Hasil untuk "Academies and learned societies"

Kavana Venkatesh, Jiaming Cui

Large Language Model (LLM) multi-agent systems are increasingly deployed as interacting agent societies, yet scaling these systems often yields diminishing or unstable returns, the causes of which remain poorly understood. We present the first large-scale empirical study of coordination dynamics in LLM-based multi-agent systems, introducing an atomic event-level formulation that reconstructs reasoning as cascades of coordination. Analyzing over 1.5 Million interactions across tasks, topologies, and scales, we uncover three coupled laws: coordination follows heavy-tailed cascades, concentrates via preferential attachment into intellectual elites, and produces increasingly frequent extreme events as system size grows. We show that these effects are coupled through a single structural mechanism: an integration bottleneck, in which coordination expansion scales with system size while consolidation does not, producing large but weakly integrated reasoning processes. To test this mechanism, we introduce Deficit-Triggered Integration (DTI), which selectively increases integration under imbalance. DTI improves performance precisely where coordination fails, without suppressing large-scale reasoning. Together, our results establish quantitative laws of collective cognition and identify coordination structure as a fundamental, previously unmeasured axis for understanding and improving scalable multi-agent intelligence.

Shan Shan

The quantification of social science remains a longstanding challenge, largely due to the philosophical nature of its foundational theories. Although quantum computing has advanced rapidly in recent years, its relevance to social theory remains underexplored. Most existing research focuses on micro-cognitive models or philosophical analogies, leaving a gap in system-level applications of quantum principles to the analysis of social systems. This study addresses that gap by proposing a theoretical and computational framework that combines quantum mechanics with Generative AI to simulate the emergence and evolution of social norms. Drawing on core quantum concepts--such as superposition, entanglement, and probabilistic measurement--this research models society as a dynamic, uncertain system and sets up five ideal-type experiments. These scenarios are simulated using 25 generative agents, each assigned evolving roles as compliers, resistors, or enforcers. Within a simulated environment monitored by a central observer (the Watcher), agents interact, respond to surveillance, and adapt to periodic normative disruptions. These interactions allow the system to self-organize under external stress and reveal emergent patterns. Key findings show that quantum principles, when integrated with generative AI, enable the modeling of uncertainty, emergence, and interdependence in complex social systems. Simulations reveal patterns including convergence toward normative order, the spread of resistance, and the spontaneous emergence of new equilibria in social rules. In conclusion, this study introduces a novel computational lens that lays the groundwork for a quantum-informed social theory. It offers interdisciplinary insights into how society can be understood not just as a structure to observe but as a dynamic system to simulate and redesign through quantum technologies.

Zhongren Chen, Joshua Kalla, Quan Le et al.

In recent years, significant concern has emerged regarding the potential threat that Large Language Models (LLMs) pose to democratic societies through their persuasive capabilities. We expand upon existing research by conducting two survey experiments and a real-world simulation exercise to determine whether it is more cost effective to persuade a large number of voters using LLM chatbots compared to standard political campaign practice, taking into account both the "receive" and "accept" steps in the persuasion process (Zaller 1992). These experiments improve upon previous work by assessing extended interactions between humans and LLMs (instead of using single-shot interactions) and by assessing both short- and long-run persuasive effects (rather than simply asking users to rate the persuasiveness of LLM-produced content). In two survey experiments (N = 10,417) across three distinct political domains, we find that while LLMs are about as persuasive as actual campaign ads once voters are exposed to them, political persuasion in the real-world depends on both exposure to a persuasive message and its impact conditional on exposure. Through simulations based on real-world parameters, we estimate that LLM-based persuasion costs between \$48-\$74 per persuaded voter compared to \$100 for traditional campaign methods, when accounting for the costs of exposure. However, it is currently much easier to scale traditional campaign persuasion methods than LLM-based persuasion. While LLMs do not currently appear to have substantially greater potential for large-scale political persuasion than existing non-LLM methods, this may change as LLM capabilities continue to improve and it becomes easier to scalably encourage exposure to persuasive LLMs.

Qinhong Zhou, Hongxin Zhang, Xiangye Lin et al.

The rapid progress in AI and Robotics may lead to a profound societal transformation, as humans and robots begin to coexist within shared communities, introducing both opportunities and challenges. To explore this future, we present Virtual Community-an open-world platform for humans, robots, and society-built on a universal physics engine and grounded in real-world 3D scenes. With Virtual Community, we aim to enable the study of embodied social intelligence at scale. To support these, Virtual Community features: 1) An open-source multi-agent physics simulator that supports robots, humans, and their interactions within a society; 2) A large-scale, real-world aligned community generation pipeline, including vast outdoor space, diverse indoor scenes, and a community of grounded agents with rich characters and appearances. Leveraging Virtual Community, we propose two novel challenges. The Community Planning Challenge evaluates multi-agent reasoning and planning ability in open-world settings, such as cooperating to help agents with daily activities and efficiently connecting other agents. The Community Robot Challenge requires multiple heterogeneous robots to collaborate in solving complex open-world tasks. We evaluate various baselines on these tasks and demonstrate the challenges in both high-level open-world task planning and low-level cooperation controls. We hope that Virtual Community will unlock further study of human-robot coexistence within open-world environments.

Tatsuru Kikuchi

This paper develops the first comprehensive theoretical and empirical framework for analyzing AI-driven spatial distribution dynamics in metropolitan areas undergoing demographic transition. We extend New Economic Geography by formalizing five novel AI-specific mechanisms: algorithmic learning spillovers, digital infrastructure returns, virtual agglomeration effects, AI-human complementarity, and network externalities. Using Tokyo as our empirical laboratory, we implement rigorous causal identification through five complementary econometric strategies and develop machine learning predictions across 27 future scenarios spanning 2024-2050. Our theoretical framework generates six testable hypotheses, all receiving strong empirical support. The causal analysis reveals that AI implementation increases agglomeration concentration by 4.2-5.2 percentage points, with heterogeneous effects across industries: high AI-readiness sectors experience 8.4 percentage point increases, while low AI-readiness sectors show 1.2 percentage point gains. Machine learning predictions demonstrate that aggressive AI adoption can offset 60-80\% of aging-related productivity declines. We provide a strategic three-phase policy framework for managing AI-driven spatial transformation while promoting inclusive development. The integrated approach establishes a new paradigm for analyzing technology-driven spatial change with global applications for aging societies.

Yi Zeng, Feifei Zhao, Yuwei Wang et al.

As Artificial Intelligence (AI) advances toward Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) and eventually Artificial Superintelligence (ASI), it may potentially surpass human control, deviate from human values, and even lead to irreversible catastrophic consequences in extreme cases. This looming risk underscores the critical importance of the "superalignment" problem - ensuring that AI systems which are much smarter than humans, remain aligned with human (compatible) intentions and values. While current scalable oversight and weak-to-strong generalization methods demonstrate certain applicability, they exhibit fundamental flaws in addressing the superalignment paradigm - notably, the unidirectional imposition of human values cannot accommodate superintelligence's autonomy or ensure AGI/ASI's stable learning. We contend that the values for sustainable symbiotic society should be co-shaped by humans and living AI together, achieving "Super Co-alignment." Guided by this vision, we propose a concrete framework that integrates external oversight and intrinsic proactive alignment. External oversight superalignment should be grounded in human-centered ultimate decision, supplemented by interpretable automated evaluation and correction, to achieve continuous alignment with humanity's evolving values. Intrinsic proactive superalignment is rooted in a profound understanding of the Self, others, and society, integrating self-awareness, self-reflection, and empathy to spontaneously infer human intentions, distinguishing good from evil and proactively prioritizing human well-being. The integration of externally-driven oversight with intrinsically-driven proactive alignment will co-shape symbiotic values and rules through iterative human-ASI co-alignment, paving the way for achieving safe and beneficial AGI and ASI for good, for human, and for a symbiotic ecology.

Marco Menale, Ana Jacinta Soares, Romina Travaglini

Recently, several events have shockingly impacted society, carrying tough consequences. However, not all individuals are similarly affected by shock events. Among other factors, the consequences can vary depending on the income class. In our presented work, the approach typical of kinetic theory is used to analyze the dynamics of a closed-market society exposed to various types of shock events. To achieve this, we introduce non-conservative equations, incorporating proliferative and destructive binary interactions as well as external actions. Specifically, the latter term reproduces the shock events, and to accomplish this, we introduce an appropriate external force field into the kinetic framework, modeled using Gaussian functions. Several numerical simulations are presented to illustrate the behavior of the solution predicted by the model and an application in comparison to real data relative to the Hurricane Katrina catastrophe is carried out.

Martin Boosen, Michael Franke, Yves Vincent Grossmann et al.

This paper analyses the practice of publishing research data within the Max Planck Society in the year 2020. The central finding of the study is that up to 40\% of the empirical text publications had research data available. The aggregation of the available data is predominantly analysed. There are differences between the sections of the Max Planck Society but they are not as great as one might expect. In the case of the journals, it is also apparent that a data policy can increase the availability of data related to textual publications. Finally, we found that the statement on data availability "upon (reasonable) request" does not work.

Matthias Laschke, Lenneke Kuijer

In this position paper we present Municipan, an artefact resulting from a post-growth design experiment, applied in a student design project. In contrast to mainstream human-centered design directed at efficiency and convenience, which we argue leads to deskilling, dependency, and the progression of the climate crisis, we challenged students to envision an opposite user that is willing to invest time and effort and learn new skills. While Municipan is not a direct step towards a postgrowth society, integrating the way it was created in design education can act as a nucleus, bringing forth design professionals inclined to create technologies with potential to gradually transform society towards postgrowth living. Bringing in examples from our own research, we illustrate that designs created in this mindset, such as heating systems that train cold resistance, or navigation systems that train orientation have potential to reskill users, reduce technological dependency and steer consumption within planetary limits.

Rochmad Rochmad

Islamic Religious Education is expected to be able to produce human beings who are always trying to perfect faith, piety, and have noble character, noble character includes ethics, character, or morals as a manifestation of Education. Within the family there is also a process of internalizing Islamic Education Values, namely the process of transferring behavior that is controlled externally to behavior that is controlled internally. Where everything can be done through the habituation process. So habituation does not only stop at school, but is also applied at home. If at school the teacher is the controller, then when at home the task is transferred to the parents. Even when the child has not yet entered school, this task has become the obligation of the parents. With the inductive method, parents place more emphasis on understanding than coercion without reason and focus children's attention on the consequences that can impact themselves, others, and the environment, so parents have been able to provide moral nutrition to help contribute to the success of character education.

Panagiotis Tsigaris, Jaime A. Teixeira da Silva

Thomas A. Lang

In the scientific literature, the link between an idea and its source is its reference information that allows the source to be identified and located. Not so obvious is where the source is cited in the text. Although authors are given extensive details on how to format references, they are not always taught when to cite them. Further, many are not vigilant in confirming the accuracy of the quoted information against the source or in verifying the associated reference information. In fact, discrepancies between the information cited in the text and the information actually presented in the source are common and often serious. Further, inaccuracies in references that break the link between the citation and its source are even more common. These discrepancies and inaccuracies affect the integrity of science and the validity of the citation metrics (for example, the Journal Impact Factor) that are used, rightly or wrongly, to evaluate the importance of journals and authors. Here, I discuss factors affecting when and where sources should be cited. I also consider factors that can bias the selection of sources and so interfere with the validity of citation analyses, review some considerations for evaluating a source, call attention to citation and quotation error rates, and review some strategies for reducing these errors. Finally, I summarise the most common recommendations for when, what, where, and why sources should or should not be cited.

Jaime Teixeira da Silva

The European Union (EU), and Europe more widely, is facing its largest socio-political threat in a generation. As the political events between Russia and Ukraine, which have been festering since at least 2014, have now turned into a war, with many major Western and EU companies barring business with Russia, and with most Western Governments imposing increasingly stiffer sanctions on Russia, where do non-Russian academic publishers stand? This commentary takes a brief look at what we know, and where we stand. A humanitarian response is needed, but so too is a decision regarding treatment of Russian and Ukrainian academics.

Fernando Jose Gomes Landgraf, Paulo Eduardo Martins Araujo

A fabricação de barras de ferro maleável na Fábrica de Ferro de Ipanema é examinada com base na descrição do processo de refino do ferro-gusa feita pelo engenheiro Dupré, em 1884, e pela análise da microestrutura de alguns exemplares obtidos no Museu Nacional, no Rio de Janeiro, em 2014. Barras desse tipo foram utilizadas nas estradas de ferro do século 19. São contextualizados e explicados, a luz dos conhecimentos atuais, os gestos dos operadores do refino. As heterogeneidades microestruturais nelas observadas são similares às citadas na literatura sobre peças contemporâneas. Foi possível correlacionar a composição química do minério de ferro de Ipanema com a composição das inclusões de escória presentes naqueles objetos, parâmetro viável para estabelecer a “assinatura química” das barras lá fabricadas.

Davide Di Ruscio, Paola Inverardi, Patrizio Migliarini et al.

Privacy and ethics of citizens are at the core of the concerns raised by our increasingly digital society. Profiling users is standard practice for software applications triggering the need for users, also enforced by laws, to properly manage privacy settings. Users need to manage software privacy settings properly to protect personally identifiable information and express personal ethical preferences. AI technologies that empower users to interact with the digital world by reflecting their personal ethical preferences can be key enablers of a trustworthy digital society. We focus on the privacy dimension and contribute a step in the above direction through an empirical study on an existing dataset collected from the fitness domain. We find out which set of questions is appropriate to differentiate users according to their preferences. The results reveal that a compact set of semantic-driven questions (about domain-independent privacy preferences) helps distinguish users better than a complex domain-dependent one. This confirms the study's hypothesis that moral attitudes are the relevant piece of information to collect. Based on the outcome, we implement a recommender system to provide users with suitable recommendations related to privacy choices. We then show that the proposed recommender system provides relevant settings to users, obtaining high accuracy.

John Joseph O'Hare, Allen Fairchild, Umran Ali

In the digital society's evolving landscape, open-source tooling and generative AI are pivotal in transforming global collaboration. These technologies promise to dismantle traditional barriers of accessibility, language, and governance, fostering an inclusive digital ecosystem. However, the journey towards a fully integrated digital society faces significant challenges, including trust, accessibility, and sustainable development. Emerging technologies like global ledgers and blockchain propose novel methods for transferring digital goods and personal data across diverse digital spaces. This development, coupled with augmented intelligence tools, aims to create decentralized and federated environments where creativity and collaboration can flourish. An "open metaverse" concept is gaining traction, promoting an alternative to restrictive proprietary platforms and emphasizing user empowerment and equity. Despite the opportunities, governance and ethical considerations remain paramount. The digital society must navigate the fine balance between innovation and the potential risks associated with new technologies. The drive for an inclusive, innovative, and secure digital society necessitates a commitment to open-source principles and ethical AI application. It also involves overcoming cultural, legislative, and technical barriers that impede global collaboration. The future digital society envisions a collaborative, inclusive, and innovative global community. By focusing on augmented intelligence and supported creativity, it aims to unlock new possibilities for economic empowerment, cultural exchange, and technological advancement. This vision is not without its challenges, but with continued commitment to ethical, open, and inclusive development, a more connected and empowered global community is within reach.

Nindita Clourisa Amaris Susanto, Madyawati Latief, Ratih Dyah Puspitasari et al.

Ecoprint is a technique for printing colors and shapes on fabric using natural materials. Ecoprint techniques have been introduced to junior high school students because they can capture the material and teacher's instructions independently, think critically and creatively. The purpose of the ecoprint introduction activity is to provide knowledge about ecoprint and students' skills in utilizing local potential through natural materials or plants around the school. The methods used are lectures, demonstrations, practice, and evaluation. The questionnaires and direct observations on ecoprint products were used as evaluations for this activity. Students have been able to print motifs and colors from leaves and flowers on a cloth to produce ecoprint products according to their respective creativity.

Denys Wheatley

A brief discussion is presented of the use of "ize" rather than "ise" in most current day journals. The need for editors and authors to be consistent in their spelling remains an issue.

Alla Stepanivna Lytvynko

The activity of international organizations on the history and philosophy of science and technology is a remarkable phenomenon in the world scientific and sociocultural sphere. Such centers influence and contribute to the scientific communication of scientists from different countries and the comprehensive development of numerous aspects of the history and phylosiphy of science and technology, carry out scientific congresses. That is why the analysis of the acquired experience and the obtained results of these groups are important. The history of the formation and development, task, structure, background and directions of the activities of some international organizations in the field of history and philosophy of science and technology, including The European Philosophy of Science Association (EPSA), The International Society for the History of Philosophy of Science (HOPOS), The International Federation of Philosophical Societies (FISP) and The International council for philosophy and human sciences (ICPHS) have been shown. The European Philosophy of Science Association (EPSA) was established in 2007 to promote and advance the investigations and teaching the philosophy of science in Europe. EPSA edits the European Journal for Philosophy of Science (EJPS), which publishes articles in all areas of philosophy of science. The International Society for the History of Philosophy of Science (HOPOS) promotes serious, scholarly research on the history of the philosophy of science and gathers scholars who share an interest in promoting research on the history of the philosophy of science and related topics in the history of the natural and social sciences, logic, philosophy and mathematics. The scholarly journal HOPOS is published by University of Chicago Press. The International Federation of Philosophical Societies (FISP) is the highest nongovernmental world organization for philosophy, whose members-societies represent every country where there is significant academic philosophy. It was established in Amsterdam in 1948. FISP’s first seat was located at the the Sorbonne in Paris. FISP includes approximately one hundred members. It does not include individual members, but only «societies» in a broad sense, that is, philosophical institutions of different kinds, such as associations, societies, institutes, centres and academies at national, regional and international levels. The International council for philosophy and human sciences (ICPHS) is a non-governmental organisation within UNESCO, which federates hundreds of different learned societies in the field of philosophy, human sciences and related subjects. It was conceived as the intermediary between UNESCO on one hand, and learned societies and national academies on the other. Its aim was to extend UNESCO's action in the domain of humanistic studies.

D. Celermajer

The presence and persistence of violence in our societies and state institutions – and what to do about it – are long-standing concerns of scholars of punishment and society. Torture might sound like a singular type of such violence but the torture with which this book is concerned is of the everyday, mundane variety, a product of prevailing systems, structures and conditions existing in continuity with other forms of violence. Torture is not an individual incident, but a social practice embedded in a multifaceted system of relations. This important book convincingly posits that efforts to prevent torture must understand the dynamics of this system – this ‘ecology’ – and address causes and consequences of violence through an ecological approach. The cover of The Prevention of Torture tellingly features a compelling image of a leafy tree in blossom. Beneath the tree in the shadow cast by an invisible light source is a vast amount of blood spatter. The image alludes to the notion of ‘the poisoned orchard’, this being a metaphor appealed to by situational theorists of violence to resist the inherently dispositional ‘bad apples’ theory. Violence is not the result of the dispositions of a few deviant apples acting out their own individual pathologies; it is the product of the complex ecological situation of the whole orchard, i.e. the interconnected practices that nourish, nurture and otherwise facilitate the likelihood of a toxic harvest – again and again, and with seasonal variations. At its most basic level this is a book about the driving and sustaining factors of torture and the impediments to its prevention. Clearly argued and drawing in a range of theoretical insights (from Arendt to Bourdieu to Latour), as well as an equally broad range of empirical studies, it offers a radically situational account of why torture persists and why it is so difficult to inhibit using the legal, universal and punitive tools most commonly applied. The book draws on lessons learned from and through a multi-faceted, experimental torture prevention project involving the academy, local human rights organisations, and security sector actors in Nepal and Sri Lanka. The project made theoretically informed, contextual analyses of torture causalities. These Punishment & Society 2021, Vol. 23(3) 436–451 ! The Author(s) 2020