Hasil untuk "Social history and conditions. Social problems. Social reform"

K. Henle, K. Davies, M. Kleyer et al.

Carolina Bilbao

El Plan de Conmoción Interna del Estado (CONINTES) fue implementado durante el gobierno de Arturo Frondizi (1958-1962) en Argentina, en un contexto de agitación obrera y conflictividad sindical. Estableció la subordinación de las policías provinciales a las Fuerzas Armadas (FF. AA.) y habilitó, de esta manera, su participación en la represión interna. Este artículo reconstruye el caso de los “presos CONINTES” detenidos en la Base Naval de la ciudad de Mar del Plata, provincia de Buenos Aires. El objetivo principal es analizar estas experiencias de prisión política a partir de una identificación precisa de los actores involucrados y de las prácticas represivas implementadas en esta dependencia de la Armada. La elección de esta perspectiva de análisis busca poner en diálogo el contexto nacional con las dinámicas políticas y sociales específicas del espacio local. El corpus principal de fuentes se compone de denuncias de apremios ilegales realizadas por los detenidos y prensa local.

Qiao Wang, Liang Liu, Mitsuo Yoshida

Social video platforms shape how people access information, while recommendation systems can narrow exposure and increase the risk of toxic interaction. Previous research has often examined text or users in isolation, overlooking the structural context in which such toxic interactions occur. Without considering who interacts with whom and around what content, it is difficult to explain why negative expressions cluster within particular communities. To address this issue, this study focuses on the Chinese social video platform Bilibili, incorporating video-level information as the environment for user expression, modeling users and videos in an interaction matrix. After normalization and dimensionality reduction, we perform separate clustering on both sides of the video-user interaction matrix with K-means. Cluster assignments facilitate comparisons of user behavior, including message length, posting frequency, and source (barrage and comment), as well as textual features such as sentiment and toxicity, and video attributes defined by uploaders. Such a clustering approach integrates structural ties with content signals to identify stable groups of videos and users. We find clear stratification in interaction style (message length, comment ratio) across user clusters, while sentiment and toxicity differences are weak or inconsistent across video clusters. Across video clusters, viewing volume exhibits a clear hierarchy, with higher exposure groups concentrating more toxic expressions. For such a group, platforms should require timely intervention during periods of rapid growth. Across user clusters, comment ratio and message length form distinct hierarchies, and several clusters with longer and comment-oriented messages exhibit lower toxicity. For such groups, platforms should strengthen mechanisms that sustain rational dialogue and encourage engagement across topics.

Simón Peña-Fernández, Ainara Larrondo-Ureta, Jordi Morales-i-Gras

Social media have been fundamental in the daily lives of millions of people, but they have raised concerns about content moderation policies, the management of personal data, and their commercial exploitation. The acquisition of Twitter (now X) by Elon Musk in 2022 generated concerns among Twitter users regarding changes in the platform's direction, prompting a migration campaign by some user groups to the federated network Mastodon. This study reviews the onboarding of users to this decentralised platform between 2016 and 2022 and analyses the migration of 19,000 users who identified themselves as supporters of the platform switch. The results show that the migration campaign was a reactive response to Elon Musk's acquisition of Twitter and was led by a group of highly active academics, scientists, and journalists. However, a complete transition was not realised, as users preferred to straddle their presence on both platforms. Mastodon's decentralisation made it difficult to exactly replicate Twitter's communities, resulting in a partial loss of these users' social capital and greater fragmentation of these user communities, which highlights the intrinsic differences between both platforms.

Santosh Chapagain, Cory J Cascalheira, Shah Muhammad Hamdi et al.

Individuals from sexual and gender minority groups experience disproportionately high rates of poor health outcomes and mental disorders compared to their heterosexual and cisgender counterparts, largely as a consequence of minority stress as described by Meyer's (2003) model. This study presents the first comprehensive evaluation of transformer-based architectures for detecting minority stress in online discourse. We benchmark multiple transformer models including ELECTRA, BERT, RoBERTa, and BART against traditional machine learning baselines and graph-augmented variants. We further assess zero-shot and few-shot learning paradigms to assess their applicability on underrepresented datasets. Experiments are conducted on the two largest publicly available Reddit corpora for minority stress detection, comprising 12,645 and 5,789 posts, and are repeated over five random seeds to ensure robustness. Our results demonstrate that integrating graph structure consistently improves detection performance across transformer-only models and that supervised fine-tuning with relational context outperforms zero and few-shot approaches. Theoretical analysis reveals that modeling social connectivity and conversational context via graph augmentation sharpens the models' ability to identify key linguistic markers such as identity concealment, internalized stigma, and calls for support, suggesting that graph-enhanced transformers offer the most reliable foundation for digital health interventions and public health policy.

Anne EC McCants

Like much recent historiography, especially that inspired by the so-called “new history of capitalism,” Prak and Van Zanden are interested in what they call the “how” and “why” of the emergence of a capitalist market economy in the premodern Low Countries Yet, unlike much of the literature in this vein which takes the early modern trans-Atlantic slave trade and the tobacco, coffee, tea, sugar and cotton plantation economies that it supported as capitalism’s founding moment, the authors begin their story solidly in the early Middle Ages.

Kosovar Basha

This study sheds light on the relations between Kosovo and Albania during 1968. Using archival documents in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Albania, relevant literature and the press of the time, the author intended to carefully treat these relations in several aspects such as military, political, educational, and cultural. The developments between the two countries, including important academic organizations, the role of intellectuals in Kosovo, the demands of students for the Republic of Kosovo within the Yugoslavia and Albania in the meantime, are seen by the author as inseparable parts of a historical context. Albanian historiography has valuable studies in the light of these complex relationships for the period 1968-1969. The author highlights the political and economic aspects as the main characteristic of this cooperation that prevailed in these relationships between the two countries. Until 1966, the main source of the Albanian leadership regarding the events in Yugoslavia and Kosovo and Metohija was the Embassy of Albania in Belgrade, as well as embassies in other European countries, which received certain information about Yugoslavia. After the Brion Plenum, Albania began to receive confidential information from unnamed sources from the provincial leadership of Kosovo and Metohija. As the origin of certain information in the reports, the Nase minister often stated “from our source close to Fadil Hoxha or “from our source in Udba” or “from our source in the Kosovo leadership”. I have no doubt that during this period, Albania developed a network of informers in the province, including which included influential provincial officials The confidential documents of the Central Committee of the Party of Labor of Albania also contain some so far little-known information about events in the province and political relations in Yugoslavia at the end of the 1960s. Their content in certain measures raises the question of how much the understanding of socialist Yugoslavia in the decades after its disintegration was determined by the untouchability of the postulate of the pro-Yugoslav orientation of the leaders who created the state and party policy of the Union of Communists of Yugoslavia in the 1960s. Changes in the position of the autonomous provinces in Serbia at the end of the sixties of the 20th century were reflected in the relations of Kosovo with Albania. State Secretariat for Foreign Affairs and the Federal Executive Council began in 1967 to encourage the cultural and economic integration of Kosovo with Albania, explaining it as a strategy for the normalization of relations between Yugoslavia and Albania. After the meetings in Pristina and Tirana and the meetings between them visit of educational delegations, it was agreed that textbooks from Albania will be used in the school system of Kosovo and Kosovar companies redirected their production to the Albanian market. University of Tirana professors engaged are in classes at Pristina faculties. The reports of the Albanian lecturers from Prishtina did not provide the party leadership of Albania with a wide range of information about the situation in Yugoslavia. The work is primarily based on unpublished archival materials of the Central State Archives of Albania in Tirana and Archive of Kosovo.

Manuel Muñoz Bellerin

Este artículo reúne algunos relatos de personas sin hogar que dan cuenta de la exclusión de derechos que padecen cotidianamente en la ciudad de Sevilla (España). Tomando el derecho a la libertad de expresión, las experiencias de estas personas sirven a una producción de conocimientos que reivindican la dignidad negada a través de los centros de interés expresados con las palabras y los cuerpos. En el ámbito metodológico esto fue posible conjugando la investigación artística y el Trabajo Social, la pedagogía teatral y la mediación estética. En un proceso caracterizado por la búsqueda de sentido al por qué del sinhogarismo, esta metodología permitió la elaboración de una dramaturgia escrita y representada por un grupo de personas sin hogar. Esta dramaturgia se titula “La verdad que nadie quiere ver” y tiene como argumento el anhelo por tener una vida digna. A modo de resultado, se recogen algunos de los textos e imágenes de personas que vienen participado, desde hace más de una década, en un proyecto que aplica la mediación estética en trabajo social. Principalmente, se resalta el cuestionamiento del Trabajo Social y los Derechos Humanos dentro de un modelo hegemónico de intervención social contrario a los valores democráticos y de emancipación. Al mismo tiempo, este análisis colectivo nos conduce a la potencialidad de nuevos recursos con los que re-dimensionar conflictos sociales que nos afectan como sociedad.

Simindokht Jahangard, Zhixi Cai, Shiki Wen et al.

Understanding human social behaviour is crucial in computer vision and robotics. Micro-level observations like individual actions fall short, necessitating a comprehensive approach that considers individual behaviour, intra-group dynamics, and social group levels for a thorough understanding. To address dataset limitations, this paper introduces JRDB-Social, an extension of JRDB. Designed to fill gaps in human understanding across diverse indoor and outdoor social contexts, JRDB-Social provides annotations at three levels: individual attributes, intra-group interactions, and social group context. This dataset aims to enhance our grasp of human social dynamics for robotic applications. Utilizing the recent cutting-edge multi-modal large language models, we evaluated our benchmark to explore their capacity to decipher social human behaviour.

Jose A. Garcia Gutierrez

The analysis of social media information has undergone significant evolution in the last decade due to advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML). This paper provides an overview of the state-of-the-art techniques in social media mining, with a practical application in analyzing trends in the 2024 French legislative elections. We leverage natural language processing (NLP) tools to gauge public opinion by extracting and analyzing comments and reactions from the AgoraVox platform. The study reveals that the National Rally party, led by Marine Le Pen, maintains a high level of engagement on social media, outperforming traditional parties. This trend is corroborated by user interactions, indicating a strong digital presence. The results highlight the utility of advanced AI models, such as transformers and large language models (LLMs), in capturing nuanced public sentiments and predicting political leanings, demonstrating their potential in real-time reputation management and crisis response.

O. V. Koshina

Introduction. 2023 was declared by the President of Russia as the Year of the Teacher and Mentor. The key role of the teacher’s personality in education remains not only in the field of transferring knowledge and competencies, but also in educating young people. The standard of living of teachers, along with other factors, influences the quality of education, the prestige of the profession, and the effectiveness of social interaction at school. Therefore, it is important to study all aspects of the standard of living of primary school teachers. Materials and Methods. The sociocultural approach made it possible to consider the standard of living of primary school teachers in the Middle Volga region in a broad socio-economic and historical-cultural context, taking into account social, economic, demographic, and cultural factors in the development of primary education in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. Results. The standard of living of primary school teachers in the Middle Volga region in the second half of the 19th century accompanied by low wages, absence or poor quality of housing, and difficult working conditions. The relative increase in the standard of living of primary school teachers at the beginning of the 20th century, compared with the first post-reform decades (increased salaries, the emergence of pensions, awards, some privileges) stimulated representatives of the lower classes (peasants and bourgeois) to devote their lives to teaching work. But the shortage of teachers remained a problem in the primary education system until the 1917 revolution. The increase in the number of teachers did not keep pace with the increase in the number of primary schools. The standard of living of primary school teachers remained low, and the outflow of experienced teaching staff from schools continued. Discussion and Conclusion. The standard of living of a teacher depended on the place of service, the departmental affiliation of the school, the subject taught, and work experience. At the beginning of the 20th century, the standard of living of primary school teachers increased: they received the status of civil servants, a modest pension, the right to awards and some benefits (exemption from military service in peacetime, from the poll tax, jury duty), small compensation for rented housing and right to awards. The standard of living of teachers gradually rose thanks to the efforts of the Ministry of Public Education, zemstvos, city governments and teachers’ mutual aid societies.

A. Clair, E. Baker

Cold homes are associated with a range of serious health conditions as well as excess winter mortality. Despite a comparatively mild climate cold homes are a significant problem in the UK, with a recent estimate finding that over one-quarter of low-income households had been unable to adequately heat their home in winter 2022. The magnitude of cold housing in a country that benefits from a mild climate indicates indifference towards, or acceptance of, a significant minority of people living in inadequate conditions on the part of policy makers. Cold homes are therefore a source of social harm. Recent changes to the household energy price cap, the rising cost of living, the ongoing effects of the benefit cap, and below inflation uprating to social security benefits is likely to greatly exacerbate this issue. In this research we use data from the UK Household Longitudinal Study to explore whether living in a cold home causes mental health harm. We control for mental distress and housing temperature on entry to the survey in order to account for the potentially bi-directional relationship. Multilevel discrete-time event history models show that the transition into living in a home that is not suitably warm is associated with nearly double the odds of experiencing severe mental distress for those who had no mental distress at the beginning of the survey; and over three times the odds of severe mental distress for those previously on the borderline of severe mental distress. These results show the significant costs of failing to ensure that people are able to live in homes in which they are able to live comfortably by even the most basic standards. These costs will be felt not just individually, but also more broadly in terms of increased health spending and reduced working.

О. Komova

The article research the main problems of the Ukrainian museum sector, analyzes museum reforms in the EU-member states over the last 20 years, and suggests the major vectors of museum reform in Ukraine based on the best practices of the Western European museology. The article deals with the forms and methods of activity of the museum institution within the framework of this action on successful dialogue with the public, effective use of information technologies. Communication capabilities of museums are related to their ability to communicate information with real objects directly or indirectly. The foundationof the communicative work of the museum is its foundations since the exhibition, and the educational and communicative projects organized on its basis are impossible without scientifically attributed and carefully preserved collections. Accordingly, the most effective channel of museum communication remains the exposition of the museum.Along with traditional forms and tools of museum communication, such as exhibition and exhibition, educational and educational, publishing, holding scientific conferences, the presentation of museums in the media, the new ones, connected with the development of modern information technologies, become especially important. These include museums’ websites, virtual museums, virtual tours and tours, QR codes, 3D technology, profiles of museums in social networks. It is the active development of the latter that will promote the broader communication of the museums with a broad audience of visitors, the expansion of inter-museum contacts, the integration of domestic museums into the world museum community. Methodological basis of work is a comprehensive and systematic approaches involving methods of analysis, synthesis, comparative history, descriptive methods and methods of «oral history». It was proved that at the present stage museums act as intermediaries in solving complex social problems and conflicts; projects, as an effective form of implementing social activity of museums, contribute to the adaptation of museums and the museum industry as a whole to modern conditions of socio-economic and cultural life, support and promotion of the best examples of creative museum practices in Ukrainе.

Lizbeth Yolanda Garrido Ramírez

En el presente trabajo, desde una perspectiva integradora, se realizó un diagnóstico y propuestas de acción para el mejoramiento del sector ganadero en el municipio de Juchique de Ferrer, Veracruz, México al año 2022.

B. Porter, Sarah Hanson

Abstract Hoarding behaviours are highly stigmatised and often hidden. People with problematic hoarding behaviours have a higher rate of mental health and other healthcare and social services utilisation. Hoarding is a community health problem, one factor being housing insecurity. Hoarding behaviours represent significant burden to housing providers, impact the community and dealing with it involves multiple community agencies. This study with a city council in England with a large housing stock (over 14,000 properties) in summer 2021 sought to understand the nature, circumstances and extent that hoarding presents. We developed a reporting system and conducted 11 interviews with housing officers in which they described a case to explain their involvement. Our report details the nature of 38 people who hoard: 47% had a known disability or vulnerability, 34% presented a fire and environmental risk, 87% lived alone and 60% were resident in flats. Our qualitative themes are: Working with others, Balancing an enforcement approach, Feeling conflicted, Complex needs of people who hoard and Staff needs. The cases described by the housing officers are combined into six case studies and illustrate the complex, multi‐agency circumstances around decision making and risk stratification. Our findings point to housing officers as frontline professionals dealing with a public health and social care issue which is often the manifestation of complex life histories and mental health conditions. We suggest a greater focus on risk stratification and a more holistic approach to hoarding cases to effectively deal with this most complex of community health and social care issues.

Jesús Eivar Martínez Martínez

Según la ONU (2020) los cambios generados por la pandemia han afectado el sistema educativo en todos sus estamentos, pero son los docentes y los gobiernos los que desempeñan la función esencial de permitir que se gestionen respuestas diligentes y adecuadas ante la crisis, desarrollando soluciones educativas a distancia, gracias a la rápida respuesta de docentes y gobiernos en todo el mundo apoyando la continuidad de la educación. Para reconocer específicamente lo que los docentes realizan para afrontar la pandemia, se realizó esta investigación de tipo exploratorio mixto con la participación de 30 docentes de la Institución Educativa Técnico agropecuario (INETA- Puerto López -Meta), institución que cuenta con tres sedes en las cuales atienden estudiantes desde la básica hasta la media, cuya población pertenece en su mayoría a los estratos 1 y 2. El trabajo docente, por su parte, se limita al uso de celulares y del WhatsApp.

Dilara Keküllüoğlu, Walid Magdy, Kami Vaniea

Date of birth (DOB) has historically been considered as private information and safe to use for authentication, but recent years have seen a shift towards wide public sharing. In this work we characterize how modern social media users are approaching the sharing of birthday wishes publicly online. Over 45 days, we collected over 2.8M tweets wishing happy birthday to 724K Twitter accounts. For 50K accounts, their age was likely mentioned revealing their DOB, and 10% were protected accounts. Our findings show that the majority of both public and protected accounts seem to be accepting of their birthdays and DOB being revealed online by their friends even when they do not have it listed on their profiles. We further complemented our findings through a survey to measure awareness of DOB disclosure issues and how people think about sharing different types of birthday-related information. Our analysis shows that giving birthday wishes to others online is considered a celebration and many users are quite comfortable with it. This view matches the trend also seen in security where the use of DOB in authentication process is no longer considered best practice.

Clara Moge, Katherine Wang, Youngjun Cho

As an emerging interaction paradigm, physiological computing is increasingly being used to both measure and feed back information about our internal psychophysiological states. While most applications of physiological computing are designed for individual use, recent research has explored how biofeedback can be socially shared between multiple users to augment human-human communication. Reflecting on the empirical progress in this area of study, this paper presents a systematic review of 64 studies to characterize the interaction contexts and effects of social biofeedback systems. Our findings highlight the importance of physio-temporal and social contextual factors surrounding physiological data sharing as well as how it can promote social-emotional competences on three different levels: intrapersonal, interpersonal, and task-focused. We also present the Social Biofeedback Interactions framework to articulate the current physiological-social interaction space. We use this to frame our discussion of the implications and ethical considerations for future research and design of social biofeedback interfaces.

George Alogoskoufis

This paper reviews and interprets the history of the economy of modern Greece, from the eve of the war for independence in 1821 to the present day. It identifies three major historical cycles: First, the cycle of state and nation building, 1821-1898, second, the cycle of national expansion and consolidation, 1899-1949, and third, the post-1950 cycle of economic and social development. During these two hundred years, the country and the economy have been radically transformed. Compared to the first Greek state, Greece managed to almost triple its national territory, to increase its population by almost 15 times and to increase its real GDP per capita by another 15 times. From the margins of south-eastern Europe, it has moved to the core of today’s European Union. The paper focuses on the main determinants of economic performance during these cycles, with particular emphasis on the role and interactions of social and economic conditions, ideas, institutions and geopolitics. During the first two cycles, the economy underperformed, as state building and the pursuit of the ‘great idea’ were the top national priorities. Despite the early introduction of appropriate economic institutions, fiscal and monetary instability prevailed in the context of a relatively stagnant economy, due to wars, internal conflicts and the international environment. The economy and the welfare state only became a top priority during the third cycle, when a number of domestic and international factors contributed to economic and social development. Greece seems to have largely achieved many of its national goals, having consolidated both its borders and democratic institutions and become a relatively prosperous country in the core of the European union, despite the alternation of triumphs and disasters and the frequent occurrence of wars and internal conflicts, debt crises, ‘defaults’ or economic depressions. Yet many problems remain and the challenge for the future is to focus on reforms that will ensure even higher security and prosperity for the future generations of Greeks.

Andrea Milne Wenderlich, N. Herendeen

Telehealth in the broadest sense has been used by pediatric clinicians for over a century, as telephone triage has been and continues to be an essential part of pediatric practice. Utilizing more advanced technology including video communication, although available, was generally underutilized until the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Telehealth presents the opportunity to bridge many divides including geographical and logistical challenges. Many acute pediatric conditions can be managed safely and effectively through telehealth especially when remote physical exam equipment is used. Telehealth can also be especially useful in medical care of children with medical complexity. Traveling with medical equipment to multiple subspecialists can be incredibly challenging and often a similar quality visit can be conducted through telehealth in the comfort of a child's home environment. Well child care presents a unique problem while trying to maintain social distancing. Integrating a hybrid model using both an in-person exam and history through video conferencing can help balance limited face to face time with the need to ensure a full and appropriate physical exam. Integration of telehealth into the pediatric patient centered medical home can enable families to gain convenience while maintaining the essential relationship with their primary care office.