Hasil untuk "Political science"

Sullam Jeoung, Yubin Ge, Haohan Wang et al.

Examining the alignment of large language models (LLMs) has become increasingly important, e.g., when LLMs fail to operate as intended. This study examines the alignment of LLMs with human values for the domain of politics. Prior research has shown that LLM-generated outputs can include political leanings and mimic the stances of political parties on various issues. However, the extent and conditions under which LLMs deviate from empirical positions are insufficiently examined. To address this gap, we analyze the factors that contribute to LLMs' deviations from empirical positions on political issues, aiming to quantify these deviations and identify the conditions that cause them. Drawing on findings from cognitive science about representativeness heuristics, i.e., situations where humans lean on representative attributes of a target group in a way that leads to exaggerated beliefs, we scrutinize LLM responses through this heuristics' lens. We conduct experiments to determine how LLMs inflate predictions about political parties, which results in stereotyping. We find that while LLMs can mimic certain political parties' positions, they often exaggerate these positions more than human survey respondents do. Also, LLMs tend to overemphasize representativeness more than humans. This study highlights the susceptibility of LLMs to representativeness heuristics, suggesting a potential vulnerability of LLMs that facilitates political stereotyping. We also test prompt-based mitigation strategies, finding that strategies that can mitigate representative heuristics in humans are also effective in reducing the influence of representativeness on LLM-generated responses.

Alejandro De La Fuente-Cuesta, Alberto Martinez-Serra, Nienke Visscher et al.

The use of large language models (LLMs) is becoming common in political science and digital media research. While LLMs have demonstrated ability in labelling tasks, their effectiveness to classify Political Content (PC) from URLs remains underexplored. This article evaluates whether LLMs can accurately distinguish PC from non-PC using both the text and the URLs of news articles across five countries (France, Germany, Spain, the UK, and the US) and their different languages. Using cutting-edge models, we benchmark their performance against human-coded data to assess whether URL-level analysis can approximate full-text analysis. Our findings show that URLs embed relevant information and can serve as a scalable, cost-effective alternative to discern PC. However, we also uncover systematic biases: LLMs seem to overclassify centrist news as political, leading to false positives that may distort further analyses. We conclude by outlining methodological recommendations on the use of LLMs in political science research.

Cristina-Matilda VĂNOAGĂ

The present paper presents some of the latest Romanian legal provisions to support the European Green Deal objectives and the adoption of the "Fit for 55" package. Our paper presents some of the latest Romanian legislative initiatives and programs as part of the joint European effort to make Europe the first green continent. Thus, we briefly discuss The National Integrated Energy and Climate Change Plan 2021-2030, Emergency Ordinance 71/2021 on the promotion of non-polluting road transport vehicles, in support of low-emission mobility, Rabla Plus Program 2024, Emergency Ordinance 108/2022 regarding the decarbonisation of the energy sector, the proposed National Hydrogen Strategy and presents the modifications to the Law 220/ 2008.

Isna Rahmawati

ABSTRAK Tanah longsor menjadi salah satu bencana alam yang sering melanda wilayah pegunungan. Kecamatan Wanayasa menghadapi risiko bencana tanah longsor yang tinggi selama musim hujan. Kehilangan nyawa dan kerigian ekonomi akibat terjadinya tanah longsor menjadi ancaman langsung bagi kehidupan masyarakat. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis tingkat ketahanan masyarakat pada desa rawan longsor di Kecamatan Wanayasa. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif deskriptif yang didukung dengan analisis skoring. Tingkat ketahanan masyarakat terhadap tanah longsor diukur menggunakan variabel sosial, ekonomi, fisik dan kapasitas masyarakat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Desa Dawuhan memiliki tingkat ketahanan masyarakat yang tinggi (2,34), sedangkan Desa Bantar (2,18) dan Desa Susukan (1,94) memiliki tingkat ketahanan masyarakat sedang. Kapasitas masyarakat menjadi variabel dengan skor tertinggi, sedangkan variabel ekonomi memiliki skor terendah. Upaya peningkatan ketahanan masyarakat dapat diawali dengan meningkatkan ekonomi masyarakat. Ekonomi yang kuat memungkinkan masyarakat untuk berkembang dan meningkatkan ketahanannya pada aspek-aspek lain.

Nishat Raihan, Mohammed Latif Siddiq, Joanna C. S. Santos et al.

Large language models (LLMs) are becoming increasingly better at a wide range of Natural Language Processing tasks (NLP), such as text generation and understanding. Recently, these models have extended their capabilities to coding tasks, bridging the gap between natural languages (NL) and programming languages (PL). Foundational models such as the Generative Pre-trained Transformer (GPT) and LLaMA series have set strong baseline performances in various NL and PL tasks. Additionally, several models have been fine-tuned specifically for code generation, showing significant improvements in code-related applications. Both foundational and fine-tuned models are increasingly used in education, helping students write, debug, and understand code. We present a comprehensive systematic literature review to examine the impact of LLMs in computer science and computer engineering education. We analyze their effectiveness in enhancing the learning experience, supporting personalized education, and aiding educators in curriculum development. We address five research questions to uncover insights into how LLMs contribute to educational outcomes, identify challenges, and suggest directions for future research.

Matthias Gsänger, Volker Hösel, Christoph Mohamad-Klotzbach et al.

We investigate the connection between Potts (Curie-Weiss) models and stochastic opinion models in the view of the Boltzmann distribution and stochastic Glauber dynamics. We particularly find that the q-voter model can be considered as a natural extension of the Zealot model which is adapted by Lagrangian parameters. We also discuss weak and strong effects continuum limits for the models. We then fit four models (Curie-Weiss, strong and weak effects limit for the q-voter model, and the reinforcement model) to election data from United States, United Kingdom, France and Germany. We find that particularly the weak effects models are able to fit the data (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test), where the weak effects reinforcement model performs best (AIC). The resulting estimates are interpreted in the view of political sciences, and also the importance of this kind of model-based approaches to election data for the political sciences is discussed.

G. V. Pavan Kumar

C.V. Raman (1888 - 1970) was a creative scientist, enthusiastic teacher and a science celebrity in India. In all these roles, he communicated science effectively. In this essay, I ask how and why did he communicate science. I take a few examples from his research writings and show his ability to explain science lucidly. By looking into his thoughts on teaching and those of his students, I explore Raman, the teacher. Finally, I discuss a few aspects of his methods to communicate science to the public. I emphasize his exposition and reveal a dichotomy.

Menissa Cícera Fernandes de Oliveira Bessa Bessa

A afirmativa de que a Constituição Federal de 1988 garante o direito e o acesso das crianças pequenas à educação infantil, por meio das ações positivadas do Estado democrático brasileiro, precisa ser reiterada. Trazer à tona os compromissos, por meio dos dispositivos legais, com os cidadãos de pouca idade é urgente, sobretudo em tempos de ataque frontal à jovem democracia brasileira, no sentido de construir a totalidade dos dizeres legais na sua origem constitucional e na efetivação do direito no acesso e na oferta. Nessa perspectiva, o objetivo do artigo é levantar e analisar a oferta de vagas públicas para a educação infantil no estado do Tocantins, Brasil, entre os anos de 1990 e 2020, descortinando a evolução do acesso e a subtração do benefício para muitas crianças tocantinenses.

Haiko Lietz, Mohsen Jadidi, Daniel Kostic et al.

Inequality prevails in science. Individual inequality means that most perish quickly and only a few are successful, while gender inequality implies that there are differences in achievements for women and men. Using large-scale bibliographic data and following a computational approach, we study the evolution of individual and gender inequality for cohorts from 1970 to 2000 in the whole field of computer science as it grows and becomes a team-based science. We find that individual inequality in productivity (publications) increases over a scholar's career but is historically invariant, while individual inequality in impact (citations), albeit larger, is stable across cohorts and careers. Gender inequality prevails regarding productivity, but there is no evidence for differences in impact. The Matthew Effect is shown to accumulate advantages to early achievements and to become stronger over the decades, indicating the rise of a "publish or perish" imperative. Only some authors manage to reap the benefits that publishing in teams promises. The Matthew Effect then amplifies initial differences and propagates the gender gap. Women continue to fall behind because they continue to be at a higher risk of dropping out for reasons that have nothing to do with early-career achievements or social support. Our findings suggest that mentoring programs for women to improve their social-networking skills can help to reduce gender inequality.

Estela González de Sande

La princesa Cristina Trivulzio di Belgioioso es una de las figuras más relevantes del Risorgimento italiano en el plano político, social y cultural. Entre su legado figuran tratados filosóficos, ensayos político-históricos, textos literarios y numerosas contribuciones en periódicos franceses e italianos. Se trata, pues, de una mujer filósofa, historiadora, política, periodista y literata, cuya pluma se convirtió en pleno siglo XIX en arma contra las injusticias sociales, contra los gobiernos absolutistas o contra las desigualdades entre hombres y mujeres. Su enorme erudición y determinación le granjearon el respeto y la admiración de prohombres y mujeres ilustres de la época, siendo ejemplo y modelo de un nuevo ideal de mujer, afín a la sociedad moderna y progresista a la que aspirará Italia tras la unidad nacional. Este estudio presenta un sucinto recorrido por su trayectoria vital y su compromiso político y social, así como un análisis de su aportación a la querella de las mujeres, con el objetivo de exponer el pensamiento político de la autora y sus ideales socialistas y feministas.

Annisa Ayuningtyas, Mailinda Eka Yuniza

The constitutionally groundless intervention of Indonesian government towards remittances-the financial outputs categorized as private transaction generated from Indonesian Migrant Workers (IMWs) abroad-has occurred since 1983 until the enactment of Law No. 18 Year 2017 on the protection of IMWs. This Law imposes obligations for local and central governments to conduct financial protection through remittance management by involving domestic and IMW`s placement state`s banks or non-bank financial institution. Given to the limited constitutional basis, private nature of remittances and conditional impact of IWM`s state of origin, this article discusses the limits of Indonesian government intervention in the management of migrants' remittances. This doctrinal legal research found that due to natural and technical restrictions, the government intervention is extremely limited

Amisha Gangwar, Tanvi Mehta

Sentiment Analysis is a vital research topic in the field of Computer Science. With the accelerated development of Information Technology and social networks, a massive amount of data related to comment texts has been generated on web applications or social media platforms like Twitter. Due to this, people have actively started proliferating general information and the information related to political opinions, which becomes an important reason for analyzing public reactions. Most researchers have used social media specifics or contents to analyze and predict public opinion concerning political events. This research proposes an analytical study using Israeli political Twitter data to interpret public opinion towards the Palestinian-Israeli conflict. The attitudes of ethnic groups and opinion leaders in the form of tweets are analyzed using Machine Learning algorithms like Support Vector Classifier (SVC), Decision Tree (DT), and Naive Bayes (NB). Finally, a comparative analysis is done based on experimental results from different models.

JooYoung Seo, Mine Dogucu

Although there are various ways to represent data patterns and models, visualization has been primarily taught in many data science courses for its efficiency. Such vision-dependent output may cause critical barriers against those who are blind and visually impaired and people with learning disabilities. We argue that instructors need to teach multiple data representation methods so that all students can produce data products that are more accessible. In this paper, we argue that accessibility should be taught as early as the introductory course as part of the data science curriculum so that regardless of whether learners major in data science or not, they can have foundational exposure to accessibility. As data science educators who teach accessibility as part of our lower-division courses in two different institutions, we share specific examples that can be utilized by other data science instructors.

Barea Sinno, Bernardo Oviedo, Katherine Atwell et al.

Analyzing ideology and polarization is of critical importance in advancing our grasp of modern politics. Recent research has made great strides towards understanding the ideological bias (i.e., stance) of news media along the left-right spectrum. In this work, we instead take a novel and more nuanced approach for the study of ideology based on its left or right positions on the issue being discussed. Aligned with the theoretical accounts in political science, we treat ideology as a multi-dimensional construct, and introduce the first diachronic dataset of news articles whose ideological positions are annotated by trained political scientists and linguists at the paragraph level. We showcase that, by controlling for the author's stance, our method allows for the quantitative and temporal measurement and analysis of polarization as a multidimensional ideological distance. We further present baseline models for ideology prediction, outlining a challenging task distinct from stance detection.

Josep Redorta

Se sitúa la conflictología en el marco de los Peace and Conflict Studies con orientación a los conflictos estructurales. Se debaten las dificultades de la comprensión de los conflictos en general, especificando los factores que influyen en una intervención. Se perfila la idea de conflictos estructurales y sus elementos. Se especifica cómo se cronifican los conflictos y el rol de la ideología y la concienciación de lo que sucede. Se considera el rol de la confianza en relaciones conflictivas. Se examinan las relaciones de poder y sus efectos: obediencia, reactancia psicológica, indefensión aprendida y dependencia, así como las conductas desviadas. Se sugieren algunas bases para una intervención profesional, con distinción entre pequeños grupos y comportamientos colectivos masivos. Se concluye la necesidad de profundizar en esta tipología de conflictos y en mejorar las habilidades de los terceros neutrales.

Ali Hürriyetoğlu, Vanni Zavarella, Hristo Tanev et al.

We describe our effort on automated extraction of socio-political events from news in the scope of a workshop and a shared task we organized at Language Resources and Evaluation Conference (LREC 2020). We believe the event extraction studies in computational linguistics and social and political sciences should further support each other in order to enable large scale socio-political event information collection across sources, countries, and languages. The event consists of regular research papers and a shared task, which is about event sentence coreference identification (ESCI), tracks. All submissions were reviewed by five members of the program committee. The workshop attracted research papers related to evaluation of machine learning methodologies, language resources, material conflict forecasting, and a shared task participation report in the scope of socio-political event information collection. It has shown us the volume and variety of both the data sources and event information collection approaches related to socio-political events and the need to fill the gap between automated text processing techniques and requirements of social and political sciences.

Johannes Himmelreich

The ongoing debate on the ethics of self-driving cars typically focuses on two approaches to answering ethical questions: moral philosophy and social science. I argue that these two approaches are both lacking. We should neither deduce answers from individual moral theories nor should we expect social science to give us complete answers. To supplement these approaches, we should turn to political philosophy. The issues we face are collective decisions that we make together rather than individual decisions we make in light of what we each have reason to value. Political philosophy adds three basic concerns to our conceptual toolkit: reasonable pluralism, human agency, and legitimacy. These three concerns have so far been largely overlooked in the debate on the ethics of self-driving cars.

Jisun An, Haewoon Kwak, Oliver Posegga et al.

Online platforms, such as Facebook, Twitter, and Reddit, provide users with a rich set of features for sharing and consuming political information, expressing political opinions, and exchanging potentially contrary political views. In such activities, two types of communication spaces naturally emerge: those dominated by exchanges between politically homogeneous users and those that allow and encourage cross-cutting exchanges in politically heterogeneous groups. While research on political talk in online environments abounds, we know surprisingly little about the potentially varying nature of discussions in politically homogeneous spaces as compared to cross-cutting communication spaces. To fill this gap, we use Reddit to explore the nature of political discussions in homogeneous and cross-cutting communication spaces. In particular, we develop an analytical template to study interaction and linguistic patterns within and between politically homogeneous and heterogeneous communication spaces. Our analyses reveal different behavioral patterns in homogeneous and cross-cutting communications spaces. We discuss theoretical and practical implications in the context of research on political talk online.

Jimena Mahecha

Con el fin de determinar los aportes en términos de construcción de paz que tienen algunas manifestaciones de resistencia civil, este artículo busca aproximarse al significado de las iniciativas locales de paz en Colombia a partir del análisis de tres casos concretos: la Asociación Campesina Integral del Atrato, la Comunidad de Paz de San José de Apartadó y la Asamblea Municipal Constituyente de Mogotes. Además, muestra cómo las iniciativas configuran una nueva forma de construcción de paz posliberal, surgida de un giro hacia lo local que se desarrolla en la cotidianidad y que a su vez cuestiona el papel del Estado como el actor legítimo y monopólico en un escenario de posconflicto.

Fernando Filgueiras

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é discutir a agenda de reforma do Estado brasileiro em uma perspectiva exploratória e normativa, observando os modelos de gestão pública decorrentes da experiência histórica brasileira. Observar essa experiência histórica possibilita pensar a trajetória institucional de construção da administração pública no Brasil, com destaque para os processos de mudança e para os desafios impostos ao processo de construção do Estado. Além disso, o artigo discute a relação entre administração pública e democracia, tendo em vista o conceito de governança democrática. Por fim, analisamos o que nomeamos de mudança silenciosa no Brasil, destacando a forma de acordo com a qual o processo de mudança ocorre de forma incremental, mas descoordenado, impondo desafios ao processo de construção da governança no setor público brasileiro e à atualização da agenda de reformas.