Hasil untuk "Social legislation"

Qiao Wang, Liang Liu, Mitsuo Yoshida

Social video platforms shape how people access information, while recommendation systems can narrow exposure and increase the risk of toxic interaction. Previous research has often examined text or users in isolation, overlooking the structural context in which such toxic interactions occur. Without considering who interacts with whom and around what content, it is difficult to explain why negative expressions cluster within particular communities. To address this issue, this study focuses on the Chinese social video platform Bilibili, incorporating video-level information as the environment for user expression, modeling users and videos in an interaction matrix. After normalization and dimensionality reduction, we perform separate clustering on both sides of the video-user interaction matrix with K-means. Cluster assignments facilitate comparisons of user behavior, including message length, posting frequency, and source (barrage and comment), as well as textual features such as sentiment and toxicity, and video attributes defined by uploaders. Such a clustering approach integrates structural ties with content signals to identify stable groups of videos and users. We find clear stratification in interaction style (message length, comment ratio) across user clusters, while sentiment and toxicity differences are weak or inconsistent across video clusters. Across video clusters, viewing volume exhibits a clear hierarchy, with higher exposure groups concentrating more toxic expressions. For such a group, platforms should require timely intervention during periods of rapid growth. Across user clusters, comment ratio and message length form distinct hierarchies, and several clusters with longer and comment-oriented messages exhibit lower toxicity. For such groups, platforms should strengthen mechanisms that sustain rational dialogue and encourage engagement across topics.

Simón Peña-Fernández, Ainara Larrondo-Ureta, Jordi Morales-i-Gras

Social media have been fundamental in the daily lives of millions of people, but they have raised concerns about content moderation policies, the management of personal data, and their commercial exploitation. The acquisition of Twitter (now X) by Elon Musk in 2022 generated concerns among Twitter users regarding changes in the platform's direction, prompting a migration campaign by some user groups to the federated network Mastodon. This study reviews the onboarding of users to this decentralised platform between 2016 and 2022 and analyses the migration of 19,000 users who identified themselves as supporters of the platform switch. The results show that the migration campaign was a reactive response to Elon Musk's acquisition of Twitter and was led by a group of highly active academics, scientists, and journalists. However, a complete transition was not realised, as users preferred to straddle their presence on both platforms. Mastodon's decentralisation made it difficult to exactly replicate Twitter's communities, resulting in a partial loss of these users' social capital and greater fragmentation of these user communities, which highlights the intrinsic differences between both platforms.

Santosh Chapagain, Cory J Cascalheira, Shah Muhammad Hamdi et al.

Individuals from sexual and gender minority groups experience disproportionately high rates of poor health outcomes and mental disorders compared to their heterosexual and cisgender counterparts, largely as a consequence of minority stress as described by Meyer's (2003) model. This study presents the first comprehensive evaluation of transformer-based architectures for detecting minority stress in online discourse. We benchmark multiple transformer models including ELECTRA, BERT, RoBERTa, and BART against traditional machine learning baselines and graph-augmented variants. We further assess zero-shot and few-shot learning paradigms to assess their applicability on underrepresented datasets. Experiments are conducted on the two largest publicly available Reddit corpora for minority stress detection, comprising 12,645 and 5,789 posts, and are repeated over five random seeds to ensure robustness. Our results demonstrate that integrating graph structure consistently improves detection performance across transformer-only models and that supervised fine-tuning with relational context outperforms zero and few-shot approaches. Theoretical analysis reveals that modeling social connectivity and conversational context via graph augmentation sharpens the models' ability to identify key linguistic markers such as identity concealment, internalized stigma, and calls for support, suggesting that graph-enhanced transformers offer the most reliable foundation for digital health interventions and public health policy.

T.N. Berezina, M.M. Simonova, T.A. Finogenova

<p style="text-align: justify;">The article presents an analysis of contemporary research on threats to psychological well-being in US high schools. A meta-analysis of publications presented to the professional community on the portal: ResearchGate was conducted. 100 articles related to the problem of security in the US educational system were analyzed; as a result, 20 publications related directly to threats to psychological well-being were identified. The research is aimed at various categories of the population: elementary, middle, and high school students, students, children and adolescents with disabilities, representatives of minorities, educators, and parents. The threats identified are 1) violence in any form, from armed to sexual, 2) racial problems, 3) problems with ensuring the rights of minorities and the need to organize effective interaction with them, 4) professional burnout of teachers. Subjective and objective factors of ensuring psychological well-being in American schools are also highlighted. Objective factors include the peculiarities of American legislation, the presence of structures that ensure the safety of the educational environment and juvenile justice. National Association of School Psychologists. Subjective factors include the peculiarities of the country&rsquo;s culture, in particular, the orientation toward individualism characteristic of the American mentality. Ways to minimize these threats to the psychological well-being of students include the involvement of social workers and the active involvement of parents in ensuring psychological safety at school. A three-dimensional conceptual model for improving the safety of an educational institution's environment is described and analyzed. Aspects of the model include physical, procedural, and psychological reinforcement.</p>

Ulrike Schultz, Maria Rita Bartolomei, Sara Araújo

This special issue marks the first publication of a long-term international project on gender in customary and indigenous law and proceedings. Emerging from observations of the silence around customary law and differing perceptions of gender inequality in sub-Sahara African legal academia, the project brings together comparative socio-legal research from Africa, Europe and beyond. The contributions examine how colonial legacies, legal pluralism and globalisation shape gendered experiences in areas such as inheritance, land rights, marriage, judicial training, and access to justice. Highlighting women’s agency within plural legal systems, the issue provides new theoretical and empirical insights into the intersections of gender, customary law, and state law.

Simindokht Jahangard, Zhixi Cai, Shiki Wen et al.

Understanding human social behaviour is crucial in computer vision and robotics. Micro-level observations like individual actions fall short, necessitating a comprehensive approach that considers individual behaviour, intra-group dynamics, and social group levels for a thorough understanding. To address dataset limitations, this paper introduces JRDB-Social, an extension of JRDB. Designed to fill gaps in human understanding across diverse indoor and outdoor social contexts, JRDB-Social provides annotations at three levels: individual attributes, intra-group interactions, and social group context. This dataset aims to enhance our grasp of human social dynamics for robotic applications. Utilizing the recent cutting-edge multi-modal large language models, we evaluated our benchmark to explore their capacity to decipher social human behaviour.

Marissa Collins, Micaela Mazzei, Rachel Baker et al.

Abstract Background There is an international move towards greater integration of health and social care to cope with the increasing demand on services.. In Scotland, legislation was passed in 2014 to integrate adult health and social care services resulting in the formation of 31 Health and Social Care Partnerships (HSCPs). Greater integration does not eliminate resource scarcity and the requirement to make (resource) allocation decisions to meet the needs of local populations. There are different perspectives on how to facilitate and improve priority setting in health and social care organisations with limited resources, but structured processes at the local level are still not widely implemented. This paper reports on work with new HSCPs in Scotland to develop a combined multi-disciplinary priority setting and resource allocation framework. Methods To develop the combined framework, a scoping review of the literature was conducted to determine the key principles and approaches to priority setting from economics, decision-analysis, ethics and law, and attempts to combine such approaches. Co-production of the combined framework involved a multi-disciplinary workshop including local, and national-level stakeholders and academics to discuss and gather their views. Results The key findings from the literature review and the stakeholder workshop were taken to produce a final combined framework for priority setting and resource allocation. This is underpinned by principles from economics (opportunity cost), decision science (good decisions), ethics (justice) and law (fair procedures). It outlines key stages in the priority setting process, including: framing the question, looking at current use of resources, defining options and criteria, evaluating options and criteria, and reviewing each stage. Each of these has further sub-stages and includes a focus on how the combined framework interacts with the consultation and involvement of patients, public and the wider staff. Conclusions The integration agenda for health and social care is an opportunity to develop and implement a combined framework for setting priorities and allocating resources fairly to meet the needs of the population. A key aim of both integration and the combined framework is to facilitate the shifting of resources from acute services to the community.

Natalia HRES, Viktoria STRELNYK, Tetiana CHURILOVA

The paper analyzes mediation as an alternative dispute resolution tool in national civil legislation, taking into account international experience. The consequences of martial law in Ukraine, in addition to the general negative impact on the economy and social relations in the state, created limited access to judiciary resources, which prompted the search for effective ways to resolve the dispute. The aspiration for European integration has determined the vector of rebuilding Ukraine to increase public confidence in the institution of law, guaranteeing rights, freedoms, and legitimate interests. One of the challenges to the restoration of our state is the development of an area for implementing mediation in the national legal dispute resolution system, ensuring its broad support by interested parties and civil society. The primary purpose of mediation in dispute resolution is to find a solution that would satisfy all parties and maintain, preserve, or restore productive relations between the parties. The introduction and development of mediation in the Ukrainian legal space require institutional support and dissemination of positive international practices. The fundamental principles of legal regulation of mediation are to ensure the necessary standards with minimal state interference in these relations and to provide the parties to the dispute with maximum freedom and the ability to dispose of their rights.

Linda Mulcahy, Anna Tsalapatanis

Debate about the ways in  empirical accounts of socio-legal phenomena may be compromised by close engagement with policy audiences has long dogged discussions of the possibility of progressive agendas in the field. This paper re-examines these critiques by reference to a case study in which the authors worked closely with UK judges and the court service. It argues that accounts of the relationship between the policy audience and researchers frequently rely on overly simplistic conceptualisations of elite state actors and the ways in which empirical researchers engage with the powerful. We suggest that a range of forms of interaction are possible in which researchers can be characterised as  handmaidens, partners or go-betweens. While acknowledging the importance of interrogating how the policy audience can compromise the independence of academic researchers, we argue that debate has tended to rest on oversimplified understandings of the dynamics of interactions with powerful state actors. El debate sobre las formas en que la credibilidad del trabajo empírico socio-jurídico puede verse comprometida por un estrecho compromiso con el público político ha perseguido durante mucho tiempo las discusiones sobre la posibilidad de una agenda socio-jurídica progresista. Este artículo reexamina estas críticas haciendo referencia a un estudio de caso en el que los autores trabajaron estrechamente con jueces y el servicio judicial del Reino Unido. Sostiene que muchos de los relatos existentes sobre la relación entre el público político y los investigadores se basan con frecuencia en conceptualizaciones demasiado simplistas de los actores estatales de élite y de las formas en que los investigadores empíricos se relacionan con los poderosos. Sugerimos que son posibles distintos tipos de relaciones de investigación, que caracterizamos como de sirvientes, socios o intermediarios. Aunque reconocemos la importancia de cuestionar el modo en que las audiencias políticas pueden comprometer la independencia de los investigadores académicos, sostenemos que el debate ha tendido a basarse en interpretaciones unidimensionales de la dinámica de las interacciones con los poderosos actores estatales.

M. Stevenson, R. Cole

S. Terjesen, R. Sealy

Despite 40 years of equal opportunities policies and more than two decades of government and organization initiatives aimed at helping women reach the upper echelons of the corporate world, women are seriously underrepresented on corporate boards. Recently, fifteen countries sought to redress this imbalance by introducing gender quotas for board representation. The introduction of board gender quota legislation creates ethical tensions and dilemmas which we categorize in terms of motivations, legitimacy, and outcomes. We investigate these tensions through four overarching theoretical perspectives: institutional, stakeholder, social identity, and social capital. We outline a future research agenda based on how these tensions offer greater focus to research on quotas and more broadly to ethics and diversity in organizations in terms of theory, anticipated ethical tensions, data, and methodology. In sum, our review seeks to synthesize existing multidisciplinary research and stimulate future enquiry on this expanding set of legislation.

Dilara Keküllüoğlu, Walid Magdy, Kami Vaniea

Date of birth (DOB) has historically been considered as private information and safe to use for authentication, but recent years have seen a shift towards wide public sharing. In this work we characterize how modern social media users are approaching the sharing of birthday wishes publicly online. Over 45 days, we collected over 2.8M tweets wishing happy birthday to 724K Twitter accounts. For 50K accounts, their age was likely mentioned revealing their DOB, and 10% were protected accounts. Our findings show that the majority of both public and protected accounts seem to be accepting of their birthdays and DOB being revealed online by their friends even when they do not have it listed on their profiles. We further complemented our findings through a survey to measure awareness of DOB disclosure issues and how people think about sharing different types of birthday-related information. Our analysis shows that giving birthday wishes to others online is considered a celebration and many users are quite comfortable with it. This view matches the trend also seen in security where the use of DOB in authentication process is no longer considered best practice.

Javier Fumanal-Idocin, Oscar Cordón, María Minárová et al.

Social network analysis is a popular discipline among the social and behavioural sciences, in which the relationships between different social entities are modelled as a network. One of the most popular problems in social network analysis is finding communities in its network structure. Usually, a community in a social network is a functional sub-partition of the graph. However, as the definition of community is somewhat imprecise, many algorithms have been proposed to solve this task, each of them focusing on different social characteristics of the actors and the communities. In this work we propose to use novel combinations of affinity functions, which are designed to capture different social mechanics in the network interactions. We use them to extend already existing community detection algorithms in order to combine the capacity of the affinity functions to model different social interactions than those exploited by the original algorithms.

Clara Moge, Katherine Wang, Youngjun Cho

As an emerging interaction paradigm, physiological computing is increasingly being used to both measure and feed back information about our internal psychophysiological states. While most applications of physiological computing are designed for individual use, recent research has explored how biofeedback can be socially shared between multiple users to augment human-human communication. Reflecting on the empirical progress in this area of study, this paper presents a systematic review of 64 studies to characterize the interaction contexts and effects of social biofeedback systems. Our findings highlight the importance of physio-temporal and social contextual factors surrounding physiological data sharing as well as how it can promote social-emotional competences on three different levels: intrapersonal, interpersonal, and task-focused. We also present the Social Biofeedback Interactions framework to articulate the current physiological-social interaction space. We use this to frame our discussion of the implications and ethical considerations for future research and design of social biofeedback interfaces.

Ruslan M. Kochkarov

The article reveals that the legal culture is one of the most important forms of social culture, repulsing the specific level of legal consciousness, legality, development of legislation, law practice and exciting all the values which created by people in the area of law.

Jesse Cui, Tingdan Zhang, Kokil Jaidka et al.

Modeling differential stress expressions in urban and rural regions in China can provide a better understanding of the effects of urbanization on psychological well-being in a country that has rapidly grown economically in the last two decades. This paper studies linguistic differences in the experiences and expressions of stress in urban-rural China from Weibo posts from over 65,000 users across 329 counties using hierarchical mixed-effects models. We analyzed phrases, topical themes, and psycho-linguistic word choices in Weibo posts mentioning stress to better understand appraisal differences surrounding psychological stress in urban and rural communities in China; we then compared them with large-scale polls from Gallup. After controlling for socioeconomic and gender differences, we found that rural communities tend to express stress in emotional and personal themes such as relationships, health, and opportunity while users in urban areas express stress using relative, temporal, and external themes such as work, politics, and economics. These differences exist beyond controlling for GDP and urbanization, indicating a fundamentally different lifestyle between rural and urban residents in very specific environments, arguably having different sources of stress. We found corroborative trends in physical, financial, and social wellness with urbanization in Gallup polls.

Elsa Boulet

Research framework: In France, the management of pregnancies rests upon a set of legal measures (health, social insurance, and labour rights) and stabilized medical practices (standard prenatal care). This paper questions the time management of pregnancies and tackles the contradiction between several temporalities. Pregnant women are entrusted with specific tasks and responsibilities for the fetus’ sake, this third shift adds up to domestic labour and in many cases to paid labour.Objectives: This paper analyzes how the legal frame and the medical control have ambiguous and unequal effects for pregnant women.Methodology: It draws on interviews and ethnographic observation conducted in the Paris’ region from 2014 to 2017. Thirty women were interviewed during their pregnancy, amongst whom 11 were interviewed twice or three times. Hospital care was observed from different places and times: registration, appointments with a midwife or obstetrician, antenatal classes.Results: The management of pregnancy assigns an individualized responsibility to women for guaranteeing the fetus’s health. Health care for women can be intensive and rests upon their permanent availability for it. This is made possible by subordinating their professional timetable to health care requirements. Employees seek to minimize the impact of their pregnancy in their workplace by separating medical time and professional time.Conclusions: Access to health care is largely effective and the legislation ensures that all pregnant women get prenatal care, which makes it at the same time an obligation for women. This obligation is more or less constraining depending on women’s resources. Measures concerning pregnant workers are not so beneficial as employers often do not abide by them, and employees only partially use them. Middle- or upper-class workers and those on the upper levels of the occupational hierarchy benefit more from these measures than others.Contribution: This paper contributes to the sociology of work-life balance, to the sociology of health and to the sociology of inequalities.

Mirka Snyder Caron, Abhishek Gupta

Like any technology, AI systems come with inherent risks and potential benefits. It comes with potential disruption of established norms and methods of work, societal impacts and externalities. One may think of the adoption of technology as a form of social contract, which may evolve or fluctuate in time, scale, and impact. It is important to keep in mind that for AI, meeting the expectations of this social contract is critical, because recklessly driving the adoption and implementation of unsafe, irresponsible, or unethical AI systems may trigger serious backlash against industry and academia involved which could take decades to resolve, if not actually seriously harm society. For the purpose of this paper, we consider that a social contract arises when there is sufficient consensus within society to adopt and implement this new technology. As such, to enable a social contract to arise for the adoption and implementation of AI, developing: 1) A socially accepted purpose, through 2) A safe and responsible method, with 3) A socially aware level of risk involved, for 4) A socially beneficial outcome, is key.

Monika Gzik

Good Practices to Disseminate Knowledge about Coordination of Pension Systems in Selected European Union Countries. Recommendations for Poland More and more Poles are using EU regulations coordinating pension systems. These are both people who currently live in another EU country as well as people who return to Poland after working abroad. The method of analysing the literature on the subject was used and the studies on the knowledge, opinions and attitudes of Poles regarding social insurance in Poland and the coordination of pension benefits were reviewed. An analysis of current national surveys indicates that the level of this knowledge is very low. Knowledge about EU legislation functions at the expert and scientific level. The use of European experience regarding the dissemination of knowledge on the coordination of pensions seems to be necessary; therefore, selected initiatives of popularization of the knowledge in selected EU Member States were presented, thus creating recommendations for Poland.

Laurence Brandenberger, Giona Casiraghi, Vahan Nanumyan et al.

Multi-edge networks capture repeated interactions between individuals. In social networks, such edges often form closed triangles, or triads. Standard approaches to measure this triadic closure, however, fail for multi-edge networks, because they do not consider that triads can be formed by edges of different multiplicity. We propose a novel measure of triadic closure for multi-edge networks of social interactions based on a shared partner statistic. We demonstrate that our operalization is able to detect meaningful closure in synthetic and empirical multi-edge networks, where common approaches fail. This is a cornerstone in driving inferential network analyses from the analysis of binary networks towards the analyses of multi-edge and weighted networks, which offer a more realistic representation of social interactions and relations.