Hasil untuk "Oriental languages and literatures"

Arsen K. Shahinyan

This article, based on primary sources mainly in ancient languages of the Christian East, examines the prerequisites, causes and consequences of the council of “all bishops from the borders of the East and Assyria,” convened by the king of kings of Sassanian Iran Khosrow II Parviz (590–628) in his capital Ctesiphon. Among the multi-genre sources are narrative monuments, epistolary documents, synodal materials, and collections containing theological texts from the 7th century. The author criticizes the numerous versions of the dating of this council proposed in scientific and reference publications and demonstrates that it was convened immediately after the capture of Jerusalem and the Cross of the Lord by the Sassanian army in May 614. The author also reconstructs the list of the main participants of the synod from among the highest clergy of the countries of the Christian East subject to the Sassanians’ and occupied by them during the Byzantine war of 603–628, two guardians from among the highest secular nobility of Iran, restores the agenda and the adopted historical resolution. He has talking about the Shāhanshāh’s decree, which legally formalized the «Armenian Creed» as a mandatory religious doctrine for all Christian subjects. Therefore, the author, for the first time in oriental literature, designated this council as the “All-Persian Synod of Christians.” He devotes special attention to the Christological controversy between the Syrian Nestorians and the Monophysites, which ended in the defeat of the first party, and the controversy between the supporters and opponents of the Fourth Ecumenical Council (Chalcedon, 451), which ended in the victory of the second party.

نهلة عبدالرحمن أحمد سليمان

تسعى هذه الدراسة إلى الكشف عن التشاكل والتباين، في قصيدة (يا صحراء) للشاعر غازي القصيبي، والبحث عن آلياتهما فيها، مستعينة بالمنهج الأسلوبي في تناول الموضوع، وقد اقتضت طبيعة الدراسة، والمنهج المتبع، أن يتم تقسيمها إلى مقدمة وتمهيد وثلاثة مباحث، ثم خاتمة. تضمّن التمهيد الحديث عن مفهومي التشاكل والتباين، في حين درس المبحث الأول: التشاكل والتباين في المستوى الصوتي، وتناول المبحث الثاني: التشاكل والتباين في المستوى التركيبي، ودرس المبحث الثالث: التشاكل والتباين في المستوى الدلالي، وتوصلت الدراسة إلى جملة من النتائج لعل أهمها ما يأتي: وظف الشاعر أسلوبي الخبر والإنشاء في قصيدته، وقد كانت الأساليب الخبرية هي الطاغية على القصيدة أكثر من الأساليب الإنشائية؛ لحاجة الشاعر للتعبير عن مشاعره تجاه وطنه بطريقة واضحة، لا تحتمل التأويل. على الرغم من ورود الإثبات أكثر من النفي، والخبر أكثر من الإنشاء، والجمل الفعلية أكثر من الاسمية، فإن التباين بين كل منها قد عزز من فك رموز القصيدة، وأوضح مراد الشاعر منها. يحفل المعجم الشعري في القصيدة بالألفاظ الموحية بالحزن والانكسار، مما يكشف عن نفسية الشاعر، ويوضح بواطن النص وما يحتويه من مشاعر، سيطرت عليه، وأبانت عن حزن وألـم واضطراب.

Anders Søgaard

Most, if not all, philosophers agree that computers cannot learn what words refers to from raw text alone. While many attacked Searle’s Chinese Room thought experiment, no one seemed to question this most basic assumption. For how can computers learn something that is not in the data? Emily Bender and Alexander Koller ( 2020 ) recently presented a related thought experiment—the so-called Octopus thought experiment, which replaces the rule-based interlocutor of Searle’s thought experiment with a neural language model. The Octopus thought experiment was awarded a best paper prize and was widely debated in the AI community. Again, however, even its fiercest opponents accepted the premise that what a word refers to cannot be induced in the absence of direct supervision. I will argue that what a word refers to is  probably learnable from raw text alone. Here’s why: higher-order concept co-occurrence statistics are stable across languages and across modalities, because language use (universally) reflects the world we live in (which is relatively stable). Such statistics are sufficient to establish what words refer to. My conjecture is supported by a literature survey, a thought experiment, and an actual experiment.

Ne, Nandy Intan Kurnia, B. Nurgiyantoro et al.

This research examines the issue of adults’ domination of children, and also children empowerment in Kinney’s Diary of a Wimpy Kid (2007). The study framework is developed using Nodelman’s orientalism in children’s literature (1992), Anshori’s children empowerment (2016), and Kurnia et al. (2021) power relations in children’s literature. The research data were in the form of multimodal data related to adults’ domination of children. Analysis is done with the basis of Halliday’s (1978) interpersonal metafunction, in particular the system of Attitude. Analysis of visual interactive meaning by Kress and Van Leeuwen (2006) is also employed. The research found out that while adults exercise domination over children by controlling, ignoring, oppressing, and threatening, children show refusal to adults’ domination and show empowerment through their bravery, knowledge and idea, unselfishness, and empathy. This research also highlights that these issues might not be apparent while being a pervasive issue in children’s literature. Therefore, more egalitarian children literary works are needed to make children literature a safe space for its readers and not a ground to exercise power and instill ideology by adults. Keywords: Domination, Children’s empowerment, Children’s literature, Graphic novel, Power relations

F. Orsini

This essay reflects on the paradox of how the twenty-first-century opening up of comparative literature to non-Western literatures under the aegis of world literature has coincided with the age of global Anglophone and the virtual minoritization of all non-Anglophone literatures. This is a remarkably different outcome from earlier globalized conjunctures – of orientalism and empire, or decolonization and the Cold War. This essay argues that a comparison with the dynamics of those earlier moments can bring into relief the difference of the current Anglocentric position – a position that assumes that anything not already visible in English is probably not worth knowing. The second half of the essay moves beyond a comparative critique of these practices of invisibilization and illustrates five of the many ways of looking at the minor that are at the heart of this special issue. These are: the cultivation of an attitude of curiosity and a sense of unknowing; a robust use of the traditionally disparaged practice of indirect translations; a strong and explicitly avowed political interest; the cultivation of a multilingual sensibility; and, lastly, the active signalling of literary works and worlds beyond English in Anglophone works. This last practice goes beyond exhibiting traces of other languages, either explicitly or implicitly. The essay develops one example of Anglophone world literature that does not minoritize other literatures and in that way cuts across traditional vertical accounts of the relation between major and minor: the writings of English and Urdu writer Aamer Hussein, which actively works in traces and references to other language texts and traditions, and features characters who live across language worlds and are nourished by different literary traditions. By discussing alternative modes of reading, translation, circulation, and writing, the essay explores the interplay between critical and aesthetic discourses of minority.

D. A. Maryasis, E. Iakimova

From an analysis of Russian, Israeli, Japanese, and various English-language sources, the authors conclude that this paper is one of the few studies on the topic of Japanese-Israeli relations in the field of Oriental studies. In particular, in Russian Oriental studies, this is the first article focusing on Japanese-Israeli relations. The authors aim not only to trace the dynamics of bilateral relations in socio-political and economic aspects but also to identify the reasons for their complex history. The study also explores potential future developments.This goal has shaped the article’s structure. It includes a literature review, an examination of cooperation prerequisites, an analysis of political and economic components, and a conclusion.The study’s analysis of historical factors, primarily the Japanese Empire’s attitude towards Jewry, reveals that no significant obstacles existed before diplomatic relations were established to hinder current bilateral and multilateral interaction. Moreover, Japan’s Prime Minister Abe Shinzō relied on positive past experiences to foster increased contacts between Tokyo and Jerusalem.Economic considerations and dependence on external energy resources have played a crucial role in the political and diplomatic sphere for both states. This has led Japanese authorities to maintain a balanced course in the Middle East. Over time, the significance of this task has grown as Tokyo seeks to enhance its international status, particularly within the UN and its specialized agencies.In the realm of economic cooperation, internal crises and differing economic models have hindered progress for a considerable period. However, the distinctive national economies and entrepreneurial cultures of Japan and Israel now present significant opportunities for collaboration.

نعمات إدريس محمد سعيد عمر

This systematic review examines strategies for designing AI-enhanced language learning environments anchored in collaborative partnerships between humans and AI. The review involved searching multiple databases for relevant literature published between 2000-2023, applying inclusion/exclusion criteria, and coding articles according to a predefined scheme. A total of 10 studies were identified that addressed guidelines for structuring roles, coordinating AI with human priorities, assessing user perceptions, applying AI to personalized learning, or leveraging AI capabilities while maintaining central human involvement. Key findings indicate guidelines emphasize delineating roles between humans and AI through frameworks balancing autonomy and expertise. Techniques show potential for aligning AI with human input, though ensuring real-world coordination requires ongoing refinement. Research underscores generally positive user perceptions depending on individual attributes and initial adoption intentions. Personalized learning through AI modeling emerges as promising when guided by educators. Designing AI to enhance rather than replace teachers emphasizes collaborative problem-solving. Findings offer guidance on thoughtful AI integration respecting people as learning relationships evolve. Continued investigation refining coordinated approaches across contexts could help realize equitable AI-augmented models optimizing outcomes through empowered human partnerships as technologies progress. This provides direction for responsibly advancing the field to maximize AI's contributions to language education.

Billie Jean Collins, Giulia Torri

The tablet collections from Ḫattuša-Bogazköy contain a significant body of Hittite prayer literature. Particularly notable are personal prayers, arkuwar, made by Hittite rulers to the gods for support in historical contexts. These prayers reveal intricate rhetorical structures. While personal prayers are extensively studied, a comprehensive analysis of prayers across text genres is yet to be undertaken. This paper discusses prayers as speech acts within rituals, the structure of Hittite incantations, the relationship between orality and scribal craft, and the significance of Hittite magic traditions in the ancient Near Eastern and Mediterranean worlds.

Mohamad Momeni, Shaker Amery, Sadeq Askari et al.

Muhammad Saeed Al Mansouri focused his poetry on the Prophet’s Famely, praise and lament. Among the poetry of lamentation, we chose the poem “After the Prophet” in the lamentation of Mrs. Fatima Al-Zahra (AS), in order to analyze it artistically, depending on the stylistic approach, focusing in our research on the phonetic level, which is represented in the external music, where we showed the poetic meter and its slips, and rhyme and its letters, especially the letter Al-Rawi and its vowels, and the internal music, as we stopped at the creative arts and repetition in all its forms. The research concluded that the poet was successful in his choice of the Al-Kamil meter, with a lot of benefit from the slithering and broken hamza in the narration of his poem, as the coming of the broken narrator suggests a broken psychological state, introverted on itself because of the kasra and the letter (yaa) that extends to the poet used the arts of anaphora and repetition to give his poetry a sound energy that helps to enhance the meanings of Zahra’s grief. He used  three kinds of anaphora and repeated the words in three forms: The unverbal repetition to emphesise that the sorrow in Zahra’s heart is the same illness that killed her, the verbal repetition that is not for emphasis at all, but rather to find an additional meaning for an arithmetic purpose, and the repetition of the word verbally and meaningly, represented by the repetition of the words of sadness and crying to suggest the strong presence of the case of Zahra in the mind of the poet, because it is the basic element on which the text is built, as it reveals the desire of the poet. In the whispered sounds of which it is repeated (137 letters), the letter Taa (38 times) and Haa (37 times) are repeated, while the letter Lam (75 times) and Mim (46 times) are repeated in the voiced sounds. Extended summaryIntroductionThe poet Muhammad Saeed Al Mansouri focused his poetry; Praise and lamentation, on the Ahlulbait (Relatives of the Prophet). We have chosen from among the poetry of lamentation the poem “After the Prophet” in lamentation of Lady Fatima al-Zahra (AS), in order to analyze it artistically, relying on the stylistic approach, focusing our research on the audio level represented in external and internal music.The necessity and importance of the research lies in the lack of a study of this poem. From the artistic aspect, we therefore sought to shed light on it in order to answer the following two questions: What are the vocal characteristics that were evident in this poem? How were these characteristics manifested across the phonetic levels in the text? The goal of the research is to analyze the poem phonetically in an attempt to reveal the beauties in it through the stylistic approach, and we will not neglect the statistical approach. Materials & MethodsIn this study, we adopted the stylistic approach and used the statistical approach. We studied the external music, which is represented by meter, shifts, and vowels, and then we studied the poem’s rhyme; Its letters and vowels, then internal music. This poem that we are about to study is a vertical poem in the form of Alkamil meter.Stylistic phenomena in the poem The Breastfeeding Widow by Al-Rusafi by Kawakib Karim Ghafoor (2019), in which she studied the stylistic features in this distinguished poem, such as the vocal aspect and the graphic and rhetorical aspect. The study concluded that repetition of all kinds is important in emphasizing the poet’s endeavor to convey his ideas, in addition to the phenomena of (compositional shift) and (pictorial shift), which include simile, metaphor, trope, and other graphic images used by the poet.The article titled “The Poem of Al-Zahra (AS): A stylistic study” by Zainab Ali Kazem (2021) focused on the poet’s poetic language by researching the phonetic, syntactic, and semantic levels in the poem. The results showed multiple patterns of shift in the poem between compositional and substitution, as well as a large number of shifts and defects in it at the phonetic level. The poem is full of meaning and inspiration, and it combines simplicity and clarity with excellence in the graphic style based on the skillful choice of structures and sounds.Research findingsThe studied poem is from the complete, complete, and multiplied sea. Perhaps the poet's resort to implicitness with such intensity is due to his desire to convey a message to the recipient that he cannot reveal all the emotions inside him.The rhyming letter felt between two letters of prolongation, one of which extends upward and the other extends downward. This has many connotations, the most important of which is extending the sound with a strong laryngeal pause similar to a lump in the throat that prevents the passage of food and drink (caused by the hamza), and raising or rising with it by twisting the rump and then descending with it along its extension with the same speed, but not Upward, but downward with extreme refraction, laden with all the effects, situations, and results that accompany refraction.There is an alliteration of derivation between “dhel' and Adhale'” on one hand, and the words “kasar" and "kassar" on the other hand, which doubled the beauty of the verse by repeating the letters of those words in another way with the addition of a hamza and an alif in (Adhale') and repeating the "s" in (kassar), which enhanced the artistic image. We see a fit between the word “kasar” and the word “dhel'” (singular) and between the word “Adhale'” (plural) and the word “kassar,” the fit of the singular noun with the unaugmented triliteral verb without repetition, and the fit of the plural noun with the augmented triliteral, stressed, repeated verb.Discussion of Results & ConclusionThe poet repeated 137 whispered letters, the letter ta (38 times) and the letter ha (37 times). The whispered letters, despite their weakness and infrequency in the poem, perform an important function in two ways: the first is to highlight the voiced letters, and the second is to soften the speech so that it does not proceed at one pace, making the listener feel bored. While the letter Lām (75 times) and Mīm (46 times) were repeated in the voiced letters. The letter Ha is used to express groans, so if it is connected to a letter of prolongation, those groans are extended. If we look closely at the contexts in which the letter Qāf is mentioned, we will find that it tends towards internal, contextual meanings that are external in origin, and the meanings of cohesion and adhesion that the letter Lām performs are evident in the poem.The letter hamza was the most frequent among the letters used by the poet, as it was repeated (44 times), including (23 times) in the rhyme as the rhyming letter and (21 times) during the poem and its filling. This letter indicates an extreme feeling of sorrow and anguish, and it is one of the airy letters that emerge from the poet’s interior and entrails without anything obstructing it, and with it emerges the sadness that overwhelms his feelings and sensations because “the narration coming broken suggests a broken psychological state.

R. Bekmetov

The article examines the memoirs of Vladimir Alekseevich Ivanov (1886–1970), a prominent Russian orientalist, the founder of Ismaili studies, a branch of Islamic studies that explores Ismailism as a religious and ideological movement within the Shiite branch of Islam. Written in the mid-1960s, these memoirs cover the period from 1918 to 1968 and convey the researcher’s impressions of the Eastern countries he visited (Central Asia, Iran, Iraq, India, Egypt, Syria and Palestine). The handwritten notes of the scientist are kept in the archival collection of the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Moscow, St. Petersburg). In 2015, they were published as a separate book with a preface and comments by B. Norik, a Russian Iranian scholar, translator, textual critic, employee of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Moscow). The memoirs of V. Ivanov have so far been studied as a fact of his scientific life and fate, as a certain addition to the researcher’s work, a kind of appendix to them, explaining what usually lies beyond strict studies, in the field of subjective experience and impressions. Meanwhile, it seems that they represent a completely independent literary work, so that the circle of their readers cannot be limited only to narrow specialists. The literary part of the memoirs is determined by a whole set of features: its language (style register), the image of the author and his subjective position, genre features of the work combining elements of diary prose and detective story, as well as a conditionally “hagiographic” canon (ancient Russian literature) with the traditions of ethnographic descriptions of everyday life, which dates back to “Walking across Three Seas” by Afanasy Nikitin. The memoirist, as a rule, records the past selectively (this is due not only to the conscious desire of the author to highlight some events, obscuring others, but also to the specifics of human memory as such). V. Ivanov was no exception, for him of primary nature was the opinion taken from the point of view of the interests of science.

Mohammed A. Bamyeh

Maria Petrova

Study of Mongolian literature at St. Petersburg University began in the 19th century. In 1855, as part of the reorganization of Oriental studies in Russia, Faculty of Oriental Languages was transferred from Kazan to St. Petersburg. A. M. Pozdneev (1851–1920) was the first to systematically study Mongolian literature at the department. Academician B. Ya. Vladimirtsov (1884–1931) significantly developed and deepened research in the field of Mongolian literature. An outstanding academician S. A. Kozin (1879–1956) made a huge contribution to the study of Mongolian literature. From 1937 to 1976 T. A. Burdukova (1912–1987) taught at the Department of Mongolian Philology. In 1953, after completing her postgraduate studies at the Department of Mongolian Philology, L. K. Gerasimovich (1923–2015) began her teaching career. In 1987, M. P. Petrova (born 1964) was hired as an assistant at the Department of Mongolian Philology. For more than half a century of the existence of the Faculty of Asian and African Studies within the walls of St. Petersburg University, the Department of Mongolian Philology (later — department of Mongolian Studies and Tibetology) has developed a strong tradition of studying and teaching new and latest Mongolian literature. And today we can talk about the presence at St. Petersburg State University of its own scientific school of research into the history of the development of literature of the Mongolian-speaking peoples of the world.

A. Mashakova

The creative writings of Abai Kunanbayev occupies an important place in the history of Kazakhliterature’s international relations formation and development. In the article, based on the example of thecreativity of the great Kazakh poet Abai Kunanbayev, literary ties of Kazakhstan with such foreign easterncountries as Iran, Pakistan, Turkey, Mongolia, China, India have been analyzed. The process of translating hisworks into Oriental languages is presented. Abai’s poetry collections have been published in Urdu, Persian,Turkish and Mongolian. The prose work “Words of Edification” has been translated into Chinese and Korean.Thanks to these translations, Abai’s creative heritage became available to a wide range of Eastern readers,scientists and literary critics, who evaluated Abai’s creativity in newspapers, journals and introductory articlesto the published books. Important aspects of foreign literary reception include speeches by foreign participantsin the international conferences. The article discusses the reports of the researchers from foreign easterncountries. Most Eastern poets and writers, literary critics and literary historians have made comparisons of theirown literary traditions with the poets. Eastern literary figures, showing respect for the spiritual national leaders,unconditionally raised Abai to the rank of the Teachers of the East. The relevance of the research topic is dueto the fact that the perception of Abai’s creative writings by Eastern literary critics, who recognize the specialrole and place of the Kazakh poet in the life of their people, contributes to the international popularization ofKazakh literature.

Alexander E. Anikin

Russian etymological lexicography has or is likely to have works that tend to have a thesaurus form (like the Russian Etymological Dictionary), and those of a less global nature. However, such works can be structured as follows: a basic reference book of the Russian vocabulary and etymological dictionaries devoted to particular strata of the Russian vocabulary. It is obvious that there is a need for a new dictionary of Turkisms / Orientalisms. Such a work could contain information not only about the etymons of Russian (Old Russian) words but also the details of the borrowing and adaptation of Turkisms (Mongolisms, Iranianisms, and others), their diffusion paths, possible intermediary languages, et cetera. This paper presents some material suitable for a dictionary of Turkisms / Orientalisms, with only Oriental / Turkic etymologies of Russian words provided, taken mainly from the dialect of the Cossacks on the Ural (Yaik) River. The material is presented alphabetically, as dictionary entries, with the sign “//” separating the part being explained (presenting the Russian lexical material) and the explanatory part (presenting the etymological information). For Russian words, if possible, the year or century of the earliest fixation in the literature (monuments of writing) is indicated. The paper analyzes the following examples: dzhablúk, dzhavlúk ‘Kazakh large scarf, women’s headband’ from Kazakh zhaulyk ‘women’s headscarf’; dzhantak ‘camel grass or camel’s tail or camel’s thorn’ from Kazakh zhantak = turkic jandaq, jantaq ‘thorny plant’; dzhusán ‘wormwood’, zhusán, dzhusán ‘small bitter wormwood, used to feed livestock’ from Kazakh zhusan ‘wormwood’.

Bembya L. Mitruev

Introduction. Oil lamp snuff divination practices used to be widespread enough in Tibet, Mongolia, Kalmykia, and other regions. Goals. The paper introduces into scientific discourse texts thereof in Chinese, Tibetan, and Mongolian. The analysis of the practices reveals values, logic, symbols, and structural patterns inherent to traditional societies. Materials. The article examines a number of sources, namely: 1) a Chinese text published in Hohhot (Inner Mongolia, PRC), 2) a Tibetan text posted on the website of Buddhist Digital Resource Center, 3) a Beijing xylograph of one Mongolian text stored at the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the RAS (St. Petersburg, Russia). The latter was checked against another copy of the Beijing xylograph submitted by Demberel Sükhee, a lecturer at the National University of Mongolia (Department of Philosophy and Religious Studies). Results. The article analyzes the traditional oil lamp snuff divination method and provides a comparative study of texts in three different languages, translating and transliterating the employed sources

Jing-Bo Zhai, Wei-qiang Mu, Jinhua Si et al.

Introduction Constipation is one of the most common complications in patients with stroke. Acupuncture has gained increased popularity for the management of constipation. However, there is a lack of supportive evidence on the efficacy of acupuncture for poststroke constipation. This systematic review aims to collect and critically appraise all the available evidence about the efficacy and safety of the acupuncture for constipation in poststroke patients. Methods and analysis A comprehensive search of Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science, four Chinese databases (National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Chinese Biomedical Literatures database (CBM), Wanfang Digital Periodicals (WANFANG) and Chinese Science and Technology Periodicals (VIP) database), one Japanese medical database (National Institute of Informatics, CiNii) and one Korean medical database (Oriental Medicine Advanced Searching Integrated System, OASIS) will be conducted to identify randomised controlled trials of acupuncture for constipation in poststroke patients. There is no restriction on language or publication status. The primary outcome measure will be frequency of bowel movement. The risk of bias will be assessed using the approach recommended by Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. We will conduct the meta-analysis to synthesise the evidence for each outcome, if possible. The heterogeneity will be statistically assessed using a χ2 test and I2 statistic. This protocol is developed following the guideline of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses Protocols 2015. Ethics and dissemination The ethical approval is not required because no primary data are collected. The findings will be presented at scientific conferences or a peer-reviewed scientific journal. PROSPERO registration number CRD42017076880.

Tsuaibah Tsuaibah

This paper deals with the issue of the marriage of a pregnant woman from adultery as one of contemporary contemporary issues. Marriage of pregnant adultery is one of the issues that provoked a dispute between the scholars of old and recent, some of them allow the marriage of pregnant adultery, and some of them do not permit. Then they differed as to whether the marriage was adultery with it or not, even the consequences under it. There have been many questions about this issue in our contemporary society. In this study, the researcher uses a descriptive approach comparing the views of the scholars in the ruling on the marriage of a pregnant woman with adultery and its effects, especially among the five schools of thought. After the analysis and comparison of the scholars' opinions, the researcher concluded that it is permissible to marry a pregnant woman from adultery with a zina, and that it is permissible for a non-adulterer to contract a pregnant woman before adultery before she puts her pregnancy, but it is not permissible for the husband to take her until she puts her pregnancy. Among the effects of this marriage in the child is: In terms of descent, the child is not attributed to the adulterer by agreement of the jurists if his mother was a bed, and is not attributed to the most likely if his mother is not a bed. In terms of inheritance, the child does not inherit from the adulterer, nor to the adulterer who is related to the adulterer. In contrast, neither the adulterer nor the child's heir is inherited, because his ratio is cut off from the adulterer. And the inheritance of the child only from his mother's side, because he is related to it, inherited from it and inherited it and whoever made it. In terms of alimony, this child should not be obliged to pay zakaah on his father, and the adulterer must not pay zina for his son.

З.С. Сахлабад, Е.Б. Дзапарова

Межлитературные контакты играют продуктивную роль в мировом культурном пространстве. Важнейшим средством интернационализации литературы является художественный перевод. Через перевод происходит не только знакомство с литературой других народов, но и интеграция и взаимообогащение духовной культуры. Настоящее исследование посвящено проблеме межлитературного синтеза, реализуемого через художественный перевод. В статье поднимаются вопросы русско-персидских литературных связей, прослежена история переводов поэтических и прозаических произведений М. Ю. Лермонтова на язык фарси. Устанавливается влияние произведений русских писателей, в частности М. Лермонтова, на творчество и мировоззрение иранских авторов. Отдельное внимание в работе уделено анализу восточной поэзии Лермонтова. В поле зрения авторов находится и традиция переводов его поэтических, прозаических, драматических произведений на осетинский язык. Осетинских переводчиков в творчестве Лермонтова особо привлекали кавказские мотивы. Заинтересованность кавказской тематикой проявлялась в обращении к произведениям Лермонтова с экзотическим, восточным колоритом. Так, были переведены поэмы Беглец , Мцыри , Каллы , Хаджи Абрек , сказка Ашик-Кериб , роман Герой нашего времени и мн. др. К интерпретации на осетинском языке некоторых произведений русского поэта разные переводчики прибегали не единожды. В исследовании анализируются варианты сказки Лермонтова Ашик-Кериб на осетинском языке. В переводах Ц. Амбалова, А. Маккаева, М. Дзасохова прослежена передача национально-культурных элементов, выявляются основные переводческие трансформации, применяемые при воспроизведении восточного колорита оригинального текста. Inter-literary contacts play a productive role in the global cultural space. The most important means of the internationalization of literature is literary translation. Translation promotes not only acquaintance with the literature of other nations, but also integration and mutual enrichment of spiritual culture. The present research is devoted to the problem of inter-literary synthesis realized through literary translation. The article raises questions of Russian-Persian literary connections, traces the history of translations of M. Lermontovs poetry and prose into Farsi. The study establishes the influence of the works of Russian writers, namely M. Lermontov, on the creativity and worldview of Iranian authors. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the oriental poetry of M. Lermontov. The authors of the present article are interested in the tradition of translations of poetic, prosaic, dramatic works of the Russian writer into the Ossetian language. In the works of Lermontov, Ossetian translators were particularly attracted by the Caucasian motifs. This attraction was manifested in the translators interest in the works of Lermontov with exotic, oriental flavor. Thus, the poems The Fugitive , Mtsyri , Calla , Haji Abrek , the tale Ashik-Kerib , the novel The Hero of Our Time and many others were translated, etc. Different translators have resorted to translate some works of the Russian poet into the Ossetian language more than once. The study analyzes the versions of the Lermontovs fairy tale Ashik-Kerib in the Ossetian language. In the translations by Ts. Ambalov, A. Makkaev, M. Dzasokhov the transmission of national-cultural elements was traced, the basic translational transformations used in reproducing the oriental flavor of the original text are discussed.

Dhiauddin Dhiauddin

This study aims to discuss the process and learning steps in Pesantren Az Zawiyah in Aceh. The method of this study was descriptive qualitative. This study found that the process of teaching reading was conducted in the following steps: the contents used the Arabic heritage books, and the activities reading used extended and analytical texts. Meanwhile, the implementation of the process of education were salutation, review, the preparation of blackboard and books, the books read by the teachers and then repeated by students, translation, discussion, and encourage the students and conclusion. The methods used by the teacher were the word method, the partial method, the analytical method, the grammar method and the translation. The tests used by the teacher in reading skills were: sound tests.

D. Muzraeva

The author analyzes the works of the famous «The Sea of Parables» essay translated from Tibetan and recorded on «Oirat clear script» by a Kalmyk Buddhist priest Tugmyud-gavdzhi (O. M. Dordzhiev) as well as provides a list of chapters (garchak) to each of the four notebooks of the manuscript. Garchak publication shows that the author’s intention was not simply to arrange the text of the translation properly but also to systematize an extensive material. There is no doubt that Tugmyud gavdzhi was preparing his translation for the reading by the general public and not only for representatives of the scientific circles.