Youth participation in politics can be an effective way to relieve traditional patterns of political practices in a country like Pakistan. The significant participation of youth has changed the traditional political patterns and has given a new direction in the country. This study examined the youth’s political participation in the democratic practices between two provinces such as Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa within the time frame of the 2013 and 2018 General National elections of Pakistan. The study used the leading theory of the Public Sphere, which indicates that the public sphere is an integral part of democracy. It is a social space in which citizens can engage in political activities pertinent to their public interests. Additionally, the theoretical perspective states that democratic citizens are expected to participate in political affairs under some interests. The research method of this study is qualitative in nature, and the data have been gathered through interviews to support the exploration. This method allows the researcher to gain an in-depth understanding of the issue. The research has introduced a new concept of political participation, which is “Youth Inn.” It indicates that the youth are involved in improving the political discourse to participate in activities and it has changed the traditional ways of politics. It is important to mention here that, in the traditional ways of politics, youth is supposed to follow the directions from elders to decide whom to vote for and support in politics; a selection choice is based on candidate language, culture, ethnicity, sect and caste as the main factors. By resisting the traditional pattern of politics, this change has enhanced the youth’s dynamic role in contributing to the political, social, and various aspects of daily life in the society. They have a unique character, which is relevant to support and contribute to the country’s political structure. Furthermore, the inclusion of youth can serve as an insight for political parties to consider them as the central theme in the party policy of Pakistan.
This study examines how Hui Muslims have attempted to become pious Muslims under the influence of rapid social change and the Islamic revival in the post-Mao era, focusing on their practices of piety in Kunming, Yunnan Province, China. In the post-Mao era, the Islamic revival among Hui Muslims increased through the abatement of anti-religious policies. Accordingly, rigid religious discourse became more influential among Hui Muslims during the Islamic revival, leading to emphasis on piety among Hui Muslims. However, the soucial foundation of Hui religious life has been simultaneously undermined through rapid social change, notably the decline of traditional Hui communities and intensified connections between Hui and Han Chinese in daily life. These contrasting trends made it more difficult for many Hui Muslims to maintain regular piety-oriented practices. In such a situation, Hui Muslims postpone their piety and seek religious care by establishing relationships with familiar piety-oriented Muslims, such as family members. Previous studies have focused on the practice of postponing piety. However, thestudies tended to treat piety as an “individual” attribute. Nevertheless, as mentioned above, Hui Muslim piety practices are not necessarily individualistic. Instead, they are embeded in relationships with others. Therefore, this study elucidates the modalities of piety among Hui Muslims in contemporary China.
Political institutions and public administration - Asia (Asian studies only), Social sciences and state - Asia (Asian studies only)
This research analyses China-Pacific islands economic relations in merchandise trade, investment and project contracting between 2006 and 2021. Nuances are revealed. The overall finding is that the Pacific is an insignificant partner of China in its global economic outreach, even under the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). This research also discusses the Chinese government’s perceptions of the Pacific markets and its advice to Chinese companies on thorny issues affecting the BRI.
Political institutions and public administration - Asia (Asian studies only), Political science (General)
Despite the increasing use of digital media and their powerful impact on risk management during recent outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases, the question of how digital media exposure influences preventive behaviors has not been fully explained. Using the appraisal tendency framework and protection motivation theory as theoretical frameworks, we theorized the affective and cognitive mechanisms under which the differential roles of three negative emotions (fear, anger, worry) on two cognitive appraisals (perceived threat and perceived efficacy) were examined. Based on data collected from a survey of 1,500 South Koreans during the COVID-19 pandemic, we found that while worry and anger increased perceived efficacy, fear reduced perceived efficacy. The results also showed that although exposure to COVID-19 information via digital formats increased preventive behavioral intention in general, digital media use for COVID-19 information had a negative influence on preventive behavioral intention through the sequential mediation of fear and perceived efficacy.
Political science (General), Political institutions and public administration - Asia (Asian studies only)
Goals. The purpose of the publication is to introduce into scientific circulation previously unknown documentary sources connected with the organization of the Museum of Oriental Cultures at the Buryat Institute of Social Sciences of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Materials and Methods. A frontal search was carried out in the personal archive fund of Purbo B. Baldanzhapov, kept at the Center of Oriental Manuscripts and Xylographs of the Institute for Mongolian, Buddhist and Tibetan Studies, SB RAS.The classification and systematization of the identified array of office-work materials was carried out, the types of documents have been identified, their thematic and chronological spectrum was determined. Results. It was determined that the F29 collection contained Purbo Baldanzhapov`s memoranda, reference materials, personal letters to the leaders of the Buryat ASSR about the urgent need to expand the USSR’s ties with the countries of the East, Buddhist organizations and individual figures, about the necessity of formation of a specialized department — the Museum of Oriental Cultures.The article also analyzes the block of administrative office documentation, containing orders of the Buryat Institute of Social Sciences on the formation of the Museum, the Regulations on the Museum, staffing, work reports. Conclusions. As a result of the study, a unique documentary array has been revealed showing, on the one hand the history of one of the stages of the formation of oriental studies in Transbaikalia, on the other — a little-known page in the history of museum affairs in the region.It is emphasized that these materials reflect the mechanisms, forms and methods of organizing scientific and museum activities in the second half of the 1960s. — the period of reforms and reorganizations in Soviet science. The identified sources will become the basis for further research by historians, orientalists, museologists, etc.
History of Asia, Political institutions and public administration - Asia (Asian studies only)
This study investigates the relationship between the socialist industrialization of pastoralism in Mongolia and the government’s perception of severe winter disasters (dzud), as well as the countermeasures taken against them. It aims to do so by focusing on pastoral production and dzud’s impact under pastoral cooperatives (negdel). During the collective period from the late 1950s to the early 1990s, the government regarded dzud as the greatest threat to the livestock sector and explored ways to prevent and mitigate the ensuing damage. In theory, public regulation and support for dzud prevention and mitigation could decrease the frequency and severity of a large-scale dzud that may affect the entire country. However, dzud occurred occasionally at the province (aimag) or district (sum) level and had a serious impact on pastoral production in rural areas. In addition to the positive aspects of local society and larger structures, such as rescue and recovery, there was also a negative side to the industrialization of pastoralism, such as decreased resilience to dzud damage. Along with the expansion of pastoral production for domestic and foreign urban consumers, the consistent demand for individuals and pastoral cooperatives to achieve strict production quotas, regardless of any conditions, has exacerbated the damage from dzud. That is, the slump in rural pastoral production during the collective period may have been caused by the interaction between the damage from dzud and the problems concerning the labor production system that was revised in response to the challenges of industrialization under pastoral cooperatives.
Political institutions and public administration - Asia (Asian studies only), Social sciences and state - Asia (Asian studies only)
This research article aims to measure the participants' responses to the implementation of the basic training they attended. The research approach used is quantitative with the type of research used is descriptive survey. The results showed that the participants had a good perception of the implementation of the training related to the components of the training material, the organization of the training, facilities and lecturers / teaching staff that were shown with a very satisfying and satisfying percentage of more than 50%, and there were only less than 50% of the satisfactory scores. and unsatisfactory.
Artikel Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengukur tanggapan peserta terhadap pelaksanaan pelatihan dasar yang mereka ikuti. Pendekatan penelitian yang digunakan ialah kuantitatif dengan jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah Survey dekriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa peserta memiliki persepsi baik terhadap pelaksanaan pelatihan berkaitan dengan komponen materi pelatihan, penyelenggaraan pelatihan, sarana dan widyaiswara/tenaga pengajar yang ditunjukan dengan presentase nilai sangat memuaskan dan memuaskan lebih dari 50%, dan hanya terdapat kurang dari 50% nilai cukup memuaskan dan kurang memuaskan.
Political institutions and public administration - Asia (Asian studies only)
The Arab Awakening which encompassed the broad region of the Middle East and North Africa led to a huge change in the internal politics and especially the pattern of statehood in the region. In the state level, the mentioned developments were accompanied with the symptoms of evolution in the structure of states in the region. In the present paper, the authors are going to explore the transition of Iraq and Syria from statehood to quasi statehood since the eruption of uprisings and civil wars in the region. the recognised Quasi states examined here have been recognised as a political entity. however they lack legitimacy and monopoly in exercizing power in the given territory. It is noteworthy that the context of this evolution in Iraq started since the overthrow of Sadam in 2003 and exacerbated since the Arab spring. The main question of the manuscript is as follows: how can the transition of Iraq and Syria from statehood to quasi statehood since the eruption of the uprising in the region be explained? Accordingly, the following hypothesis has been examined: The weakness of nation state and legitimacy, identity and participation crises coupled with the destructive roles of foreign actors have led to the mentioned transition in Iraq and Syria. The methodology of the manuscript is descriptive explanatory approach and the method of gathering data is based on library studies.
Political institutions and public administration (General), Political institutions and public administration - Asia (Asian studies only)
Fake news and disinformation provoked heated arguments during Taiwan’s 2018 local election. Most significantly, concerns grew that Beijing was attempting to sway the island’s politics armed with a new “Russian-style influence campaign” weapon (Horton, 2018). To investigate the speculated effects of the “onslaught of misinformation,” an online survey with 1068 randomly selected voters was conducted immediately after the election.
Findings confirmed that false news affected Taiwanese voters’ judgment of the news and their voting decisions. More than 50 percent of the voters cast their votes without knowing the correct campaign news. In particular, politically neutral voters, who were least able to discern fake news, tended to vote for the China-friendly Kuomintang (KMT) candidates. Demographic analysis further revealed that female voters tended to believe fake news during election periods more compared with male voters. Younger or lower-incomed voters had the lowest levels of discernment of fake news. Further analyses and implications of these findings for international societies are deliberated in conclusions.
Political science (General), Political institutions and public administration - Asia (Asian studies only)
The reformation of the Government of the Republic of Indonesia system, which was marked by the change from centralized to decentralized system, had an impact on the trend of regional expansion. But, from the end of 2014 the government implemented a moratorium on the formation of new autonomous regions with the reason to focus on resolving the problem of the size of the budget deficit before lifting the moratorium. The purpose of this study is to analyze the driving factors of the formation of new autonomous regions in Indonesia during the reformation era and its impact on state finance. This study is a policy study by collecting data and then analyzing it into a conclusion and recommendation. This type of study is a literature study with the method used is descriptive qualitative method. The results of the study show that since the reform era, the formation of a new autonomous region has been very massive. If calculated on average from 1999 to 2014, each year the new regions increase by 13 regions per year. The formation of the new autonomous regions requires considerable preparation and costs, starting from the initial formation to the implementation. In addition, in general the new autonomous regions show higher fiscal dependencies than the old regions. Thus, it can be stated that the establishment of the new autonomous regions has caused pressure on the state finances due to the large amount of funds that must be transferred to new regions.
Political institutions and public administration - Asia (Asian studies only)
n the case of the relationship between government and environmental obligations there are different views in public law theory. At least three approaches can be mentioned in the context of general task to which principle 50 of constitution refers. The first approach is based on the centrality of the state in protecting the environment and ensuring the right to a healthy environment (State-centric approach). This approach assumes that the market and the private sector are incapable of protecting the environment. So it is only the state that has the primary responsibility for protection of the environment as a general task. The second approach relates to the absence of the state in protecting the environment (Approach without government). In fact the emergence of this approach is because of the inability of the government to protect the environment. According to this approach the government cannot protect the environment propperly and experience has shown that some governments have become one of the violators of environmental law. And at last the participation approach is based on the idea of cooperation between the state and non-state actors and the citizens in the area of environmental protection and implementation of the related policies. In this paper, different aspects of this issue in the context of public law are analyzed. The basic assumption of this article is based on the belief that the environmental protection requires the government’s cooperation with citizens.
Political institutions and public administration (General), Political institutions and public administration - Asia (Asian studies only)
Purpose: The key problematic of this paper is to reach a solution to link three sources of reproduction of legitimacy in Iran: ancient Iranian tradition (Pre-Islamic), Islamic tradition and modern pattern which is based on people. It’s necessary to propose two presupposition: 1) Dictatorship or democracy are contradictory terms to describe surrounding countries. Such dualism of political systems prevents deep understanding of complexities of third world countries (developing countries). In order to better comprehend the circumstances which are neither fully democratic nor dictatorship, western theorists articulate terms such as transient regimes or semi-democratic or quasi-democratic regimes. Such naming again prompts a dualist mentality and centers understanding around the notion that if a country is not totally dictator, it is moving toward a democratic model and will soon be a democratic country. Such dual pattern has led to epistemological problems regarding understanding complicated situation of Islamic countries and therefore it has been difficult to face their problems practically. In fact, in Islamic countries complicated systems of traditional heritage are active and current changes do not mean that these systems are declining or weakening. Nevertheless, democratic and modern institutions exist too. Design/Methodology/Approach: The approach to this paper is that we need to follow names that are situated outside such dualisms and hence we have chosen the term “Hybrid Regimes”. In hybrid order we are faced with institutions and arrangements that are conformed to democratic patterns and are legitimized through peoples’ votes. At the same time, there are institutions that are legitimized through tradition, culture and history. 2) Often this question is raised that what are hybrid regimes’ legitimization patterns. We argue that legitimization pattern as a theoretical action contains logical cohesion and follows a theoretical foundation, but in practice politically based systems draw legitimation from different sources and therefore practical patterns of reproduction of legitimacy has always been hybrid. But unfortunately in the context of political conflicts, to vilify and ostracize the rival, actors have followed the logic of theory rather than committing to practical necessitates. Regarding the above prerequisites we will tend to the current problem of legitimization in Iran which relates to people as fundamental foundation of modern legitimization and to Islamic-Iranian heritage. In intellectual and political struggles of last one hundred years, we have faced many narratives of legitimacy which have prioritized one of three resources of legitimacy and through rejection of others have created gaps in political arena. Is it possible to embrace all various legitimization foundations in politics of Iran in an organizing pattern without marginalizing any of these resources? Finding: In this paper we show that both Iranian and Islamic heritage of political theory are apt for believe in people as legitimization force, but based on Iranian narrative, role of the people is defined as a particularistic system and cannot occur in a national arena. In Islamic tradition, peoples’ role is seen as universal. But in contrast to Iranian tradition, Islamic tradition accepts a conservative non-idealistic role of people. Originality/Value: The result of this paper is new. This paper studies the possibility of mixing these two traditions, assuming that the mixture of these two traditions can reach to a modern legitimization pattern that draws from both Iranian and Islamic traditions.
Political institutions and public administration (General), Political institutions and public administration - Asia (Asian studies only)
The rise of China is the most important development in East Asia in recent times. It presents major opportunities and challenges, if not threats, for ASEAN as a collective entity, and for the individual countries that compose it. Whether ASEAN can develop a collective, let alone effective response is far from clear. This paper explores and analyses the forces that are likely to determine the outcome.
International relations, Political institutions and public administration - Asia (Asian studies only)
Act No. 5 of 1974 on the Principles of Administration in Indonesian Local Government stipulates fundamental effort for decentralization – or more commonly known as local autonomy. This analysis shows, however, that insofar the implementation of the government act encourages more centralization instead of decentralization. It means that the Central Government has been dominantly rules nearly all aspects of local government during the New Order period. It is obvious that the implementation of decentralization policy or local autonomy is mostly determined by the existing political system and structure. On the Second Stage of local (Daerah Tingkat II), there are various local or internal factors which appears to be very influential for the effectiveness of such policy implementation.
A descriptive analysis of the two Second Stage of local governments (Cilacap and Kudus) indicates there are significant policy implementation differences. The very fact that there are local condition differences, specific handicaps confronted by local government, and some variance in human resources capability implies that the idea of uniformity in most of administrative procedure might not favourable for the future of decentralization and local outonomy policy. This is particularly important if we analyze all aspects related to such policy implementation. The above things do get sufficient attention in nearly all of this paper.
Political institutions and public administration - Asia (Asian studies only)
Keywords
Abstract
Politics is defined as who gets what, when, and how. Communication is defined as the process, outcomes and effects of message transmission through a medium. Thus political communication in Asia, the most dynamic and uncertain region of the world, has been very dense, requiring rigorous scientific analysis and culturally sensitive reflection. Mass media brought about a revolution in political communication in the last century. In the 21st century, complex monitory devices from the state and international organizations and from the society and transnational groups have transformed the features of political communication. It has triggered another revolution in political communication. Illustrations are given focusing on Asia. A theoretical reflection from the angle of political science is attempted focusing on political communication medium and its effects. I compare no medium (face-to-face communication), mass media, and social media in relation to their effects.
Political science (General), Political institutions and public administration - Asia (Asian studies only)
By integrating useful insights from social cognitive theory and social capital theory, we aim to develop a model for better understanding people's behaviors related to the use of social networking sites (SNSs) and formalize the role of social capital in individuals' continuous SNS use. Propositions that emphasize the triadic interactive relationships among environmental, personal, and behavioral factors were highlighted in this study. After reviewing previous studies, in this paper we proposed the following: (1) the causation between SNS use and individuals' perceived social capital might be mutual; social capital may not only be the result of media selectivity, but could also be an essential stimulus initiating the start of using SNSs; (2) the influences of SNSs use on the generation of individuals' online social capital might be conditional upon particular patterns of use; (3) both the level of dependence on SNSs and the differentiated patterns of SNSs use vary according to individuals' perceived offline social capital and their personal characteristics, for instance, personality or self-construal, and social anxiety.
Political science (General), Political institutions and public administration - Asia (Asian studies only)
Significant progress has been made in reforming China's rural financial system. Nevertheless, the current institutions are unable to meet the multilayered and diversified demands for rural financial services. Establishing a comprehensive and efficient rural credit system to support the dynamic
commercial sector of the rural economy, small-scale farming and small and medium-size enterprises is the major challenge in China. This article identifies bottlenecks and suggests policies to develop a well-functioning and sustainable agricultural and rural financial system that would address the diverse needs of the rural and agriculture sectors. To preview the policy recommendations, attention should be given first to legislation and supervision, and then to the corporate governance structure of financial institutions.
Political institutions and public administration - Asia (Asian studies only), Social sciences and state - Asia (Asian studies only)