Hasil untuk "American literature"

K. Oeffinger, Elizabeth T. H. Fontham, Ruth Etzioni et al.

W. Powers, C. Derdeyn, J. Biller et al.

J. Jonklaas, A. Bianco, A. Bauer et al.

M. Spruit, Sally J Singh, Chris Garvey et al.

N. Chalasani, Z. Younossi, J. Lavine et al.

Charles M. Balch, A. Buzaid, S. Soong et al.

R. Brook, B. Franklin, W. Cascio et al.

Stephanie J. Lee, L. Schover, A. Partridge et al.

M. Broder, D. Beenhouwer, J. Strosberg et al.

AIM To review literature on efficacy and safety of octreotide-long-acting repeatable (LAR) used at doses higher than the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved 30 mg/mo for treatment of neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). METHODS We searched PubMed and Cochrane Library from 1998-2012, 5 conferences (American Society of Clinical Oncology, Endocrine Society, European Neuroendocrine Tumor Society, European Society for Medical Oncology, North American Neuroendocrine Tumor Society) from 2000-2013 using MeSH and keyterms including neuroendocrine tumors, carcinoid tumor, carcinoma, neuroendocrine, and octreotide. Bibliographies of accepted articles were also searched. Two reviewers reviewed titles, abstracts, and full-length articles. Studies that reported data on efficacy and safety of ≥ 30 mg/mo octreotide-LAR for NETs in human subjects, published in any language were included in the review. RESULTS The search identified 1086 publications, of which 238 underwent full-text review (20 were translated into English); 17 were included in the review. Studies varied in designs, subjects, octreotide-LAR regimens, and definition of outcomes. Eleven studies reported use of higher doses to control symptoms and tumor progression, although symptom severity and formal quality-of-life analysis were not quantitatively measured. Ten studies reported efficacy, describing 260 subjects with doses ranging from 40 mg/mo or 30 mg/3 wk up to 120 mg/mo. Eight studies reported expert clinical opinion that supported dose escalation of octreotide-LAR up to 60 mg/mo for symptom control and suggested increased doses may be effective at preventing tumor progression. Eight studies reported safety; there was no evidence of increased toxicity associated with doses of octreotide-LAR > 30 mg/mo. CONCLUSION As reported in this review, octreotide-LAR at doses > 30 mg/mo is being prescribed for symptom and tumor control in NET patients. Furthermore, expert clinical opinion provided support for escalation of somatostatin analogs for refractory hormonal symptoms.

Judith S. Goldstein

Professor Judith Goldstein, a political scientist, has made an important contribution to the emerging literature on "International Political Economy." Her deceptively short book addresses two related themes: First, she wishes to explore "...the anomaly of concurrent, contradictory forms of trade policy in the United States"(1). In particular, she is interested in the simultaneous defense and expansion of the ideas of "laissez-faire" and "reciprocity" in American trade policy. The second, broader, issue is about the role of ideas in public policy:

Angela N. Bartley, M. Washington, Carol Colasacco et al.

P. Blanc, I. Annesi-Maesano, J. Balmes et al.

Rationale: Workplace inhalational hazards remain common worldwide, even though they are ameliorable. Previous American Thoracic Society documents have assessed the contribution of workplace exposures to asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on a population level, but not to other chronic respiratory diseases. The goal of this document is to report an in-depth literature review and data synthesis of the occupational contribution to the burden of the major nonmalignant respiratory diseases, including airway diseases; interstitial fibrosis; hypersensitivity pneumonitis; other noninfectious granulomatous lung diseases, including sarcoidosis; and selected respiratory infections. Methods: Relevant literature was identified for each respiratory condition. The occupational population attributable fraction (PAF) was estimated for those conditions for which there were sufficient population-based studies to allow pooled estimates. For the other conditions, the occupational burden of disease was estimated on the basis of attribution in case series, incidence rate ratios, or attributable fraction within an exposed group. Results: Workplace exposures contribute substantially to the burden of multiple chronic respiratory diseases, including asthma (PAF, 16%); chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (PAF, 14%); chronic bronchitis (PAF, 13%); idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (PAF, 26%); hypersensitivity pneumonitis (occupational burden, 19%); other granulomatous diseases, including sarcoidosis (occupational burden, 30%); pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (occupational burden, 29%); tuberculosis (occupational burden, 2.3% in silica-exposed workers and 1% in healthcare workers); and community-acquired pneumonia in working-age adults (PAF, 10%). Conclusions: Workplace exposures contribute to the burden of disease across a range of nonmalignant lung conditions in adults (in addition to the 100% burden for the classic occupational pneumoconioses). This burden has important clinical, research, and policy implications. There is a pressing need to improve clinical recognition and public health awareness of the contribution of occupational factors across a range of nonmalignant respiratory diseases.

Katarzyna Wilk-Sikora, Agnieszka Drosdzol-Cop

OBJECTIVES: : Endometriosis is a widespread gynecological condition characterized by the presence of endometrial like tissue outside the uterine cavity. According to the literature, the frequency of endometriosis in adolescents remains unclear; however, studies suggest that histologically confirmed disease may be present in up to 47% of girls with chronic pelvic pain (CPP) and in nearly 70% of girls with primary dysmenorrhoea unresponsive to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or hormonal therapy. The aim of this study was to review and compare current diagnostic and therapeutic recommendations and expert consensus for adolescent endometriosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: : A descriptive qualitative review of the clinical guidelines and expert consensus statements by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE), the North American Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology (NASPAG), and the Polish Society of Gynecologists and Obstetricians (PTGiP) was conducted. NASPAG guaidance present a textbook-based expert consensus and was included due to the limited availability of high-quality evidence in adolescent populations. RESULTS: : Adolescent endometriosis remains underrecognized and insufficiently studied. Current clinical guidelines and expert consensus statements emphasize the importance role of through symptom assessment and detailed medical history in the diagnostic process. The reviewed literature supports a clinical diagnosis based on symptoms presentations and response to hormonal therapy, without routine laparoscopic confirmation. CONCLUSIONS: Endometriosis in adolescents requires an age-specific diagnostic and therapeutic process. Adherence to current clinical guidelines and expert consensus may help reduce diagnostic delays, limit unnecessary invasive procedures, and improve long-term quality of life.

Wenbo Wu, Sherry Wu, Sim Berlene Mariano et al.

<h4>Background</h4>Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a significant preventable cause of postoperative morbidity and mortality after major abdominopelvic surgery that calls for extended VTE prophylaxis (eVTEp). Literature suggests that significant racial disparities may exist in post-operative care.<h4>Objective</h4>The study sought to examine if racial disparities exist in the administration of eVTEp after hysterectomy in a statewide collaborative.<h4>Methods</h4>We conducted a retrospective cohort study of post-hysterectomy patients across 69 hospitals in the Michigan Surgical Quality Collaborative from January 2016 to February 2020. The variable of interest was race (Black/African or White American). The primary outcome was administration or absence of eVTEp. Descriptive statistics and mixed effects logistic regression were performed for risk adjustment with covariates such as age, cancer occurrence, inflammatory bowel disease, American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classification, perioperative VTE prophylaxis, postoperative VTE prophylaxis, surgical approach, and surgical duration, among other variables.<h4>Results</h4>In total, 24,513 patients underwent hysterectomy. Of these patients, 1,107 (4.45%) received eVTEp, 153 (13.24%) of which were Black and 954 (82.53%) of which were White. Mixed effects logistic regression analysis suggested that Black patients were significantly less likely to receive eVTEp than White patients (odds ratio = 0.776; 95% CI: 0.615-0.979; P = 0.039). Additionally, tobacco use, coronary artery disease, bleeding disorder, cancer occurrence, functional status, perioperative VTE prophylaxis, surgical duration, length of stay, and surgical approach were associated with a higher likelihood of receiving eVTEp.<h4>Conclusion</h4>eVTEp is recommended for the prevention of post-discharge VTE in select patients after hysterectomy. Regression analysis showed that, compared to their White counterparts, Black females were significantly less likely to receive eVTEp. The underlying reasons for this disparity require further investigation into possible socioeconomic influences and inherent biases.

Laura Leden

In August 2023, Art House published a long-awaited Finnish retranslation of Emily of New Moon. For almost a hundred years, fans have loved the original Finnish translation by I.K. Inha from 1928 and its revised and abridged version from 1961. The translator of the new edition, Kaisa Ranta, was delighted to have the chance to retranslate her childhood favourite, which is now finally available in a complete version that, like Montgomery's original, is targeted at a crossover audience of both youth and adults.

Karel J. in 't Hout

In this paper we consider the numerical solution of the two-dimensional time-dependent partial integro-differential complementarity problem (PIDCP) that holds for the value of American-style options under the two-asset Kou jump-diffusion model. Following the method of lines (MOL), we derive an efficient numerical method for the pertinent PIDCP. Here, for the discretization of the nonlocal double integral term, an extension is employed of the fast algorithm by Toivanen (2008) in the case of the one-asset Kou jump-diffusion model. For the temporal discretization, we study a useful family of second-order diagonally implicit Runge-Kutta (DIRK) methods. Their adaptation to the semidiscrete two-dimensional Kou PIDCP is obtained by means of an effective iteration introduced by d'Halluin, Forsyth & Labahn (2004) and d'Halluin, Forsyth & Vetzal (2005). Ample numerical experiments are presented showing that the proposed numerical method achieves a favourable, second-order convergence behaviour to the American two-asset option value as well as to its Greeks Delta and Gamma.

Xian-Ming Gu, Jun Liu, Cornelis W. Oosterlee

For pricing American options, %after suitable discretization in space and time, a sequence of discrete linear complementarity problems (LCPs) or equivalently Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equations need to be solved in a sequential time-stepping manner. In each time step, the policy iteration or its penalty variant is often applied due to their fast convergence rates. In this paper, we aim to solve for all time steps simultaneously, by applying the policy iteration to an ``all-at-once form" of the HJB equations, where two different parallel-in-time preconditioners are proposed to accelerate the solution of the linear systems within the policy iteration. Our proposed methods are generally applicable for such all-at-once forms of the HJB equation, arising from option pricing problems with optimal stopping and nontrivial underlying asset models. Numerical examples are presented to show the feasibility and robust convergence behavior of the proposed methodology.

Heila Precel, Allison McDonald, Brent Hecht et al.

Systemic property dispossession from minority groups has often been carried out in the name of technological progress. In this paper, we identify evidence that the current paradigm of large language models (LLMs) likely continues this long history. Examining common LLM training datasets, we find that a disproportionate amount of content authored by Jewish Americans is used for training without their consent. The degree of over-representation ranges from around 2x to around 6.5x. Given that LLMs may substitute for the paid labor of those who produced their training data, they have the potential to cause even more substantial and disproportionate economic harm to Jewish Americans in the coming years. This paper focuses on Jewish Americans as a case study, but it is probable that other minority communities (e.g., Asian Americans, Hindu Americans) may be similarly affected and, most importantly, the results should likely be interpreted as a "canary in the coal mine" that highlights deep structural concerns about the current LLM paradigm whose harms could soon affect nearly everyone. We discuss the implications of these results for the policymakers thinking about how to regulate LLMs as well as for those in the AI field who are working to advance LLMs. Our findings stress the importance of working together towards alternative LLM paradigms that avoid both disparate impacts and widespread societal harms.

Parker, Joshua

"Ruralism" in recent American narratives by queer authors is discussed here as a series of engagements and withdrawals from small-town socio-political landscapes, ensconced in US literature from early US realism and modernism, by contemporary focalizers, who are positioned as quasi-outsiders in the wake of post-industrial withdrawal. The essay pinpoints narrative prose and verse published in the second and third decades of the twenty-first century: George Hodgman's Bettyville (2015), a memoir exploring recovery from addiction, Midwestern childhood, aging, gay identity, and rural climate change; Ocean Vuong's novel On Earth We're Briefly Gorgeous (2019), describing migrant work patterns and sexuality in central Connecticut; and Louis Ceci's multi-generational Croy Cycle novels (2008-2022) set in small-town Oklahoma.