Hasil untuk "Philosophy (General)"

Natàlia Fort, Anaïs Orobitg

Mark Rubin

One justification for preregistering research hypotheses, methods, and analyses is that it improves the transparent evaluation of the severity of hypothesis tests. In this article, I consider two cases in which preregistration does not improve this evaluation. First, I argue that, although preregistration may facilitate the transparent evaluation of severity in Mayo's error statistical philosophy of science, it does not facilitate this evaluation in Popper's theory-centric approach. To illustrate, I show that associated concerns about Type I error rate inflation are only relevant in the error statistical approach and not in a theory-centric approach. Second, I argue that a test procedure that is preregistered but that also allows deviations in its implementation (i.e., "a plan, not a prison") does not provide a more transparent evaluation of Mayoian severity than a non-preregistered procedure. In particular, I argue that sample-based validity-enhancing deviations cause an unknown inflation of the test procedure's Type I error rate and, consequently, an unknown reduction in its capability to license inferences severely. I conclude that preregistration does not improve the transparent evaluation of severity (a) in Popper's philosophy of science or (b) in Mayo's approach when deviations are allowed.

Marcel Böhme

Research in cybersecurity may seem reactive, specific, ephemeral, and indeed ineffective. Despite decades of innovation in defense, even the most critical software systems turn out to be vulnerable to attacks. Time and again. Offense and defense forever on repeat. Even provable security, meant to provide an indubitable guarantee of security, does not stop attackers from finding security flaws. As we reflect on our achievements, we are left wondering: Can security be solved once and for all? In this paper, we take a philosophical perspective and develop the first theory of cybersecurity that explains what precisely and *fundamentally* prevents us from making reliable statements about the security of a software system. We substantiate each argument by demonstrating how the corresponding challenge is routinely exploited to attack a system despite credible assurances about the absence of security flaws. To make meaningful progress in the presence of these challenges, we introduce a philosophy of cybersecurity.

Matthias Gegenwart

This paper analyses, if the Intertemporal Guarantee of Freedom, that was developed by the German Federal Constitutional Court (GFCC), can be used to expand the protection of human rights against the harms of climate change. The case of the Swiss Senior Women shows that there are jurisdictions, where the Intertemporal Guarantee of Freedom could be applied to improve standing and the control standard of states’ climate change action. Within international law bodies with jurisdiction over human rights treaties there are distinctive standards of protection against the harms of climate change. A major deficit within the international human rights protection against climate change lies within the focus on the positive obligations and the corresponding wide margin of appreciation granted to the states. The Intertemporal Guarantee of Freedom could provide a protection expansion in this regard, especially in the case of the European Court of Human Rights. It could also enable and legitimise present human rights concerns focused on the future actions of states following their past inaction. One considerable hurdle that is not addressed by it are procedural hurdles like the Plaumann formula applied by the European Court of Justice. The Intertemporal Guarantee of Freedom cannot solve major problems for climate change litigation like procedural hurdles. Yet, it can provide a new approach for complaints to address unambitious mitigation legislation which will lead to future human rights infringements.

Ann Strode, Zaynab Essack

Abstract Background The South African legal framework requires mandatory parental/legal guardian consent for all research with children. Ethics guidelines provide some reprieve by allowing RECs to grant waivers of parental or guardianship consent in certain defined circumstances. In the first instance, consent may be provided by a proxy when parents or guardians are unavailable, for example with orphaned children. In the second instance, guidelines permit adolescent self-consent when the nature of the study justifies this approach, for example, research on sensitive issues like sexual behaviour or substance use. Discussion South African guidelines set several conditions that must be met for waivers to be granted. These norms overlap with those in international guidelines. However, the ethical norms, especially related to self-consent are sometimes vague. This article critically evaluates the consent norms in the national ethics guidelines and makes recommendations for reform to ethics guidelines in a way that recognises the value of child participation in research, their evolving decision-making capacity and their best interests. Conclusion Recommendations are made to harmonise ethics guidelines and law in a way that promotes child participation in research, to ensure additional protections for adolescents when self-consent is allowed, and to withdraw procedural requirements for the community endorsement of self-consent strategies.

William J. Wolf, Karim P. Y. Thébault

We develop and apply a multi-dimensional account of explanatory depth towards a comparative analysis of inflationary and bouncing paradigms in primordial cosmology. Our analysis builds on earlier work due to Azhar and Loeb (2021) that establishes initial conditions fine-tuning as a dimension of explanatory depth relevant to debates in contemporary cosmology. We propose dynamical fine-tuning and autonomy as two further dimensions of depth in the context of problems with instability and trans-Planckian modes that afflict bouncing and inflationary approaches respectively. In the context of the latter issue, we argue that the recently formulated trans-Planckian censorship conjecture leads to a trade-off for inflationary models between dynamical fine-tuning and autonomy. We conclude with the suggestion that explanatory preference with regard to the different dimensions of depth is best understood in terms of differing attitudes towards heuristics for future model building.

José Soares das Chagas

O escopo deste artigo é duplo. Primeiro, pretende apresentar um panorama histórico e contextual de implantação da nova Base Comum Curricular (BNCC) para o ensino básico sobretudo no que diz respeito à filosofia como componente curricular. Segundo, diante deste cenário de reforma da educação básica e da pedagogia oficial das competências e habilidades, objetiva propor uma filosofia da educação inspirada em Spinoza que aponte e oriente uma pedagogia onde o acompanhamento didático do erro é o ponto de partida da prática docente. Para tanto, dividimos este artigo em duas partes: na primeira, desenhamos o mapa legal onde se insere o ensino de filosofia; na segunda, discutimos os princípios da teoria do conhecimento spinozano no sentido de uma construção e justificação de uma pedagogia do acompanhamento do erro. Com isso, entendemos que a formulação de uma pedagogia inspirada em Spinoza é uma (dentre muitas outras) resposta possível e plausível para às exigências da BNCC, já que a emenda do intelecto pode ser entendida como uma “transcompetência” e, portanto, servir de referência para todas as competências propostas.

Pablo Uriel Rodríguez

El presente artículo discute la obra pseudónima de Kierkegaard “El reflejo de lo trágico antiguo en lo trágico moderno”. El joven esteta A traza una distinción entre la “culpa antigua” y la “culpa moderna”. A utiliza esta distinción para formular una potente crítica a la ética moderna. No obstante, dicha polémica contra los conceptos éticos de la Modernidad no implican un retorno a la moralidad trágica antigua.

Feyza Demir Çiçek

Bu çalışma Armand Maurer'in Ortaçağ Felsefesi isimli eserinin Nicolaus Cusanus bölümü tercümesidir. Nicholas Krebs, Nicholas of Kues olarak da anılan Cusanus, Rönesans hümanizminin ilk savunucularından on beşinci yüzyıl Alman filozofu ve teoloğudur. Maurer'in adı geçen eserindeki "Nicholas of Cusa" bölümü Cusanus felsefesinin genel bir özeti mahiyetindedir.

Ali Yeganeh, Ahmad Kamrani Far, Mohammad Reza Gholi Zadeh

Abstract:Although by the end of the first century AD the Mediterranean Sea had become a purely Roman sea, in later periods following the rise of the Sassanid, as they sought to reclaim the lands of their ancestors, this empire's confrontation with Byzantium became inevitable. By developing and consolidating their dominance over the political-commercial sphere of the Persian Gulf, Sassanid held an important part of the main transportation and trade axes of the ancient world. This was while on the borders of the other two areas, namely from Mesopotami to the eastern shores of the Mediterranean and the general area of the Caucasus, with their aggressive policy, they had a serious competition with the Byzantines, which was to get the main home, the conflicting ligaments.This research intends to deal with the main causes and factors of the Iran-Byzantine conflict between the Mediterranean Sea and the Persian Gulf by descriptive-analytical method. In order to answer this question, the geopolitical and commercial-economic importance of the disputed areas is discussed. It will also show how the geopolitical position of these lands led the two great powers of that time into a series of land and sea battles.

Young Niki

Object-Oriented Ontology (OOO) is a contemporary form of realism concerned with the investigation of “objects” broadly construed. It may be characterised in terms of a metaphysical pluralism to the extent that it recognises infinitely many different kinds of emergent entities, and this fact in turn leads to a number of questions concerning the nature of objects and emergence in OOO: what is the precise meaning of an emergent entity in OOO? How has emergence been denied throughout the history of Western thought? Is there a specific object-oriented account of emergence? What is the causal mechanism which provides the conditions of possibility for the generation of emergent entities? In this article, I aim to answer all these questions by constructing the first extensive account of real emergence in the context of Object-Oriented Ontology, and I also seek to tie this analysis to the notion of “vicarious” or indirect causation.

Badis Ydri

In this essay a quantum-dualistic, perspectival and synchronistic interpretation of quantum mechanics is further developed in which the classical world-from-decoherence which is perceived (decoherence) and the perceived world-in-consciousness which is classical (collapse) are not necessarily identified. Thus, Quantum Reality or "{\it unus mundus}" is seen as both i) a physical non-perspectival causal Reality where the quantum-to-classical transition is operated by decoherence, and as ii) a quantum linear superposition of all classical psycho-physical perspectival Realities which are governed by synchronicity as well as causality (corresponding to classical first-person observes who actually populate the world). This interpretation is termed the Nietzsche-Jung-Pauli interpretation and is a re-imagining of the Wigner-von Neumann interpretation which is also consistent with some reading of Bohr's quantum philosophy.

Yves Krumenacker

Allan L. Alinea, Takahiro Kubota

Primordial cosmological perturbations are the seeds that were cultivated by inflation and the succeeding dynamical processes, eventually leading to the current Universe. In this work, we investigate the behavior of the gauge-invariant scalar and tensor perturbations under the general extended disformal transformation, namely, $g_{μν} \rightarrow A(X,Y,Z)g_{μν} + Φ_μΦ_ν$, where $X \equiv -\tfrac{1}{2}φ^{;μ}φ_{;μ}, Y \equiv φ^{;μ}X_{;μ}, Z \equiv X^{;μ}X_{;μ} $ and $Φ_μ\equiv Cφ_{;μ} + DX_{;μ}$, with $C$ and $D$ being a general functional of $(φ,X,Y,Z)$. We find that the tensor perturbation is invariant under this transformation. On the other hand, the scalar curvature perturbation receives a correction due the conformal term only; it is independent of the disformal term at least up to linear order. Within the framework of the full Horndeski theory, the correction terms turn out to depend linearly on the gauge-invariant comoving density perturbation and the first time-derivative thereof. In the superhorizon limit, all these correction terms vanish, leaving only the original scalar curvature perturbation. In other words, it is invariant under the general extended disformal transformation in the superhorizon limit, in the context of full Horndeski theory. Our work encompasses a chain of research studies on the transformation or invariance of the primordial cosmological perturbations, generalizing their results under our general extended disformal transformation.

Eduardo C. Garrido-Merchán, Martin Molina, Francisco M. Mendoza

This work seeks to study the beneficial properties that an autonomous agent can obtain by implementing a cognitive architecture similar to the one of conscious beings. Along this document, a conscious model of autonomous agent based in a global workspace architecture is presented. We describe how this agent is viewed from different perspectives of philosophy of mind, being inspired by their ideas. The goal of this model is to create autonomous agents able to navigate within an environment composed of multiple independent magnitudes, adapting to its surroundings in order to find the best possible position in base of its inner preferences. The purpose of the model is to test the effectiveness of many cognitive mechanisms that are incorporated, such as an attention mechanism for magnitude selection, pos-session of inner feelings and preferences, usage of a memory system to storage beliefs and past experiences, and incorporating a global workspace which controls and integrates information processed by all the subsystem of the model. We show in a large experiment set how an autonomous agent can benefit from having a cognitive architecture such as the one described.

Michael te Vrugt

Thermodynamics has a clear arrow of time, characterized by the irreversible approach to equilibrium. This stands in contrast to the laws of microscopic theories, which are invariant under time-reversal. Foundational discussions of this "problem of irreversibility" often focus on historical considerations, and do therefore not take results of modern physical research on this topic into account. In this article, I will close this gap by studying the implications of dynamical density functional theory (DDFT), a central method of modern nonequilibrium statistical mechanics not previously considered in philosophy of physics, for this debate. For this purpose, the philosophical discussion of irreversibility is structured into five problems, concerned with the source of irreversibility in thermodynamics, the definition of equilibrium and entropy, the justification of coarse-graining, the approach to equilibrium and the arrow of time. For each of these problems, it is shown that DDFT provides novel insights that are of importance for both physicists and philosophers of physics.

Nataliia Semerhei

The article deals with an analysis of educational aspects of the Ukrainian national context of Ukrainization of the 1920s from the perspective of studying the historiography of the issue. The author focuses on historiographical sources and scientific statements of historical, historico-pedagogical and cultural studies of the prerequisites, content, features and civilizational dimension of the educational aspect of Ukrainization as a broad policy in relation to the institutionalization and development of education, Ukrainian by nature and content. The article draws attention to coverage by historians of reforming problems of school education of that time, their analysis of ways for providing schools with required Ukrainian literature. It is pointed out that historians put an emphasis on the fact that despite its ideological foundations (efforts to implant Bolshevik power) the results of Ukrainization were related to building up the nation and state. It is stated that the current historiographical process looking into the educational dimension of Ukrainization is represented by a wide spectrum of scientific works which range of subject interests allows to highlight Ukrainization of educational space of that time as a holistic and system process which content was underpinned by objective conditions and was well thought-out and logical. The article outlines some prospects of examining the educational dimension of Ukrainization and draws attention to the value of its implementation experience in the context of the development of the modern education system of Ukraine.

Cato Wittusen

Sammendrag Denne artikkelen diskuterer Alejandro González Iñárritus installasjon Carne y Arena (Virtually present, Physically invisible) fra 2017 i lys av Stanley Cavells ontologiske undersøkelser av filmmediet. Installasjonens VR-sekvens reiser filosofiske spørsmål når det gjelder våre forestillinger om nærvær og fravær. Cavells filosofiske undersøkelser, som tok utgangspunkt i filmen som et analogt medium, er relevante for å undersøke opplevelser muliggjort av nye digitale audiovisuelle teknologier.

Sudipta Sarkar

Black holes have often provided profound insights into the nature of gravity and the structure of space-time. The study of the mathematical properties of black objects is a major research theme of contemporary theoretical physics. This review presents a comprehensive survey of the various versions of the first law and second law of black hole mechanics in general relativity and beyond. The emphasis is to understand how these laws can constrain the physics beyond general relativity.

Daniel Blixt, Manuel Hohmann, Martin Krššák et al.

It is known that one can formulate an action in teleparallel gravity which is equivalent to general relativity, up to a boundary term. In this geometry we have vanishing curvature, and non-vanishing torsion. The action is constructed by three different contractions of torsion with specific coefficients. By allowing these coefficients to be arbitrary we get the theory which is called `new general relativity'. In this note, the Lagrangian for new general relativity is written down in ADM-variables. In order to write down the Hamiltonian we need to invert the velocities to canonical variables. However, the inversion depends on the specific combination of constraints satisfied by the theory (which depends on the coefficients in the Lagrangian). It is found that one can combine these constraints in 9 different ways to obtain non-trivial theories, each with a different inversion formula.