0, and 2.94 a.u. for Karpas 299, Myla, and Jurkat cells, respectively. Conclusions The sensitivity of CyTOF enabled discrimination of uptake between cell models even at low metal-to-antibody stoichiometric ratios. It also revealed intercellular variability in uptake that can only be captured with single-cell methods. Overall, we showed that CyTOF is a robust, high-throughput, multiplexed approach for characterizing the cellular uptake of stable radiopharmaceutical surrogates at single-cell resolution, paving the way for future studies.

Jeswin Maliyakal, Mital Patel

HU Tao, GUO Jiawei, ZHANG Jianxiang

Objective‍　‍To prepare neutrophil-responsive luminescent nanomicelles based on self-luminating compound, luminol, and investigate their imaging capability for a mouse burn model at early stage of inflammation. Methods‍　‍Hexachlorotripolyphosphazene (HCCP) was utilized as the skeleton material to synthesize amphiphilic LHP luminescence materials through chemical synthesis of luminol and polyethylene glycol (PEG). The chemical structure of LHP was characterized using infrared spectrum and nuclear magnetic hydrogen spectrum. Nanomicelle LHP NM was formed by self-assembly of LHP in deionized water, and then its particle size and potential were measured. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was applied to observe the morphology of nanomicelles. Optical fiber spectrometer, weak luminescence measuring instrument, and small animal living imager were employed to evaluate the spectroscopic properties, chemiluminescence rules, and in vitro luminescence imaging ability of the nanomicelles. After that, female Balb/c mice were subjected to scalding with hot water at temperatures of 70 ℃, 80 ℃, and 90 ℃, respectively to establish a mouse burn model ranging from degree I to degree II burns. The depth of skin scalds in the model mice was determined through HE staining, while the expression levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and myeloperoxidase (MPO) in the scalded skin tissues were assessed with fluorescence quantitative qPCR. The changes in reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels over time and burn depth in the skin tissues were determined with ROS detection kit. Additionally, the neutrophils within the skin tissues of model mice were labeled with FITC-Ly6G antibody to count the neutrophil number. Finally, a small animal imaging system was utilized to examine the imaging capability of nanomicelle LHP NM in a mouse burn model to analyze the correlation between luminous intensity and number of recruited neutrophil in order to evaluate the effectiveness of luminous nanomicelles for monitoring early inflammatory response and diagnosing burn depth in a mouse burn model. Results　Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy confirmed the bonding of approximately 5 luminol units and a polyethylene glycol (PEG) chain to 1 HCCP molecule. TEM and particle size determination results demonstrated that the prepared nanomicelles were spherical, hollow structures in a diameter of around 120 nm. In vitro luminescence experiments revealed that the nanomicelles exhibited high brightness and sustained chemiluminescence under varying concentrations of ROS and MPO levels, with luminescence intensity dependent on both ROS level and nanomicelle concentration. The in vitro cellular experiments demonstrated that the nanomicelles exhibited neutrophil-responsive imaging capability. The luminescence intensity was positively correlated with both the number of neutrophils and the dose of LHP NM, with a linear correlation coefficient (r) of 0.98 and 0.99, respectively. In vivo animal study revealed a significant increase (P<0.05) in the count of neutrophils and ROS level in the skin tissue of burned and scalded mice. Notably, at the time point of 24 h, compared to the 80 ℃ and 70 ℃ treatment groups, the number of recruited neutrophils was increased by 86.4%, and the luminescent imaging intensity rose by 71.5%. These findings indicated that the severity of burns was correlated with the extent of neutrophil recruitment in the injured area, and LHP NM could effectively achieve neutrophil-responsive imaging in model mice. The changes in imaging intensity were closely associated with the number of neutrophils and the level of ROS in the injured skin tissue. Conclusion‍　‍The neutrophil-responsive luminescent nanomicelle LHP NM is successful prepared, and the nanomicelles enable responsive imaging of skin damage in mouse burn model. The luminescence intensity accurately reflects the neutrophil infiltration and ROS level, allowing for real-time monitoring of early inflammatory responses in mouse burn model. Additionally, this study provides methods and strategies for diagnosing burn depth.

Gajapathi Balaraman, K. S. Bharanija, Joanna Gracy Prasanna et al.

The increasing demand for removable dentures among the geriatric population underscores the need for safe and effective denture cleansers and adhesives. Concerns over the toxicity, cost, and limited biocompatibility of conventional chemical-based products have led to increasing interest in herbal alternatives. This systematic review assessed the efficacy and safety of herbal extracts in denture care. A comprehensive search of PubMed, ScienceDirect, Wiley Online Library, and the Cochrane Library was conducted using the terms “herbal denture cleansers,” “herbal denture adhesives,” and “denture care.” In vivo studies published in English since 2010 were included, and seven studies met the inclusion criteria. Herbal agents such as Neem, Triphala, Aloe vera, turmeric, and olive oil demonstrated significant antifungal and antimicrobial activity, comparable to commercial formulations, along with improved denture retention and mucosal health. Overall, herbal extracts hold promise as effective, safe, and biocompatible alternatives for denture maintenance and patient comfort.

Anne-Kathrin Grimm, Dor Rozanes, Etai Shpigel et al.

The continuous emergence of new illegal compounds, particularly psychoactive chemicals, poses significant challenges for current drug detection methods. Developing new protocols and kits for each new drug requires substantial time, effort, and dedicated manpower. Whole-cell bacterial bioreporters have been proven capable of detecting diverse hazardous compounds in both laboratory and field settings, identifying not only single compounds but also chemical families. We present the development of a microbial bioreporter for the detection of cocaine, the nervous system stimulant that is the second-most widely used illegal drug in the US. <i>Escherichia coli</i> was transformed with a plasmid containing a bacterial <i>luxCDABEG</i> bioluminescence gene cassette, activated by a cocaine-responsive signaling cascade. The engineered bioreporter is demonstrated to be a sensitive and specific first-generation detection system for cocaine, with detection thresholds of 17 ± 8 μg/L and 130 ± 50 μg/L in a buffer solution and in urine, respectively. Further improvement of the sensor’s performance was achieved by altering the nucleotide sequence of the <i>PBen</i> gene promoter, the construct’s sensing element, using accelerated site-directed evolution. The applicability of ready-to-use paper strips with immobilized bioreporter cells was demonstrated for cocaine detection in aqueous solutions.

Hung M. Vu, Ju Yeon Lee, Yongmin Kim et al.

Abstract Background Recent advances in high-resolution mass spectrometry have now enabled the study of proteomes at the single-cell level, offering the potential to unveil novel aspects of cellular processes. Remarkably, there has been no prior attempt to investigate single-plant cell proteomes. In this study, we aimed to explore the feasibility of conducting a proteomic analysis on individual protoplasts. Findings As a result, our analysis identified 978 proteins from the 180 protoplasts, aligning with well-known biological processes in plant leaves, such as photosynthetic electron transport in photosystem II. Employing the SCP package in the SCoPE2 workflow revealed a notable batch effect and extensive missing values in the data. Following correction, we observed the heterogeneity in single-protoplast proteome expression. Comparing the results of single-protoplast proteomics with those of bulk leaf proteomics, we noted that only a small fraction of bulk data was detected in the single-protoplast proteomics data, highlighting a technical limitation of the current single-cell proteomics method. Conclusions In summary, we demonstrated the feasibility of conducting a single-protoplast proteomic experiment, revealing heterogeneity in plant cellular proteome expression. This underscores the importance of analyzing a substantial number of plant cells to discern statistically significant changes in plant cell proteomes upon perturbation such as abscisic acid treatment in future studies. We anticipate that our study will contribute to advancing single-protoplast proteomics in the near future.

Ana Rita Soares Mateus, Sílvia Cruz Barros, Sandra Mariño Cortegoso et al.

Sweet cherry pits, date seeds, and grape seeds are abundant fruit by-products in the Mediterranean region. Assessing their antioxidant capacity is crucial for their valorization. Grape and date seeds exhibited higher concentrations of total phenolic and flavonoid contents, and significant antioxidant capacity. Epicatechin was the main flavonoid in sweet cherry pits and date seeds (29–85 mg/g), while vanillic acid was the predominant phenolic acid across all by-products (5–23 mg/g). However, some sweet cherry pit varieties exceeded Maximum Residue Levels (MRL) for five pesticides, while grape seeds contained thirteen fungicide residues, all below MRL. Ochratoxin A was detected in one date seed but below the limit of quantification. Additionally, grape seeds showed an Al content of approximately 130 mg/kg, along with levels of As, Cd, and Pb. Date seeds exhibited high potential for food and pharmaceutical applications, pending evaluation for chemical contaminants.

Rajasekar Rakesh, Shanmugam Rajeshkumar, Anandan Jayasree

IntroductionThe green synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles using plant extracts has emerged as an eco-friendly method. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) were synthesized using Cissus rotundifolia in this study. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles were utilized in restorative medicine for enhanced medicinal properties and in dental composites for their antimicrobial activities. Cissus rotundifolia is recognized as a medicinal plant due to its diverse properties, including mild laxatives, anti-inflammatory, and hyperglycemic activities. Materials and MethodsThe antimicrobial activity of the prepared nanoparticles against Lactobacillus Sp. and Streptococcus mutans was evaluated using agar well diffusion method. The bactericidal and bacteriostatic activity of the prepared TiO2NPs was examined using time-kill kinetic analysis. ResultsThe prepared nanoparticles exhibited potential antimicrobial activity against Lactobacillus sp. (12 mm) at the highest concentration of 100 µg/mL. The prepared nanoparticles also exhibited excellent bactericidal activity against Lactobacillus Sp. and mild bacteriostatic activity against Staphylococcus mutans at the highest concentration of 100 µg/mL. ConclusionThe synthesized TiO2NPs showed significant antimicrobial activity against dental pathogens. The observed anticariogenic activity shows the potential of nanoparticles for dental applications. Hence, the prepared nanoparticles can be used in the field of dentistry as an antimicrobial agent instead of synthetic drugs causing more side effects.

Anjali Oak, Ajith A Chandy, Sabari Murugesan et al.

Background and Objectives: The aim of this study was to see the incidence of cracks in root dentin after coronal flaring using various rotary instruments such as Gates Glidden (GG) drills, ProTaper Universal SX, OneFlare, and HyFlex EDM. Materials and Methods: Seventy freshly extracted premolar teeth with single canal were collected. All the teeth were randomly divided into five groups of fourteen each (n = 14), of which one group served as the control and the rest of the four groups were instrumented with GG drills, ProTaper Universal SX, OneFlare, and HyFlex EDM, respectively. Results: The GG drills resulted in a higher rate of crack formation in root dentin (P < 0.05) than the ProTaper Universal SX, OneFlare, and HyFlex EDM instruments (P > 0.05). Conclusion: The use of GG drills resulted in more crack formation. However, the results for the ProTaper Universal SX, OneFlare, and HyFlex EDM flaring instruments were less in terms of crack formation.

Gabriel Jiménez-Skrzypek, Javier González-Sálamo, Javier Hernández-Borges

Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a family of compounds of anthropogenic origin that, as a result of the strength of the C-F bonds, possess excellent physicochemical properties that make them chemically stable, and resistant to degradation (even at high temperatures); characteristics which have led to their use for a wide range of applications. Nonetheless, as a counterpart, PFASs innate resistance to chemical, physical, and/or biological degradation, increases their persistence in the environment and also leads to their entrance in food and biological matrices, up to the point that they have even been designated as “forever chemicals”. This review article pretends to provide a global vision of the current analytical methods that are being used for PFASs determination in a wide variety of matrices (mainly, environmental, biological and food matrices), including their occurrence, with special emphasis in works published between 2018 and 2023. Furthermore, emphasis has been made in current analytical challenges as well as in the advancements in sensor technologies that are being made.

Ning Ding, Hongbiao Luo, Tao Zhang et al.

Background. In recent years, the incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer (CRC) are increasing, and the 5-year survival rate of advanced metastatic CRC is poor. Small mothers against decapentaplegic (SMAD) superfamily are intracellular signal transduction proteins associated with the development and prognosis of a variety of tumors. At present, no study has systematically analysed the relationship between SMADs and CRC. Methods. Here, R3.6.3 was used to analyse the expression of SMADs in pan-cancer and CRC. Protein expression of SMADs were analysed by Human Protein Atlas (HPA). Gene expression profiling interactive analysis (GEPIA) was used to evaluate the correlation between SMADs and tumor stage in CRC. The effect of R language and GEPIA on prognosis was analysed. Mutation rates of SMADs in CRC were determined by cBioPortal, and potentially related genes were predicted using GeneMANIA. R analysis was used to correlate immune cell infiltration in CRC. Results. Both SMAD1 and SMAD2 were found to be weakly expressed in CRC and correlated with the immune invasion level. SMAD1 was correlated with patient prognosis, and SMAD2 was correlated with tumor stage. SMAD3, SMAD4, and SMAD7 were all expressed at low levels in CRC and associated with a variety of immune cells. SMAD3 and SMAD4 proteins were also expressed at low levels, and SMAD4 had the highest mutation rate. SMAD5 and SMAD6 were overexpressed in CRC, and SMAD6 was also associated with patient overall survival (OS) and CD8+ T cells, macrophages, and neutrophils. Conclusions. Our results reveal innovative and strong evidence that SMADs can be used as biomarkers for the treatment and prognosis of CRC.

Hosam M. Saleh, Hazem H. Mahmoud, Refaat F. Aglan et al.

For innovative application in wastewater treatment techniques, MnO-Fe₂O₃ nanocomposites were successfully synthesized using the sol–gel auto-combustion method at different temperatures for the adsorption of ¹³⁷Cs and ⁶⁰Co radionuclides from aqueous solution. The characterization of these nanocomposites was carried out through FT-IR, SEM-EDX, and X-ray diffraction. These nanocomposites were employed as adsorbent materials for the removal of ¹³⁷Cs and ⁶⁰Co radionuclides from simulated radioactive waste solutions. The study involved a series of experiments aiming to demonstrate the MnO-Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles’ exceptional adsorption potential concerning ¹³⁷Cs and ⁶⁰Co. Additionally, the investigation delved into how variations in temperature, dose amount, contact time, and pH value influence the adsorption dynamics. Due to their high specific surface area, the synthesized MnO-Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles had high adsorption capacity of more than 60% and 90% for ¹³⁷Cs and ⁶⁰Co, respectively. By investigation of kinetics and adsorption isotherms, pseudo-second-order reaction and the Langmuir model turned out to fit well for the adsorption of ¹³⁷Cs and ⁶⁰Co onto the MnO-Fe₂O₃ nanocomposites. Moreover, a thermodynamic analysis revealed that the adsorption process was spontaneous for both target metals and the adsorption of ⁶⁰Co was endothermic, whereas the adsorption of ¹³⁷Cs was exothermic.

Vanita Dattatraya Revankar, Chitra Ponnusamy, Anbarasu Subramanian et al.

Background: The objective of study was to assess the knowledge and awareness of the management of biological waste (BMW) among undergraduate students of Dental College, Tamilnadu state. Materials and Methods: Among the students of Dental College in Tamilnadu state, India, a cross-sectional observational research was conducted. A pre-designed questionnaire was distributed to the students. Their expertise and awareness of managing biomedical waste were the variables that were investigated. Results: One hundred and eighty students were participated. The male to female ratio was 1:2, and the average age of responders was 19.76 ± 1.03 years. When it comes to information concerning the management of biomedical waste, an average of 60.33% were correct and 39.57% were incorrect. For their knowledge of the same, 81.35% were correct and 18.65% were incorrect. Conclusion: The findings indicated that students had a high degree of knowledge and understanding regarding the management of biomedical waste.

Zhe Liu, Guixin Li, Yu Zhang et al.

The breadth and depth of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) applications have been expanding in recent years, yet the problem of quality control has arisen in the application process. It is essential to design an algorithm to provide blending ratios that ensure a high overall product similarity to the target with controlled deviations in individual ingredient content. We developed a new blending algorithm and scheme by comparing different samples of ginkgo leaves. High-consistency samples were used to establish the blending target, and qualified samples were used for blending. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used as the sample screening method. A nonlinear programming algorithm was applied to calculate the blending ratio under different blending constraints. In one set of calculation experiments, the result was blended by the same samples under different conditions. Its relative deviation coefficients (RDCs) were controlled within ±10%. In another set of calculations, the RDCs of more component blending by different samples were controlled within ±20%. Finally, the near-critical calculation ratio was used for the actual experiments. The experimental results met the initial setting requirements. The results show that our algorithm can flexibly control the content of TCMs. The quality control of the production process of TCMs was achieved by improving the content stability of raw materials using blending. The algorithm provides a groundbreaking idea for quality control of TCMs.

Teresa Neuparth, André M. Machado, Rosa Montes et al.

The use of transcriptomics data brings new insights and works as a powerful tool to explore the molecular mode of action (MoA) of transgenerational inheritance effects of contaminants of emerging concern. Therefore, in this dataset, we present the transcriptomic data of the transgenerational effects of environmentally relevant simvastatin levels, one of the most prescribed human pharmaceuticals, in the keystone amphipod species Gammarus locusta. In summary, G. locusta juveniles were maintained under simvastatin exposure up to adulthood (exposed group - F0E) and the offspring of F0E were transferred to control water for the three subsequent generations (transgenerational group - F1T, F2T and F3T).To gain insights into the biological functions and canonical pathways transgenerationally disrupted by simvastatin, a G. locusta de novo transcriptome assembly was produced and the transcriptomic profiles of three individual G. locusta females, per group, over the four generations (F0 to F3) - solvent control groups (F0.C, F1.C, F2.C and F3.C), F0 320 ng/L simvastatin exposed group (F0.320E) and F1 to F3 320 transgenerational group (F1.320T; F2.320T and F3.320T) - were analyzed. Briefly, Illumina HiSeq™ 2500 platform was used to perform RNA sequencing, and due to the unavailability of G. locusta genome, the RNA-seq datasets were assembled de novo using Trinity and annotated with Trinotate software. After assembly and post-processing steps, 106093 transcripts with N50 of 2371 bp and mean sequence length of 1343.98 bp was produced. BUSCO analyses showed a transcriptome with gene completeness of 97.5 % Arthropoda library profile. The Bowtie2, RSEM and edgeR tools were used for the differential gene expression (DEGs) analyses that allowed the identification of a high quantity of genes differentially expressed in all generations. Finally, to identify the main metabolic pathways affected by the transgenerational effects of SIM across all generations, the DGEs genes were blasted onto KEGG pathways database using the KAAS webserver. The data furnished in this article allows a better molecular understanding of the transgenerational effects produced by simvastatin in the keystone amphipod G. locusta and has major implications for hazard and risk assessment of pharmaceuticals and other emerging contaminants. This article is related to the research article entitled “Transgenerational inheritance of chemical-induced signature: a case study with simvastatin [1].

Carolyn Ee, Sharmala Thuraisingam, Marie Pirotta et al.

Pablo Escobedo, Miguel A. Carvajal, Luis F. Capitán-Vallvey et al.

This work presents the design, fabrication, and characterization of a passive printed radiofrequency identification tag in the ultra-high-frequency band with multiple optical sensing capabilities. This tag includes five photodiodes to cover a wide spectral range from near-infrared to visible and ultraviolet spectral regions. The tag antenna and circuit connections have been screen-printed on a flexible polymeric substrate. An ultra-low-power microcontroller-based switch has been included to measure the five magnitudes issuing from the optical sensors, providing a spectral fingerprint of the incident electromagnetic radiation from ultraviolet to infrared, without requiring energy from a battery. The normalization procedure has been designed applying illuminants, and the entire system was tested by measuring cards from a colour chart and sensing fruit ripening.

Matthew D Krasowski, Scott R Davis, Denny Drees et al.

Background: Autoverification is a process of using computer-based rules to verify clinical laboratory test results without manual intervention. To date, there is little published data on the use of autoverification over the course of years in a clinical laboratory. We describe the evolution and application of autoverification in an academic medical center clinical chemistry core laboratory. Subjects and Methods: At the institution of the study, autoverification developed from rudimentary rules in the laboratory information system (LIS) to extensive and sophisticated rules mostly in middleware software. Rules incorporated decisions based on instrument error flags, interference indices, analytical measurement ranges (AMRs), delta checks, dilution protocols, results suggestive of compromised or contaminated specimens, and ′absurd′ (physiologically improbable) values. Results: The autoverification rate for tests performed in the core clinical chemistry laboratory has increased over the course of 13 years from 40% to the current overall rate of 99.5%. A high percentage of critical values now autoverify. The highest rates of autoverification occurred with the most frequently ordered tests such as the basic metabolic panel (sodium, potassium, chloride, carbon dioxide, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, calcium, glucose; 99.6%), albumin (99.8%), and alanine aminotransferase (99.7%). The lowest rates of autoverification occurred with some therapeutic drug levels (gentamicin, lithium, and methotrexate) and with serum free light chains (kappa/lambda), mostly due to need for offline dilution and manual filing of results. Rules also caught very rare occurrences such as plasma albumin exceeding total protein (usually indicative of an error such as short sample or bubble that evaded detection) and marked discrepancy between total bilirubin and the spectrophotometric icteric index (usually due to interference of the bilirubin assay by immunoglobulin (Ig) M monoclonal gammopathy). Conclusions: Our results suggest that a high rate of autoverification is possible with modern clinical chemistry analyzers. The ability to autoverify a high percentage of results increases productivity and allows clinical laboratory staff to focus attention on the small number of specimens and results that require manual review and investigation.

Gregory L. McLntire, J. Dorsey

L. Smith