This review examines Jack Goody’s work The East in the West. Goody challenges the established view that Western civilization is unique and superior, arguing that concepts such as rationality, capitalism, and modern science are not exclusive to the West. The author seeks to refute, through anthropological and historical evidence, the claims put forward by influential thinkers such as Max Weber and Karl Marx that the East was static, resistant to innovation, and backward, arguing that these views are largely based on a Eurocentric perspective. Throughout the book, Goody demonstrates that economic practices such as double-entry bookkeeping, active trade networks, and family structures in Eastern societies did not hinder modernization; on the contrary, he shows that long-standing interactions with the East played an important role in the rise of the West. In conclusion, this work serves as a fundamental source that reminds us of the shared heritage of East and West, deeply challenges Eurocentric historical interpretations, and encourages a reconsideration of intercultural interaction.
Philosophy of religion. Psychology of religion. Religion in relation to other subjects
Abdul Hanan bin Abdul Salam, Nur Syamim Syahirah Mat Hussin
Ismail Raji al-Faruqi’s vision of the Islamization of Knowledge (IoK) has profoundly influenced Malaysia’s education system, shaping both policies and pedagogical approaches. His engagement with Malaysian scholars and political figures, including Syed Naquib al-Attas, Anwar Ibrahim, and Mahathir Mohamad, contributed to integrating Islamic principles into national education. This influence is reflected in the Malaysian National Education Philosophy, which emphasizes holistic development grounded in Islamic values. At the school level, the integration of Islamic studies into general education has been expanded through policies that blend religious and secular knowledge. The establishment of Islamic secondary schools and tahfiz institutions underscores the government’s efforts to develop an education system aligned with Islamic teachings. Additionally, tertiary institutions have introduced Islamic perspectives in various disciplines, including science, law, and economics, aiming to produce professionals guided by ethical and religious principles. Beyond traditional education, al-Faruqi’s influence extends to professional fields such as public health, where Islamic values have been incorporated into medical ethics and healthcare training. However, the implementation of IoK faces challenges, particularly criticisms that non-Western frameworks may not align with global academic standards or local funding priorities. Furthermore, the increasing influence of Western educational models, market-driven policies, and accreditation demands has led to debates over whether the Islamization agenda is being diluted. This paper explores the extent to which al-Faruqi’s IoK principles continue to shape Malaysia’s education system amidst these evolving challenges. It argues that while efforts to integrate Islamic values persist, there is a need for continuous dialogue to balance Islamic epistemology with modern educational demands, ensuring that knowledge remains both relevant and rooted in ethical and spiritual foundations.
The study analyzes the Macarian corpus of homilies from an anthropological perspective. As the author of these parenetic discourses relies on imagery rather than on
terminology, his vocabulary is highly unsystematic. The aim of this article is to highlight the key anthropological concepts of the Macarian corpus and elucidate their meaning. The article consists of three parts: the first explores the Macarian use of anthropological terms such as body, soul, mind, and heart; the second focuses on the interrelation of these concepts, and the third considers the type of anthropology the author of the corpus developed. The analysis is based on the three main Greek collections: I (63 logoi), II (50 homilies), and III (43 discourses). It shows that the meanings of basic anthropological terms are blurred and cannot be determined by definition, but only through context. While their different aspects and nuances are revealed in their interplay, Macarian anthropology should be seen as a holistic one, in which basic anthropological terms usually imply the whole person. The study has also revealed the incomplete character of Macarian anthropology.
Early Christian literature. Fathers of the Church, etc., Philosophy of religion. Psychology of religion. Religion in relation to other subjects
Arbitrarily Applicable Relational Responding (AARR) is a cornerstone of human language and reasoning, referring to the learned ability to relate symbols in flexible, context-dependent ways. In this paper, we present a novel theoretical approach for modeling AARR within an artificial intelligence framework using the Non-Axiomatic Reasoning System (NARS). NARS is an adaptive reasoning system designed for learning under uncertainty. By integrating principles from Relational Frame Theory - the behavioral psychology account of AARR - with the reasoning mechanisms of NARS, we conceptually demonstrate how key properties of AARR (mutual entailment, combinatorial entailment, and transformation of stimulus functions) can emerge from the inference rules and memory structures of NARS. Two theoretical experiments illustrate this approach: one modeling stimulus equivalence and transfer of function, and another modeling complex relational networks involving opposition frames. In both cases, the system logically demonstrates the derivation of untrained relations and context-sensitive transformations of stimulus significance, mirroring established human cognitive phenomena. These results suggest that AARR - long considered uniquely human - can be conceptually captured by suitably designed AI systems, highlighting the value of integrating behavioral science insights into artificial general intelligence (AGI) research.
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) offer a lens for tracking societal change, yet contributions from the social and behavioral sciences have rarely been integrated into policy agendas. To take stock and create a baseline and benchmark for the future, we assemble 233,061 psychology publications (1894 -- 2022) and tag them to the 17 SDGs using a query-based classifier. Health, education, work, inequality, and gender dominate the study of SDGs in psychology, shifting from an early focus on work to education and inequality, and since the 1960s, health. United States-based research leads across most goals. Other countries set distinct priorities (e.g., China: education and work; Australia: health). Women comprise about one-third of authors, concentrated in social and health goals, but have been underrepresented in STEM-oriented goals. The 2015 launch of the SDGs marked a turning point: SDG-tagged publications have been receiving more citations than comparable non-SDG work, reversing a pre-2015 deficit. Tracking the SDGs through psychology clarifies long-run engagement with social priorities, identifies evidence gaps, and guides priorities to accelerate the field's contribution to the SDG agenda.
From 1994, we began to use ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay) in the diagnosis of PCP. This is aELISA for capturing antigens (PACE) possibly contained in the samples. The advantage of this test comes from the fact that it is completelyindependent of cell cultures. In addition, it is fast: the result can be obtained in less than 36 hours. A study of its standardizationcarried out in Australia gave a sensitivity (Se) of 99%, a specificity (Sp) close to 100% and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 99.7%. Due to its high specificity, the test gives a negative result to all true negatives, in other words, the negatives of the test correspond to thetrue negatives. A variant of the capture ELISA, the CTB-ELISA or complex trapping blocking ELISA allows the quantity of antibodies to be measureddirected against the non-structural protein, p80 (or NS3), contained in animal sera. Evaluation of the level of anti-NS3 antibodiesconstitutes an excellent assessment of the level of neutralizing antibodies because the correlation coefficient between these two types of antibodies, the firstobtained by CTB-ELISA, and the second by serum neutralization (VNT), is very high (r = 0.98).The two tests being capable, one of detecting pestiviral antigens and the other of measuring antibodies specific to each of thegroups, constitutes an excellent tool for the qualitative control of anti-CSF vaccine.
Mohammad Amin Abbasi, Farnaz Sadat Mirnezami, Hassan Naderi
This paper explores the intersection of psychology and artificial intelligence through the development and evaluation of specialized Large Language Models (LLMs). We introduce PsychoLex, a suite of resources designed to enhance LLMs' proficiency in psychological tasks in both Persian and English. Key contributions include the PsychoLexQA dataset for instructional content and the PsychoLexEval dataset for rigorous evaluation of LLMs in complex psychological scenarios. Additionally, we present the PsychoLexLLaMA model, optimized specifically for psychological applications, demonstrating superior performance compared to general-purpose models. The findings underscore the potential of tailored LLMs for advancing psychological research and applications, while also highlighting areas for further refinement. This research offers a foundational step towards integrating LLMs into specialized psychological domains, with implications for future advancements in AI-driven psychological practice.
Many books and articles have been written in the past and present about the doubt of contradiction and conflict in the Qur'anic verses, but each of these works have looked at the issue from a different angle and sometimes they have investigated a specific type of doubt and conflict. The claim of literary inconsistency in the Qur'an is It can be in accordance with the reality that is not compatible with the order and style in Arabic poetry and prose. Therefore, it is still necessary to investigate the doubts of contemporary researchers and orientalists about the literary inconsistency of the verses, to count the different types of this doubt and to scrutinize the claims of the claimants of this doubt.this article has compared and analyzed the position of suspicion of some verses of literary incompatibility with common rules in Arabic texts. The findings of this research were as follows; Part of the doubts related to literary inconsistency in the Qur'an is due to the lack of sufficient mastery of the rarely used rules in Arabic poetry and prose, because the literary and rhetorical rules of the Qur'an are composed of two general and specialized parts, the general part of which is widely used and the specialized part of which includes exceptions and few rules. It is used. Its less used part is common and customary in Arabic poems and texts. The common composition and order in many of the ambiguous verses of literary suspense correspond to the rarely used and elegant rules in Arabic poetry and prose. It is obvious that the critics of the Quran have set only the general rules of Arabic literature as the criteria for literary inconsistency in the verses of the Quran.
Philosophy of religion. Psychology of religion. Religion in relation to other subjects
This study aims to examine the philosophical life values of the Manggarai people in Western Flores, which are reflected in the proverbs of the Manggarai language (Go'et). Go'et is an oral literature that contains the values that govern the life of the Manggarai people. This study uses a qualitative descriptive approach design involving semantics theory to interpret the meaning of Go'et. The data in this study were obtained by conducting in-depth interviews with one of the Manggarai community leaders with the initials AW (52) and secondary data available on the Manggarai Nuca Lale website. The data obtained were then validated using the Indonesian-Mangarai dictionary to find samples that fit this study. Nine data are relevant to the scope of this study based on the results of data collection that have been done. From the data found, the researcher concluded that there are three central values in go'et which contain advice and instructions for living a life under the norms that apply to the Manggarai community, such as unity, Manners and Wisdom, and passion and hard work. These findings are consistent with the fact that the Manggarai people uphold the values of unity, cooperation, and harmony among community members.
Bu araştırmada 4-6 yaş Kur’an kursu programında bulunan Allah, dua, sevgi adalet, saygı gibi soyut kavramların öğretiminde yaşanan problemlerin ve bu kavramların öğretimini etkileyen faktörlerin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu çerçevede araştırmanın temel problemi “4-6 yaş Kur’an kursu öğretim programındaki soyut kavramların öğretimi nasıl yapılmaktadır?” olarak belirlenmiştir. Araştırma, nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden durum çalışmasına göre tasarlanmıştır. Çalışma grubu ‘Kadrolu 4-6 yaş Kur’an Kursu öğreticileri’ olarak belirlenmiştir. Veri toplama aracı olarak yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formu kullanılmıştır. Görüşmeler deşifre edilerek içerik analizine tabi tutulmuştur. Araştırma sonucuna göre soyut kavramların öğretiminde yaşanan problem kavram yanılgısıdır. Bununla birlikte soyut kavramların öğretimini olumlu ve olumsuz etkileyen faktörler vardır. Olumlu etkileyen faktörler; hazır bulunuşluk, kullanılan yöntem ve materyaller, akran öğretimi, öğretici-aile iletişimi, kurum içi iş birliği ve hizmet içi eğitimdir. Olumsuz etkileyen faktörler ise yaş (gelişim seviyesi), öğretici yeterliliği, program ünite dağılımı, materyal eksikliği ve sosyal çevredir (aile, arkadaş ve medya). Bunlar doğrultusunda 4-6 yaş Kur’an kursu öğreticilerine, alan uzmanları tarafından soyut kavramların öğretimini konu alan hizmet içi eğitim, seminer ve konferansların verilmesi ve kaynak program olan İlahiyat Fakültelerinde de 4-6 yaş Kur’an kursu programını ve 4-6 yaş gelişim özelliklerini temele alan seçmeli ders ve staj uygulamalarının eklenmesi önerilmektedir.
Philosophy. Psychology. Religion, Philosophy of religion. Psychology of religion. Religion in relation to other subjects
NLP datasets are richer than just input-output pairs; rather, they carry causal relations between the input and output variables. In this work, we take sentiment classification as an example and look into the causal relations between the review (X) and sentiment (Y). As psychology studies show that language can affect emotion, different psychological processes are evoked when a person first makes a rating and then self-rationalizes their feeling in a review (where the sentiment causes the review, i.e., Y -> X), versus first describes their experience, and weighs the pros and cons to give a final rating (where the review causes the sentiment, i.e., X -> Y ). Furthermore, it is also a completely different psychological process if an annotator infers the original rating of the user by theory of mind (ToM) (where the review causes the rating, i.e., X -ToM-> Y ). In this paper, we verbalize these three causal mechanisms of human psychological processes of sentiment classification into three different causal prompts, and study (1) how differently they perform, and (2) what nature of sentiment classification data leads to agreement or diversity in the model responses elicited by the prompts. We suggest future work raise awareness of different causal structures in NLP tasks. Our code and data are at https://github.com/cogito233/psych-causal-prompt
Despite its apparent complexity, our world seems to be governed by simple laws of physics. This volume provides a philosophical introduction to such laws. I explain how they are connected to some of the central issues in philosophy, such as ontology, possibility, explanation, induction, counterfactuals, time, determinism, and fundamentality. I suggest that laws are fundamental facts that govern the world by constraining its physical possibilities. I examine three hallmarks of laws--simplicity, exactness, and objectivity--and discuss whether and how they may be associated with laws of physics.
Capitalizing on the enthusiasm about space science in the general public, our goal as an interdisciplinary group of scholars is to design and teach a new team-taught interdisciplinary course, "Philosophy and Science of Space Exploration (PoSE)" at the University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA) where we currently teach. We believe that this course will not only help overcome disciplinary silos to advance our understanding of space and critically examine its ethical ramifications, but also will better educate the public on how science works and help overcome the science skepticism that has unfortunately become more prominent in recent years. In what follows, we first juxtapose two seemingly contradictory trends: increased interest in space science on the one hand and increased skepticism about and distrust in science on the other. We then turn to how our anticipated Philosophy and Science of Space Exploration (PoSE) course will develop tools that could dismantle distrust in science while also enhancing the scientific and philosophical understandings of space science. We explain the content and the questions we will examine in POSE and conclude with how we will measure our success and progress.
Amr Hendy, Mohamed Abdelghaffar, Mohamed Afify
et al.
This paper presents Domain-Specific Sub-network (DoSS). It uses a set of masks obtained through pruning to define a sub-network for each domain and finetunes the sub-network parameters on domain data. This performs very closely and drastically reduces the number of parameters compared to finetuning the whole network on each domain. Also a method to make masks unique per domain is proposed and shown to greatly improve the generalization to unseen domains. In our experiments on German to English machine translation the proposed method outperforms the strong baseline of continue training on multi-domain (medical, tech and religion) data by 1.47 BLEU points. Also continue training DoSS on new domain (legal) outperforms the multi-domain (medical, tech, religion, legal) baseline by 1.52 BLEU points.
Pod koniec III wieku rozpoczyna się ruch monastyczny zainicjowany przez św. Antoniego, Powstała w ten sposób nowa forma ascezy charakteryzująca się zerwaniem ze światem, społeczeństwem: anachoreza, czyli pustelnictwo. Odtąd życie pustelników ma być pełne wyrzeczeń, na które składają się post, wstrzemięźliwość seksualna, modlitwa i praca, ale też milczenie. Wierzono bowiem, że tylko w ciszy brat otrzyma szansę na spotkanie Boga, usłyszenia Jego Słowa i tym samym wkroczy w Jego tajemnicę, a potem będzie mógł innych do tej tajemnicy doprowadzić, dzięki potędze swej miłości i pokory. Milczenie, zachowanie ciszy, powstrzymywanie się przed uwolnieniem słów były niezwykle ważnymi i częstymi tematami podejmowanymi przez Ojców Pustyni w ich apoftegmatach. Celem niniejszych rozważań jest zwrócenie uwagi na pewien rodzaj napięcia między milczeniem a mową, a właściwie konkretnymi przypadkami wypowiadanych słów, przez Ojców Pustyni nazywanych „złym słowem”, którego należało się wystrzegać nade wszystko, a za które każdorazowo uznawano m. in. obmowę, osądzanie i narzekanie. Zostaną wskazane różne rozumienia zachowania milczenia w kontekście powstrzymania się od ww. nadużyć oraz w celu zbudowania duchowego młodszego pokolenia mnichów.
Early Christian literature. Fathers of the Church, etc., Philosophy of religion. Psychology of religion. Religion in relation to other subjects
There is a deeply entrenched view in philosophy and physics, the closed systems view, according to which isolated systems are conceived of as fundamental. On this view, when a system is under the influence of its environment this is described in terms of a coupling between it and a separate system which taken together are isolated. We argue against this view, and in favor of the alternative open systems view, for which systems interacting with their environment are conceived of as fundamental, and the environment's influence is represented via the dynamical equations that govern the system's evolution. Taking quantum theories of closed and open systems as our case study, and considering three alternative notions of fundamentality: (i)~ontic fundamentality, (ii)~epistemic fundamentality, and (iii)~explanatory fundamentality, we argue that the open systems view is fundamental, and that this has important implications for the philosophy of physics, the philosophy of science, and for metaphysics.
Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify the important determinants responsible for the variation in women's attitude towards intimate partner violence (IPV). Methods: A nationally representative Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 2014 data of 17,863 women is used to address the research questions. In the study, two response variables are constructed from the five attitude questions, and a series of individual and community-level predictors are tested. The preliminary statistical methods employed in the study include univariate and bivariate distributions, while the adopted statistical models include binary logistic, ordinal logistic, mixed-effects multilevel logistic models for each response variable, and finally, the generalized ordinal logistic regression. Results: Statistical analyses reveal that among the individual-level independent variables age at first marriage, respondent's education, decision score, religion, NGO membership, access to information, husband's education, normalized wealth score, and division indicator have significant effects on the women's attitude towards IPV. Among the three community-level variables, only the mean decision score is found significant in lowering the likelihood. Conclusions: It is evident that other than religion, NGO membership, and division indicator, the higher the value of the variable, the lower the likelihood of justifying IPV. However, being a Muslim, NGO member, and resident of other divisions, women are found more tolerant of IPV from their respective counterparts. These findings suggest the government, policymakers, practitioners, academicians, and all other stakeholders to work on the significant determinants to divert women's wrong attitude towards IPV, and thus help to take away this deep-rooted problem from society.