This article examines the implications of the Indo-US strategic partnership for Pakistan's security and foreign policy choices. Because of their shared security interests, the United States and India have aligned to contain China's rise in the Indo-Pacific Region (IPR). This partnership raises India’s power, status, and overall influence in the region compared to Pakistan. Considering the long rivalry between India and Pakistan—rooted in ideological, historical, and territorial disputes—this partnership raises the prospects of conflict in South Asia. Additionally, Pakistan-China-India and Pakistan-China-US triangulated relationships add layers of complexity, further diminishing the prospects for cooperation and peace, as a bilateral conflict between any two countries tends to involve the third. The complexities of the first triangle create a security dilemma, mutual distrust, and rivalry among the three regional powers, which, in turn, complicate the relationships within the second triangle. It is argued that the Indo-US partnership complicates Pakistan's security dilemma, heightens the arms race, raises the prospects of conflicts, and encourages Pakistan to align with China closely.
Bibliography Entry
Khan, Aamir Hussain and Muhammad Arif Khan 2025. "Indo-US Strategic Alignment in the Indo-Pacific: Challenges and Choices for Pakistan." Margalla Papers 29 (2): 1-16.
International relations, Private international law. Conflict of laws
El presente número monográfico “Desafíos sociales y jurídicos del nuevo paradigma de la discapacidad intelectual. Un compromiso con los derechos humanos, la inclusión y la igualdad”, encuentra su origen en el marco de un proyecto de investigación multidisciplinar en el que participan investigadoras de tres universidades, a saber: la Universidad de Deusto, la Universidad Pontificia Comillas, y la Universitat Ramon Llull. La investigación cuyos resultados se presentan sitúa el foco en los derechos de las personas con discapacidad intelectual, y aborda con una mirada interdisciplinar las diferentes realidades y dificultades que plantea el denominado modelo social y de derechos de la discapacidad intelectual, interpretado a la luz de los derechos humanos. La aprobación de la Convención de Nueva York sobre los derechos de las personas con discapacidad en 2006 despertó a los legisladores nacionales del largo letargo en el que se hallaban, y visibilizó el abandono legislativo en el que hasta entonces se encontraban sumidos los derechos de las personas con discapacidad. Y así, la idea de la discapacidad vinculada a necesidades asistenciales y de salud, reflejo de un modelo médico de discapacidad, ha dado paso al paradigma social y derechos de la discapacidad.
João Araújo Monteiro Neto, Nestor Eduardo Araruna Santiago
We use a sociolegal perspective to critically analyze how narratives supporting the need to reduce and punish corruption in Brazil, particularly the ones deployed in the course of the Car Wash Operation (CWO), influenced the weakening of the presumption of innocence rule. Originally deployed to investigate a criminal organization using a network of gas stations and car wash companies to “clean” illicit resources, the CWO was rapidly transformed in a major law enforcement operation, and it was used to unravel endemic corruption found in private and state-owned companies. Using a variety of communication resources, the Prosecutor office in charge of the operation developed a set of strategic tactics to promote the discourse that the rule of presumption of innocence was one of the main motives behind the high levels of corruption and impunity in Brazil. This narrative influenced the Brazilian Supreme Federal Court during the judgment of the case involving Brazilian former president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. The social pressure caused by the use of strategic communication tools were crucial to lead the court to overrule the meaning of presumption of innocence. The paper examines how these tools were able to promote social traction and how they can be used to influence and shape the meaning and effectiveness of legal rules.
Utilizamos una perspectiva socio-jurídica para analizar críticamente cómo las narrativas que respaldan la necesidad de reducir y castigar la corrupción en Brasil, especialmente las desplegadas en el curso de la “Operação Lava Jato” (LJ – Operación Autolavado), influyeron en el debilitamiento de la presunción de inocencia. Originalmente implementada para investigar a una organización criminal que utilizaba una red de estaciones de servicio y empresas de lavado de autos para el lavado de dinero, LJ se transformó rápidamente en una importante operación de aplicación de la ley y se utilizó para desentrañar la corrupción endémica en empresas privadas y estatales. Utilizando diversos recursos de comunicación, la Fiscalía Federal a cargo de la operación desarrolló un conjunto de tácticas estratégicas para promover el discurso de que la presunción de inocencia era uno de los principales motivos detrás de los altos niveles de corrupción e impunidad en Brasil. Esta narrativa, por ejemplo, influyó en el Tribunal Supremo Federal (STF) de Brasil durante el juicio del caso que involucra al expresidente brasileño Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. La presión social causada por el uso de herramientas estratégicas de comunicación fue crucial para llevar al tribunal a revocar el significado de la presunción de inocencia. El artículo examina cómo estas herramientas pudieron generar tracción social y cómo pueden utilizarse para influir y dar forma al significado y la efectividad de las normas legales.
The special issue addresses several overlapping though not exclusive themes: Foucault’s theorization of modern power and in particular, his thinking in relation to his lectures on governmentality, the politics of resistance, and processes of neoliberalism. The contributions are animated by several questions: How do citizens and marginalized (or stateless) people negotiate law and regulation from the margins through experiences of assimilation or exclusion?; What role does racialization play in these processes?; How has neoliberalism or new processes of globalization opened up questions of individualism, freedom, autonomy, responsibilization, empowerment, rights (in several different spheres): the environment, queer and sexual politics, policing and protest, governmental politics, migration, refugee protection, and humanitarianism?
Neste trabalho, promoveu-se a avalição e construção da conceituação de infrações e penalidades aduaneiras. Abordou-se de maneira objetiva a forma pela qual o ordenamento jurídico brasileiro constitui em mora o administrado pela inobservância de determinadas normas procedimentais. De forma complementar, intentou-se a discussão acerca da observação da norma infracional a partir do contexto de construção da norma jurídica em sentido estrito, composta pelas suas duas faces: a norma primária e secundária. Na decomposição da norma objetivou-se a redução da complexidade para o intérprete pela divisão em elementos que permitam uma melhor definição da hipótese e do consequente normativo ao identificar-se onde se enquadra a infração e a penalidade. Conceituou-se os dois institutos com a abordagem às espécies, aplicação e restrição. Ao final, observou-se a necessidade de análise da reincidência excessiva dos administrados às penalidades e a possível ausência da sua finalidade pedagógica.
Bambang Sugeng Ariadi Subagyono, Zahry Vandawati Chumaida, Mochamad Kevin Romadhona
Legal protection of consumer rights in essence is the role of the government to protect the interests of consumers in the framework of trade. Violation of consumer protection norms can only be enforced if business actors are willing to voluntarily fulfill consumer demands for the fulfillment of consumer rights that have been violated by business actors. However, if the business actor is not willing to carry it out voluntarily, while the consumer assumes that the business actor concerned has violated the consumer protection norms stipulated by the UUPK and is detrimental to the consumer, then the enforcement of the consumer protection norms can only be prosecuted through a dispute specified resolution process in the UUPK. The purpose of establishing the Consumer Dispute Settlement Agency (BPSK) is to protect consumers and business actors by creating a consumer protection system that contains elements of legal certainty and information disclosure. This study is to analyze the implementation of consumer rights enforcement through the Consumer Dispute Resolution Board in order to increase the consumer satisfaction index, as well as to analyze the obstacles and barriers to consumer rights enforcement through the Consumer Dispute Resolution Board.
Private international law. Conflict of laws, Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law
Não obstante a importância do desenvolvimento comercial internacional e seus enfrentamentos, o debate das questões acerca da utilização de grandes navios se faz muito mais amplo do que uma mera observação dos problemas ou avarias que eles podem causar. Tais eventos podem e devem ser analisados de uma forma mais profunda e amplamente contextualizada, tanto no aspecto náutico, quanto no aspecto comercial. A cooperação entre esses entes desponta como uma ferramenta de extrema importância para a efetivação positiva dessa utilização. O caso do navio “Ever Given” foi utilizado neste artigo para demonstrar de forma tácita como um evento pode ter tantos desdobramentos positivos ou negativos, dependendo da cooperação existente entre tais entes, assim como a segurança marítima, tão necessária, mas às vezes tão colocada em prova em determinadas situações. Por fim, cumpre-se atestar que a avaria grossa é, sim, algo possível nesse caso, e poderia ter sido evitada, caso houvesse maior integração entre os entes intervenientes.
This text contains a comparative analysis of criminal policy in Brazil and Argentina based on their documents, studies and narratives about their electronic monitoring experiences. It starts from the most discussed aspects about electronic freedom controls to use them as a guide for exposing the research findings about the two studied realities. At the end, the result of the comparison is summarized and perspectives are presented so that the use of these devices can meet the public interests related to the criminal problem, as well as the management needs of contemporary control strategies, such as their costs and purposes.
The ocean and its marine resources play an important role in providing sources of livelihood to the Indonesian people. Indonesia is currently dealing with a major plastic waste problem, and this, in turn, also impacts the marine environment since the plastic waste ends up in the ocean. The issue of marine pollution is regulated under international conventions such as the MARPOL and UNCLOS, though none is specifically addressing marine plastic waste. Moreover, Indonesia has enacted several regulations to manage marine plastic waste, including Presidential Regulation Number 83 of 2018 on Marine Waste Management, and Indonesian citizens have taken an active role in reducing plastic waste. However, stricter and more specific regulations are needed as guidelines for the long-term strategy in handling marine plastic pollution in Indonesia, and proper analysis on the impact of such regulation towards the stakeholders and affected parties would be needed.
Private international law. Conflict of laws, Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law
This contribution represents a synopsis of the discussions held over two days in plenary and groups at the Oñati International Institute for the Sociology of Law. The first group’s discussions centred on detailed recommendations for updating the EU Anti-Trafficking Directive with justifications from the expert groups as to the reasons for the changes, including a case study. The second group’s discussions focussed on a victim-centred approach to tackling human trafficking, outlining some of the key challenges and opportunities that could inform any changes to a new Anti-Trafficking Directive.
Esta contribución representa una sinopsis de los debates que tuvieron lugar durante dos días en la reunión plenaria y en los grupos de trabajo del taller Human Trafficking: Challenges and Opportunities for the 21st Century, en Oñati. Los debates del primer grupo giraron en torno a recomendaciones en detalle para actualizar la Directiva Europea contra la Trata de Personas, con justificaciones de los grupos de expertos sobre las razones para las modificaciones, incluyendo un estudio de caso. Los debates del segundo grupo se centraron en un enfoque cercano a las víctimas para abordar la trata de personas, destacando algunos de los desafíos y las oportunidades principales que podrán informar las modificaciones de cara a una nueva Directiva.
Available from: https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-0918
En la violación de los derechos humanos de las personas está la causa fundamental del refugio y del desplazamiento, ya que el temor de que las encarcelen, torturen, esclavicen, violen o asesinen, las hace huir, abandonando su hogar, sus pertenencias, su comunidad e incluso su país.
El presente artículo es derivado de la investigación para la tesis doctoral y tiene como finalidad brindar una aproximación a la problemática de quienes se ven en la necesidad de abandonar su hogar para convertirse en refugiados.
El problema de los refugiados se ha recrudecido con los años debido a que se presentan conflictos armados en diversas partes del mundo, como en el Medio Oriente, principalmente en Siria.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence, Private international law. Conflict of laws
Matthew Kleiman, Cynthia G. Lee, Brian J. Ostrom
et al.
In recent years, court systems in the U.S. and abroad have begun to adopt objective, empirically based methods for determining the need for court resources. This methodology, called workload assessment or weighted caseload, provides an empirical basis to measure judicial work and assess how many judges are needed to handle the work in a particular jurisdiction, how judicial resources can be equitably allocated, and how much work any particular judge should handle. This article provides a general introduction to the basic elements and applications of the methodology in both nascent and transitional democracies, assesses the pros and cons of alternative methods (Delphi vs. time study) for developing case weighting systems, and profiles the usage of case weighting systems by three court systems (Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Republic of Serbia, and Kosovo). The article concludes with a set of practical findings regarding the development and implementation of a case weighting system.
En los últimos años, los sistemas judiciales de EEUU y otros países han comenzado a adoptar métodos objetivos y empíricos para determinar la necesidad de recursos judiciales. Esta metodología, llamada evaluación de la carga de trabajo o carga de trabajo ponderada, proporciona una base empírica para medir el trabajo judicial y valorar cuántos jueces hacen falta para desempeñar el trabajo en una jurisdicción concreta, cómo se pueden administrar los recursos judiciales de forma equitativa y cuánto trabajo debería encomendarse a cada juez. Este artículo proporciona una introducción general a los elementos y aplicaciones básicos de la metodología tanto en democracias nacientes como en aquellas transicionales, sopesa los pro y los contra que presentan métodos alternativos (Delphi, estudio del tiempo) para desarrollar sistemas de ponderación del trabajo, y realiza un perfil del uso de sistemas de ponderación del trabajo en tres sistemas judicales (Bosnia y Herzegovina, la República de Serbia y Kosovo). El artículo concluye con un cúmulo de hallazgos prácticos referidos al desarrollo e implementación de un sistema de ponderación del trabajo.
DOWNLOAD THIS PAPER FROM SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3047725
The author applies virtue theory (virtue epistemology and virtue ethics in particular) to the question of legal education and examines the prospects of a virtue-based discourse in this context. Following the Aristotelian distinction between intellectual and moral virtues, he argues that law schools need to equip students – besides appropriate skills and knowledge of legal regulations – with intellectual and moral virtues necessary for a socially productive legal practice. Identifying lawyerly virtues and exploring the ways they can be fostered in a university environment might be the first steps to change the exaggeratedly formalistic thinking that seems to characterize legal education and legal practice in the CEE region.
El autor aplica la teoría de la virtud (epistemología y ética de la virtud, en particular) a la cuestión de la educación jurídica, y, en ese contexto, examina las perspectivas futuras de un discurso basado en la virtud. Siguiendo la distinción aristotélica entre virtudes intelectuales y morales, el autor argumenta que las escuelas de Derecho deberían educar, además de en las destrezas apropiadas y en el conocimiento de la ley, en las virtudes intelectuales y morales necesarias para un ejercicio del Derecho socialmente productivo. Los primeros pasos para cambiar el pensamiento exageradamente formalista que parece caracterizar la educación jurídica y la práctica de la profesión en la región de Europa central y oriental podrían ser la identificación de las virtudes del jurista y la reflexión sobre cómo aquéllas podrían ser fomentadas.
DOWNLOAD THIS PAPER FROM SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3075146
<p>As centres of human existence, places and spaces are vital for individuals’ understanding of themselves and who they might become. We explore these aspects of existence through a longitudinal study of 43 current and former drug users. First, we identify the differences between those who have desisted from drug use and those who continued. These differences manifested themselves in the routines that frequently governed desisters’ lives. Persisters had very little in the way of routines that served to structure their time and where they did these were more likely to be seen as a burden. Further, the places our respondents occupied served as indications of their own understandings of their self and their efforts to desist. Second, we investigate in detail one individual’s desistance from drug use and the accompanying change in his existential geography. As Peter desisted his goals and aspirations changed, becoming less focused on avoiding drug use and directed to more positive desires. We discuss the implications of this work for desistance research.</p> <hr /><p>Como centros de la existencia humana, los lugares y los espacios son vitales para que los individuos se conozcan a sí mismos, y sepan en quién podrían convertirse. Estos aspectos de la existencia se analizan a través de un estudio longitudinal de 43 personas que consumen o han consumido drogas. En primer lugar, se identifican las diferencias entre los que han abandonado el consumo de drogas, y los que siguen consumiéndolas. Estas diferencias se manifestaron en las rutinas que a menudo regían en las vidas de los que habían abandonado el consumo. Los que seguían consumiendo tenían pocas rutinas que sirvieran para estructurar su tiempo, y si las tenían, se percibían como una carga. Además, los lugares que los encuestados ocupaban servían como indicaciones de su propia autocomprensión y sus esfuerzos para dejar el consumo. En segundo lugar, se investigó en detalle el abandono del consumo de droga de un individuo, y el cambio en su geografía existencial, que acompañó este proceso. Cuando Peter dejó el consumo, sus objetivos y aspiraciones cambiaron, y pasaron a estar menos centrados en impedir el consumo de drogas y dirigidos a deseos más positivos. Se analizan las implicaciones de este trabajo para la investigación sobre el abandono del consumo.</p> <p><strong>DOWNLOAD THIS PAPER FROM SSRN</strong>: <a href="http://ssrn.com/abstract=2623569" target="_blank">http://ssrn.com/abstract=2623569 </a></p>
Implementation Of The Allocation Of Profit-Sharing Fund Of Tobacco-Product Duty (Dbh-Cht) Policy Is A Concurrent Governmental Affair. To Some Extent, It Is Mutually Carried Out By Central Government And Local Government, However, There Are Some Components That Exclusively Become The Authority Of Central Government Whereas The Other Ones Are Under The Authority Of Provincial/Regency/Town Government. Governmental Affairs Under The Authority Of Provincial And Regency/Town Governments Are Based On The Principles Of Externality, Accountability, And Efficiency. Such Affairs Consist Of Compulsory Affairs And Optional Ones.
Keywords: profit-sharing fund of tobacco-product duty, concurrent governmental affair, the authority of central government, the authority of provincial/regency/town government.
Private international law. Conflict of laws, Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law
<p>Discussions about the "flooding" of the legal profession have focused on jurisprudence and legal culture (how people resolve disputes); accessibility to legal education and the acceleration in the number of law schools; social and cultural factors (professional status), and structural entry barriers to the professional. This paper analyzes the reality of the growing number of lawyers in Israel with reference to an additional factor: the most extensive rules regarding Unauthorized Practice of Law, strictly guarded by the Israeli Bar Association. As law had become an accepted forum for resolving private and public disputes, any kind of activity entailing provision of legal advice, legal documentation or representation is restricted to lawyers only. Consequently, entry into the profession becomes the only way to take part and become engaged in the field of legal services.</p> <hr /><p>Los debates sobre la “inundación” de la abogacía se han centrado en la jurisprudencia y la cultura legal (en la forma de resolver disputas); la accesibilidad a la educación en derecho y el aumento del número de escuelas de derecho; los factores sociales y culturales (estatus profesional), y las barreras de acceso estructurales a la profesión. Este artículo analiza la realidad del número creciente de abogados en Israel, haciendo referencia a un factor adicional: la normativa más amplia relacionada con la práctica no autorizada del derecho, vigilada estrechamente por la Asociación de Abogados de Israel. Está asumido que el derecho es el foro en el que resolver disputas privadas y públicas, por lo que cualquier actividad que implique la provisión de consejo legal, documentación legal, o representación, está limitada únicamente a los abogados. De esta forma, acceder a la profesión se convierte en la única forma de participar e implicarse en el campo de los servicios legales.
<p>This article analyzes the relationships between law, power, and contestation in the global political economy. Drawing upon critical theories of political economy, the analysis advances a radical critique of dominant understandings of the distinction between international and transnational law. It argues that transnational law operates dialectically as the “common sense” of contemporary global capitalism to subordinate national politico-legal orders and societies to the discipline of hard, enforceable corporate trade and investor rights, whilst limiting corporate social responsibilities to soft, voluntary and unenforceable standards. However, the study also suggests that these dialectical tensions are not hegemonic in nature or operation, but in fact give rise to openings for contestation and re-imagining capitalist legality as “good sense” through a praxis conception of transnational law.</p> <hr /><p>En este artículo se analiza la relación entre el derecho, el poder y la impugnación de la economía política global. Basándose en las teorías críticas de la economía política, el análisis avanza una crítica radical de la comprensión dominante de la distinción entre el derecho internacional y transnacional. En este trabajo se sostiene que el derecho transnacional opera dialécticamente como el "sentido común" del capitalismo global contemporáneo para subordinar las órdenes y sociedades político-jurídicos nacionales a la disciplina de los derechos del duro, exigible comercio libre y corporativo y a los derechos de los inversores, a la vez que limita la responsabilidad social corporativa a suaves, voluntarias e inaplicables normas. Sin embargo, el estudio también sugiere que estas tensiones dialécticas no son hegemónicas en la naturaleza o el funcionamiento, sino que de hecho dan lugar a impugnar y re-imaginar la legalidad capitalista como "sentido común" a través de una concepción de la praxis del derecho transnacional.