Hasil untuk "Plant culture"

S. Yoo, Young-Hee Cho, J. Sheen

H. Gundlach, M. Müller, T. Kutchan et al.

S. Clough, A. Bent

Yukoh Hiei, S. Ohta, T. Komari et al.

O. Voinnet, S. Rivas, P. Mestre et al.

H. Thordal-Christensen, Ziguo Zhang, Y. D. Wei et al.

Estrella Luna, V. Pastor, J. Robert et al.

M. Hussain, Sheeba Fareed, S. Ansari et al.

Plants are the tremendous source for the discovery of new products with medicinal importance in drug development. Today several distinct chemicals derived from plants are important drugs, which are currently used in one or more countries in the world. Secondary metabolites are economically important as drugs, flavor and fragrances, dye and pigments, pesticides, and food additives. Many of the drugs sold today are simple synthetic modifications or copies of the naturally obtained substances. The evolving commercial importance of secondary metabolites has in recent years resulted in a great interest in secondary metabolism, particularly in the possibility of altering the production of bioactive plant metabolites by means of tissue culture technology. Plant cell and tissue culture technologies can be established routinely under sterile conditions from explants, such as plant leaves, stems, roots, and meristems for both the ways for multiplication and extraction of secondary metabolites. In vitro production of secondary metabolite in plant cell suspension cultures has been reported from various medicinal plants, and bioreactors are the key step for their commercial production. Based on this lime light, the present review is aimed to cover phytotherapeutic application and recent advancement for the production of some important plant pharmaceuticals.

M. Waqas, Abdul Latif Khan, M. Kamran et al.

We isolated and examined two endophytic fungi for their potential to secrete phytohormones viz. gibberellins (GAs) and indoleacetic acid (IAA) and mitigate abiotic stresses like salinity and drought. The endophytic fungi Phoma glomerata LWL2 and Penicillium sp. LWL3 significantly promoted the shoot and allied growth attributes of GAs-deficient dwarf mutant Waito-C and Dongjin-beyo rice. Analysis of the pure cultures of these endophytic fungi showed biologically active GAs (GA1, GA3, GA4 and GA7) in various quantities. The cultures of P. glomerata and Penicillium sp. also contained IAA. The culture application and endophytic-association with host-cucumber plants significantly increased the plant biomass and related growth parameters under sodium chloride and polyethylene glycol induced salinity and drought stress as compared to control plants. The endophytic symbiosis resulted in significantly higher assimilation of essential nutrients like potassium, calcium and magnesium as compared to control plants during salinity stress. Endophytic-association reduced the sodium toxicity and promoted the host-benefit ratio in cucumber plants as compared to non-inoculated control plants. The symbiotic-association mitigated stress by compromising the activities of reduced glutathione, catalase, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase. Under stress conditions, the endophyte-infection significantly modulated stress through down-regulated abscisic acid, altered jasmonic acid, and elevated salicylic acid contents as compared to control. In conclusion, the two endophytes significantly reprogrammed the growth of host plants during stress conditions.

Yueyi Tang, Shining Cao, Chushu Zhang et al.

BackgroundPeanuts are a vital global crop and healthy food, valued for their nutritional and physiological benefits. Their sensory attributes and biochemical composition, which determine taste and nutritional quality, are influenced by multiple factors. Thirteen peanut genotypes were cultivated across three locations using a randomized block design. This study presents the first application through combined ANOVA (analysis of variance) and the GGE (Genotype and Genotype by Environment) biplot in sensory attribute evaluation research. The primary objectives are to: (1) characterize the sensory attributes of the tested genotypes; (2) analyze the genotype-environment interaction (GEI) effects; and (3) screen optimal varieties (lines) adapted to specific environmental conditions.ResultsSignificant differences were observed among genotypes and locations, and the G×E interactions for sensory quality and biochemical components of the tested peanuts. In GGE bioplot analysis, S9 was the best performer with crunchiness, fineness, sweetness, and overall acceptability, and L10 was the best performer in Large-seeded genotypes in overall acceptability. S9, S25, HY20, HY33, and HY20 was the best genotype at 3 locations in sucrose, oleic acid, linoleic acid, palmitic acid, and oil, respectively. Weifang (WF) demonstrated potential for producing high-quality peanuts for processing. In addition, there is an evident correlation between the biochemical components of peanut raw kernels and the sensory quality of roasted kernels. Among them, high-oleic peanuts exhibited superior crunchiness, sweetness, and roasted flavor, while high-oil varieties were less sweet with weaker flavor. High-protein peanuts were sweeter but more delicate. Proanthocyanidins positively correlated with bitterness/off-flavor and negatively with crunchiness, sweetness, and acceptability. High vitamin E reduced roasted flavor intensity.ConclusionGenotype, environment, and their interactions significantly impact peanut sensory and nutritional traits. High oleic acid and low proanthocyanidin content are critical for desirable sensory quality in this study. Lines S9 and L10 provide genetic resources for breeding, while Weifang’s climate supports premium peanut production. This data guides peanut cultivation in similar latitudes/climates.

B. I. Sandukhadze, L. A. Marchenkova, R. Z. Mamedov et al.

The purpose of the research is to study the degree of resistance of winter bread wheat cultivars to osmotic, salt and anaerobic stresses at the initial stages of plant growth for the selection of breeding valuable forms, to analyze the degree of resistance of cultivars to biotic stresses (development of diseases on seeds and vegetative plants) and to evaluate the relationship of growth parameters and adaptability with yield and productivity elements. The objects of the research were 11 cultivars and lines of winter soft wheat bred by the Federal Research Center “Nemchinovka”. The studies were carried out in laboratory conditions on the backgrounds of artificially simulated abiotic stresses on the 7-day-old seedlings using the roll culture method and in field experiments. The cultivars with the widest possible response rate to the toxic effects of the studied stressors, with the highest activation of growth processes and resistance to diseases were identified. The quantitative and qualitative composition of pathogens and patterns of changes in the phytosanitary status of seeds and germination depending on environmental conditions for the period of 1998–2023 have been determined. The level of correlation between the studied traits was investigated, the degree of influence of growth processes and adaptivity to stress on yield, weight of 1000 seeds and productivity elements was determined, and the important role of root system activation in the formation of these indicators was shown (r = 0.45–0.71). It was noted that in the initial period of plant growth, the relationship between stress resistance (drought and salt resistance index) and productivity elements (1000 seeds, grain weight per ear and the number of grains per ear) was negative (r = -0.41...-0.63). According to the totality of the studied characteristics there have been identified the culltivars ‘Moskovskaya 74’, ‘Moskovskaya 39’, ‘Moskovskaya 40’, ‘Moskovskaya 56’ and ‘Vasilyevna’ which occupy the 1st to 5th place in the rating of competitive advantage and are able to withstand stressful abiotic and biotic environmental factors both in laboratory simulated conditions and in the field.

Jiantang Xu, Jiantang Xu, Tianjin Liu et al.

Caffeic acid O-methyltransferase (COMT) catalyzes the penultimate methylation in monolignol biosynthesis, controlling lignin composition and abiotic-stress tolerance. Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.), a fast bast-fiber crop rich in lignin, is valued for its mechanical strength and resilience to salinity. However, the COMT gene family has not yet been systematically characterized in this species. Here, we integrated phylogenetics, synteny, promoter and transcriptome analyses to create a comprehensive profile of kenaf COMT genes. Genome-wide screening identified 81 HcCOMT genes. Phylogenetic reconstruction with COMTs from Arabidopsis thaliana and Gossypium hirsutum resolved 10 distinct clades. Synteny analysis revealed 2 collinear blocks with Arabidopsis and 14 with cotton, whereas intraspecific duplication events indicated recent lineage-specific expansion. Promoter analysis identified numerous cis-elements responsive to light, phytohormones and abiotic stress, suggesting complex transcriptional regulation. Transcriptome mining uncovered 6 candidate genes with pronounced tissue specificity and salt responsiveness; qRT-PCR confirmed these patterns in root, stem and leaf tissues under 200 mM NaCl: HcCOMT28 and HcCOMT29 were repressed in the leaf, whereas HcCOMT11, HcCOMT12, HcCOMT13, and HcCOMT17 were up-regulated, consistent with altered lignin deposition patterns. Our findings provide a comprehensive genomic resource delineating the structure, evolution, and salt-responsive expression of the kenaf COMT family, and establish a foundation for elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying lignin-mediated salt tolerance and for breeding elite kenaf cultivars with tailored fiber properties.

Feiyu Yan, Feiyu Yan, Guoliang Zhang et al.

Persistent organic pollutants seriously affect the growth and development of crops. 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene (TCB), as one of the most widely used chlorobenzenes, can affect the yield of japonica rice. However, existing research on the effect of TCB on japonica rice yield is not in-depth, and a basic understanding of commonality has not yet been formed. In this study, 28 conventional japonica rice varieties were selected to investigate the effects of TCB stress on their yield, yield composition, and TCB accumulation. This study also evaluated the efficiency of conventional tolerance indices in evaluating the TCB stress tolerance of japonica rice. The results showed that TCB caused sustained inhibition of the growth of japonica rice, which was considerably manifested in plant height, root length, soil plant analysis development (SPAD), and dry weight at different growth stages. Under TCB stress, TCB accumulation in various tissues of japonica rice increased sharply. TCB stress reduces the yield of japonica rice by reducing the number of panicles per hill, the number of spikelets per panicle, the grain filling percentage, and the grain weight. Overall, the results of this study indicate that TCB stress can cause a decrease in the yield of japonica rice, and the decrease in panicle number is the main reason. The conventional tolerance index can effectively evaluate the tolerance of japonica rice to TCB. The results of this study are substantial for the breeding and cultivation of japonica rice.

Houjun Zhou, Xueqin Song, Meng-Zhu Lu

IntroductionHybrid poplars are industrial trees in China. An understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying wood formation in hybrid poplars is necessary for molecular breeding. Although the division and differentiation of vascular cambial cells is important for secondary growth and wood formation, the regulation of this process is largely unclear.MethodsIn this study, mPagGRF15 OE and PagGRF15-SRDX transgenic poplars were generated to investigate the function of PagGRF15. RNA-seq and qRT-PCR were conducted to analyze genome-wide gene expression, while ChIP‒seq and ChIP-PCR were used to identified the downstream genes regulated by PagGRF15.Results and discussionWe report that PagGRF15 from hybrid poplar (Populus alba × P. glandulosa), a growth-regulating factor, plays a critical role in the regulation of vascular cambium activity. PagGRF15 was expressed predominantly in the cambial zone of vascular tissue. Overexpression of mPagGRF15 (the mutated version of GRF15 in the miR396 target sequence) in Populus led to decreased plant height and internode number. Further stem cross sections showed that the mPagGRF15 OE plants exhibited significant changes in vascular pattern with an increase in xylem and a reduction in phloem. In addition, cambium cell files were decreased in the mPagGRF15 OE plants. However, dominant suppression of the downstream genes of PagGRF15 using PagGRF15-SRDX showed an opposite phenotype. Based on the RNA-seq and ChIP-seq results, combining qRT-PCR and ChIP-PCR analysis, candidate genes, such as WOX4b, PXY and GID1.3, were obtained and found to be mainly involved in cambial activity and xylem differentiation. Accordingly, we speculated that PagGRF15 functions as a positive regulator mediating xylem differentiation by repressing the expression of the WOX4a and PXY genes to set the pace of cambial activity. In contrast, PagGRF15 mediated the GA signaling pathway by upregulating GID1.3 expression to stimulate xylem differentiation. This study provides valuable information for further studies on vascular cambium differentiation mechanisms and genetic improvement of the specific gravity of wood in hybrid poplars.

Marija Ravlić, Renata Baličević, Željka Vinković et al.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the allelopathic potential of several ruderal plant species on the germination and initial growth of tomato and lettuce. The water extracts from dry aboveground biomass in a five-percent concentration were evaluated under the controlled laboratory conditions in a Petri dish bioassay. The research findings indicated that all species exhibited the allelopathic effects and were ranked by their average inhibitory potential, from the highest to the lowest, as follows: Melilotus albus, Portulaca oleracea, Verbascum phlomoides, Plantago lanceolata, Cichorium intybus, Rorippa austriaca, Vicia grandiflora, Eupatorium cannabinum, and Polygonum aviculare, respectively. A water extract of M. albus had the most significant negative impact, causing an average reduction of 43.9% in germination, 93% in the root length, and 89.4% in the shoot length. Conversely, a water extract of P. oleracea showed a notable stimulatory effect on both test species. The pH value of water extracts from the ruderal plant species ranged from 5.26 (P. aviculare) to 7.71 (V. grandiflora and M. albus) and did not influence their negative allelopathic potential.

Nancy Pérez-Mejía, María Luisa Villarreal, Jessica Nayelli Sánchez-Carranza et al.

<i>Bursera fagaroides</i>, popularly used in México, possesses bioactive lignans. These compounds are low in the bark, and its extraction endangers the life of the trees. The aim of the present investigation was to search for alternative sources of cytotoxic compounds in <i>B</i>. <i>fagaroides</i> prepared as leaves and in vitro callus cultures. The friable callus of <i>B. fagaroides</i> was established using a combination of plant growth regulators: 4 mgL⁻¹ of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 1 mgL⁻¹ Naphthaleneacetic Acid (NAA) and 1 mgL⁻¹ Zeatin. The maximum cell growth was at day 28 with a specific growth rate of μ = 0.059 days⁻¹ and duplication time td = 11.8 days. HPLC quantification of the dichloromethane callus biomass extract showed that Scopoletin, with a concentration of 10.7 µg g⁻¹ dry weight, was the main compound inducible as a phytoalexin by the addition of high concentrations of 2,4-D, as well as by the absence of nutrients in the culture medium. In this same extract, the compounds γ-sitosterol and stigmasterol were also identified by GC-MS analysis. Open column chromatography was used to separate and identify yatein, acetyl podophyllotoxin and 7′,8′-dehydropodophyllotoxin in the leaves of the wild plant. Cytotoxic activity on four cancer cell lines was tested, with PC-3 prostate carcinoma (IC₅₀ of 12.6 ± 4.6 µgmL⁻¹) being the most sensitive to the wild-type plant extract and HeLa cervical carcinoma (IC₅₀ of 72 ± 5 µgmL⁻¹) being the most sensitive to the callus culture extract.

Pooja Jaiswal, Anand Vikram Singh, Vinod Kumar Yadav et al.

Vivek Sharma, Charles Barrett, De Broughton et al.

Effective irrigation scheduling enables the irrigator to apply the right amount of water at the right time to meet the crop water demand. This 19-page guide presents information on average daily and weekly crop water use and crop growth stages for twelve north Florida crops that can be used to help schedule irrigation. This will allow a grower to develop a realistic irrigation schedule that minimizes plant water stress, saves water, and reduces nutrient leaching potential. Written by Vivek Sharma, Charles Barrett, De Broughton, and Thomas Obreza, and published by the UF/IFAS Department of Soil and Water Sciences, revised December 2020. Accessibility Summary: In accordance with Title II regulations this content meets all points of exemption as Archived web content and/or Preexisting conventional electronic documents.

Jane C. Griffin, Joao Mauricio Buen Vendramini, Diane L. Rowland et al.

Warm-season grasses are vital to livestock production systems and dominate ground cover in tropical and subtropical areas. Many popular warm-season grasses, such as bahiagrass and bermudagrass, have roots that penetrate deeper into the soil profile, which aids in both drought tolerance, nutrient uptake, and the minimization of soil erosion. In Florida, spodosols are the predominant soil order used for forage production and have limited fertility. Micronutrients are essential elements that are required in smaller quantities than macronutrients but are equally as important for proper plant growth and performance. An element can be considered essential for plant growth if a plant fails to complete its life cycle in the absence of the element, the elements action is specific and cannot be completely replaced by another element, it has a direct effect on the organism, or it is a constituent of a molecule that is known to be essential. The objective of this publication is to describe the role of micronutrients in warm-season grass production.

رقیه محمودی, آرین ساطعی, مه لقا قربانلی

در پژوهش انجام شده‌،تغییرات فعالیت آنزیم‌های آنتی اکسیدانت دانه‌های سویا رقم (DPX) در شرایط شوری در مراحل مختلف نمو گیاه از جمله مرحله جوانه‌زنی، دانه‌رستی‌، مرحله رشد رویشی و زایشی گیاه مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. براساس نتایج حاصل در مرحله جوانه‌زنی و دانه‌رستی آنزیم سوپر اکسید دیسموتاز مقاوم  بود وآنزیم‌های پراکسیدازوکاتالاز از آنزیم‌های حساس این مراحل بودند. درمراحل رویشی و زایشی رشد گیاه‌، آنزیم‌های پراکسیدازوآسکوربات پراکسیداز از مقاومت نسبی و آنزیم‌های کاتالاز و سوپراکسیددیسموتاز از جمله آنزیم‌های مقاوم در نظر گرفته شدند. با توجه به نتایج بدست آمده یکی از دلایل حساسیت مراحل جوانه‌زنی و رشد رویشی به تنش شوری را می‌توان حساسیت آنزیم‌های مذکور به غلظت‌های بالای نمک و نیز اثرات سمیت اسمزی ویونی کلرور سدیم دانست.