Hasil untuk "Modern history, 1453-"

Sandra M.G. Pinto

This article explores the taking of examinations in Lisbon by those involved in the building trade in the early modern period. It contrasts rules with examination practices based on information gathered from regulatory documents and over two thousand records of craftsmanship examinations conducted between the mid-seventeenth and mid-eighteenth centuries. While the former documents are well known in Portuguese historiography concerning craft guilds, the latter were taken from two handwritten books which have not previously been researched. The quantitative and qualitative analysis of this data set shows that examination practices complied with the main rules and formalities, although there were exceptions resulting from historical circumstances. This analysis also reveals various aspects of the examination which are not possible to discover using only regulations, as well as offering an unprecedented insight into the characteristics and patterns of the masons and carpenters of Lisbon in the early modern period.

Yuhui Zhu, Alessandro Biondi

Modern out-of-order CPUs heavily rely on speculative execution for performance optimization, with branch prediction serving as a cornerstone to minimize stalls and maximize efficiency. Whenever shared branch prediction resources lack proper isolation and sanitization methods, they may originate security vulnerabilities that expose sensitive data across different software contexts. This paper examines the fundamental components of modern Branch Prediction Units (BPUs) and investigates how resource sharing and contention affect two widely implemented but underdocumented features: Bias-Free Branch Prediction and Branch History Speculation. Our analysis demonstrates that these BPU features, while designed to enhance speculative execution efficiency through more accurate branch histories, can also introduce significant security risks. We show that these features can inadvertently modify the Branch History Buffer (BHB) update behavior and create new primitives that trigger malicious mis-speculations. This discovery exposes previously unknown cross-privilege attack surfaces for Branch History Injection (BHI). Based on these findings, we present three novel attack primitives: two Spectre attacks, namely Spectre-BSE and Spectre-BHS, and a cross-privilege control flow side-channel attack called BiasScope. Our research identifies corresponding patterns of vulnerable control flows and demonstrates exploitation on multiple processors. Finally, Chimera is presented: an attack demonstrator based on eBPF for a variant of Spectre-BHS that is capable of leaking kernel memory contents at 24,628 bit/s.

Laura Guinot Ferri

Durante el siglo XVIII se produjo un incremento de la publicación de manuales para religiosas tanto en Europa como en América. Estas obras, que fomentaban nuevos modelos de espiritualidad que abogaban por una moral más rigurosa y un alejamiento de los excesos barrocos, buscaban también facilitar la transmisión de la doctrina católica para un público no especializado. En un contexto de cambios en el mercado del libro, en la construcción de nuevos públicos lectores y en los roles de género, este trabajo busca analizar el papel simbólico que representaron las mujeres, concretamente las religiosas, en la popularización del conocimiento teológico y doctrinal durante el periodo ilustrado. Para ello, se tomarán ejemplos de España y Nueva España que permitirán analizar la categoría de «literatura para mujeres» durante la Ilustración y cómo esta adquirió nuevos matices en relación con las transformaciones en el seno de la Iglesia católica.

Giovanni Viglietta

In the theoretical study of distributed communication networks, "history trees" are a discrete structure that naturally models the concept that anonymous agents become distinguishable upon receiving different sets of messages from neighboring agents. By conveniently organizing temporal information in a systematic manner, history trees have been instrumental in the development of optimal deterministic algorithms for networks that are both anonymous and dynamically evolving. This note provides an accessible introduction to history trees, drawing comparisons with more traditional structures found in existing literature and reviewing the latest advancements in the applications of history trees, especially within dynamic networks. Furthermore, it expands the theoretical framework of history trees in new directions, also highlighting several open problems for further investigation.

Jerry Yao-Chieh Hu, Bo-Yu Chen, Dennis Wu et al.

We present a nonparametric interpretation for deep learning compatible modern Hopfield models and utilize this new perspective to debut efficient variants. Our key contribution stems from interpreting the memory storage and retrieval processes in modern Hopfield models as a nonparametric regression problem subject to a set of query-memory pairs. Interestingly, our framework not only recovers the known results from the original dense modern Hopfield model but also fills the void in the literature regarding efficient modern Hopfield models, by introducing \textit{sparse-structured} modern Hopfield models with sub-quadratic complexity. We establish that this sparse model inherits the appealing theoretical properties of its dense analogue -- connection with transformer attention, fixed point convergence and exponential memory capacity. Additionally, we showcase the versatility of our framework by constructing a family of modern Hopfield models as extensions, including linear, random masked, top-$K$ and positive random feature modern Hopfield models. Empirically, we validate our framework in both synthetic and realistic settings for memory retrieval and learning tasks.

Alicia Esteban Estríngana

William J. Wolf

I apply Dawid's Meta-Empirical Assessment (MEA) methodology to the theory of cosmological inflation. I argue that applying this methodology does not currently offer a compelling case for ascribing non-empirical confirmation to cosmological inflation. In particular, I argue that despite displaying strong instances of Unexpected Explanatory Coherence (UEA), it is premature to evaluate the theory on the basis of the No Alternatives Argument (NAA). More significantly though, I argue that the theory of cosmological inflation fails to sustain a convincing Meta-Inductive Argument (MIA) because the empirical evidence and theoretical successes that it seeks to draw meta-empirical support from do not warrant a meta-inductive inference to inflation. I conclude by assessing how future developments could pave the way towards crafting a more compelling case for the non-empirical confirmation of cosmological inflation.

Danko D. Georgiev

The evolution of the human mind through natural selection mandates that our conscious experiences are causally potent in order to leave a tangible impact upon the surrounding physical world. Any attempt to construct a functional theory of the conscious mind within the framework of classical physics, however, inevitably leads to causally impotent conscious experiences in direct contradiction to evolution theory. Here, we derive several rigorous theorems that identify the origin of the latter impasse in the mathematical properties of ordinary differential equations employed in combination with the alleged functional production of the mind by the brain. Then, we demonstrate that a mind--brain theory consistent with causally potent conscious experiences is provided by modern quantum physics, in which the unobservable conscious mind is reductively identified with the quantum state of the brain and the observable brain is constructed by the physical measurement of quantum brain observables. The resulting quantum stochastic dynamics obtained from sequential quantum measurements of the brain is governed by stochastic differential equations, which permit genuine free will exercised through sequential conscious choices of future courses of action. Thus, quantum reductionism provides a solid theoretical foundation for the causal potency of consciousness, free will and cultural transmission.

Patrick M. Duerr, William J. Wolf

The paper re-examines the principal methodological questions, arising in the debate over the cosmological standard model's postulate of Dark Matter vs. rivalling proposals that modify standard (Newtonian and general-relativistic) gravitational theory, the so-called Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) and its subsequent extensions. What to make of such seemingly radical challenges of cosmological orthodoxy? In the first part of our paper, we assess MONDian theories through the lens of key ideas of major 20th century philosophers of science (Popper, Kuhn, Lakatos, and Laudan), thereby rectifying widespread misconceptions and misapplications of these ideas common in the pertinent MOND-related literature. None of these classical methodological frameworks, which render precise and systematise the more intuitive judgements prevalent in the scientific community, yields a favourable verdict on MOND and its successors -- contrary to claims in the MOND-related literature by some of these theories' advocates; the respective theory appraisals are largely damning. Drawing on these insights, the paper's second part zooms in on the most common complaint about MONDian theories, their ad-hocness. We demonstrate how the recent coherentist model of ad-hocness captures, and fleshes out, the underlying -- but too often insufficiently articulated -- hunches underlying this critique. MONDian theories indeed come out as severely ad hoc: they do not cohere well with either theoretical or empirical-factual background knowledge. In fact, as our complementary comparison with the cosmological standard model's Dark Matter postulate shows, with respect to ad-hocness, MONDian theories fare worse than the cosmological standard model.

Yuehua Liu, Pan Wenyu, Gu Wei

Attribute code Description AFAM African and African American Studies electives AFST African Studies electives AFAH AFST: Arts and Humanities requirement AFSS AFST: Social Science requirement AMCS American Catholic Studies electives AMST American Studies electives ASAM AMST: Art, Music, Theater, Media requirement ASHS AMST: History/Social Science requirement ASLT AMST: Literature requirement ASRP AMST: Religion/Philosophy requirement ACUP AMST: Cultural Products concentration ADVD AMST: Diversity and Difference concentration APPI AMST: Power, Politics, and Institutions concentration ANTH Anthropology electives ARHI Art History AHAM ARHI: Ancient/Medieval requirement AHGL ARHI: Global requirement AHMO ARHI: Modern requirement AHRB ARHI: Renaissance/Baroque requirement BIOE BioEthics courses BEHR BIOE: Humanities requirement BESN BIOE: Social and Nat Sci requirement BEVL BIOE: Values requirement CLAS Classical Languages and Civilization electives COMC Communication and Culture electives CCMS COMC: Communication Studies concentration CCUS COMC: Cultural Studies concentration CMST COMC: Media Studies concentration COMM Communication and Media Studies electives CELP CMS majors Ethics, Law, and Policy requirement COLI Comparative Literature electives CYSC Cybersecurity electives DTEM Digital Technology and Emerging Media electives DTMM DTEM: Methods requirement DISA Disability Studies electives ENGL English electives ENHD ENGL: Historical Distribution requirement ENRJ ENGL: Race and Social Justice req ENSM ENGL: English Seminar req CVW ENGL: Creative Writing courses CVWG ENGL: Graduate level Creative Writing courses for undergraduates ENVS Environmental Science course ENSE ENVS: Advanced Elective requirement EPLE ENVS: Environmental Policy/Law/ Economics requirement ENST Environmental Studies courses ESNS ENST: Natural Science requirement ESHC ENST: Environmental History and Culture requirement ESEC ENST: Environmental Economics requirement ESPL ENST: Environmental Politics and Law requirement ESEJ ENST: Environmental Ethics and Justice requirement ESSD ENST: Sustainable Design requirement ENMI ENST: Introductory courses for Minor FASH Fashion Studies electives FITV Film and Television electives FIPR FITV: Production requirement HIST History electives HIMH HIST: Medieval History requirement HIEH HIST: European History requirement HIAH HIST: American History requirement HIGH HIST: Global History requirement HIUL HIST: Upper Level Elective requirement HOFC Honors Program FCRH HUST Humanitarian Studies courses HHPA HUST: History, Philosophy, and Anthropology requirement HPSE HUST: Humanitarian Affairs, Political Science, Sociology, and Economics requirement HCWL HUST: Communications, Women’s Studies and Literary Studies requirement INSC Information Science courses NEUR Integrative Neuroscience courses NECG NEUR: Cognitive Neuroscience concentration NECM NEUR: Cell and Molecular concentration

S. Beckert, U. Bosma, Mindi Schneider et al.

Abstract Over the past 600 years, commodity frontiers – processes and sites of the incorporation of resources into the expanding capitalist world economy – have absorbed ever more land, ever more labour and ever more natural assets. In this paper, we claim that studying the global history of capitalism through the lens of commodity frontiers and using commodity regimes as an analytical framework is crucial to understanding the origins and nature of capitalism, and thus the modern world. We argue that commodity frontiers identify capitalism as a process rooted in a profound restructuring of the countryside and nature. They connect processes of extraction and exchange with degradation, adaptation and resistance in rural peripheries. To account for the enormous variety of actors and places involved in this history is a critical challenge in the social sciences, and one to which global history can contribute crucial insights.

R. Pai, M. Bettington, A. Srivastava et al.

Íñigo Valpuesta Villa

Reseña de: Gordon, Peter y Morales, Juan José, La Plata y el Pacífico. China, Hispanoamérica y el nacimiento de la globalización, 1565-1815, España, Siruela Biblioteca de Ensayo, 2022, 148 pp., ISBN: 978-8419207-43-2.

Miguel Ángel Puig-Samper

Abstract During his trip to New Spain in 1803, Alexander von Humboldt visited large tracts of New Spanish territory, which includes modern Mexico and part of the United States. This trip provided the data for his geographical Atlas of the region, as well as information about the ancient Mexican cultures that he would later include in the general Atlas and in other major works, such as Vues des Cordillères. Likewise, Humboldt’s Political Essay on the Kingdom of New Spain displayed a comprehensive physical, natural, economic, and social description of Mexico in the colonial period, which will also be analysed. With these works, Humboldt presented a new geographical and cultural image of New Spain to the European audiences. In addition to this, his work made important contributions to cartographic knowledge. Resumen Alexander von Humboldt en su viaje a Nueva España en 1803 tuvo la oportunidad de viajar por gran parte del territorio novohispano, que incluye Mexico y parte de del actual territorio de Estados Unidos. Este viaje le permitió preparar un Atlas geográfico de la región, además de obtener información sobre las antiguas culturas mexicanas que luego plasmará en el Atlas general del viaje y en algunas de sus principales obras como Vues des Cordillères. Asimismo, Humboldt hizo una excelente descripción física, natural, económica y social de México en la época colonial en su Ensayo político sobre el Reino de la Nueva España que también será analizado. Con estas obras Humboldt logró ofrecer una nueva imagen del territorio novohispano y sus riquezas al mundo europeo, así como un conocimiento cartográfico de gran importancia. Résumé Alexander von Humboldt, lors de son voyage en Nouvelle-Espagne en 1803, a eu l’occasion de parcourir une grande partie du territoire de la Nouvelle-Espagne, qui comprend le Mexique et une partie du territoire actuel des États-Unis. Ce voyage lui a permis de préparer un Atlas géographique de la région, ainsi que d’obtenir des informations sur les anciennes cultures mexicaines qu'il inclura plus tard dans l’Atlas général du voyage et dans certaines de ses œuvres principales comme Vues des Cordillères. Humboldt a également donné une excellente description physique, naturelle, économique et sociale du Mexique à l’époque coloniale dans son Essai Politique sur le Royaume de la Nouvelle Espagne, qui sera également analysé. Avec ces travaux, Humboldt a réussi à offrir au monde européen une nouvelle image du Nouveau territoire espagnol et de ses richesses, de même qu’une connaissance cartographique de grande importance.

Clarence Protin

In this essay we examine some aspects of the classical theory of definition as codified in Aristotle's \emph{Topics} and Porphyry's \emph{Eisagogê} in the light of the way definition is carried out in modern mathematical practice. Our goal is to contribute to the understanding of the alleged gap existing between ancient and modern logic and science as well as the reasons behind allegations of inadequacy and lack of sophistication in the ancient theory of definition. Also to investigate the possibility of a co-interpretation between modern mathematical definitional practice and ancient definitional practice in particular in the light of topos theory. We find the ancient definitional practice asks relevant and overlooked questions about modern mathematical practice which apparently have escaped current philosophical and mathematical logical literature. We also present some general considerations about the structure and development of theories as these relate to the theory of definition.

Arturo Zoffmann Rodríguez

La Revolució russa tingué inicialment un fort ressò al moviment obrer ibèric i en particular entre els anarquistes de la CNT catalana. Resulta paradoxal doncs que el comunisme nasqués a començaments dels anys 20 a Espanya com un moviment fràgil i minoritari. Aquesta feblesa era especialment palesa a Catalunya. Aquí, tanmateix, sorgí als anys 1921-24 un petit corrent de partidaris del bolxevisme al si de la CNT, que desenvoluparen una política sui generis, vinculada a altres grups anàlegs a altres països, i orientada a atreure la militància anarcosindicalista per refundar el comunisme espanyol des de Barcelona, romanent independents del PCE. En un context de depressió per a l’obrerisme a Catalunya i arreu d’Espanya, l’estratègia dels anomenats comunistes-sindicalistes fracassà i, aïllats i afeblits, acabaren integrant-se al PCE a contracor a finals de 1924. Mantingueren però un esperit independent que en gran mesura ajuda a explicar la integració de la majoria d’aquests militants a les files del comunisme heterodox i catalanista del Bloc Obrer i Camperol el 1931. Aquest article rastreja la història d’aquests pioners del comunisme a Catalunya als anys 1921-24 utilitzant fonts noves dels arxius soviètics, que permeten reconstruir els orígens del grup i entendre la seva evolució posterior.  

Cagigal Montalbán, Ekain

Los procesos para el avecindamiento de extranjeros en el Señorío de Bizkaia implicaban la presentación y defensa de la hidalguía del solicitante. Estos pleitos involucraban la declaración exhaustiva de la ascendencia y origen del foráneo, así como de su ratificación por parte de testigos. Por ello, tales instrumentos administrativos representan una fuente documental de alto valor histórico para la caracterización socio-demográfica de los grupos de inmigrantes en Bizkaia durante la Edad Moderna. En este caso, se aborda un análisis como el mencionado para el grupo de exiliados católicos irlandeses que durante los siglos XVII y XVIII debieron abandonar su isla huyendo de la conquista y represión inglesa protestante. Así, este estudio complementa y amplía otros previos dirigidos a la confección de un censo de irlandeses en el Señorío de Bizkaia en tal período, y constata la relevancia que este colectivo tuvo en la sociedad vizcaína.

Paulo Renato da Silva

Resenha da obra: RAIMUNDO, Filipa. Ditadura e Democracia: legados da memória. Lisboa: Fundação Francisco Manuel dos Santos, 2018.

Kevin J. Ludwick, Holston Sebaugh

Dark energy and dark matter are two of the biggest mysteries of modern cosmology, and our understanding of their fundamental nature is incomplete. Many parameterizations of couplings between the two in the continuity equation have been studied in the literature, and observational data from the growth of perturbations can constrain these parameterizations. Assuming standard general relativity with a simple Yukawa-type coupling between dark energy and dark matter fields in the Lagrangian, we use the Boltzmann equation to analytically express and calculate the interaction kernel $Q$ in the continuity equation and compare it to that of a typical parametrization. We arrive at a comparably very small result, as expected. Since the interaction is a function of the dark matter mass, other observational data sets can be used to constrain the mass. This calculation can be modified to account for other couplings of the dark energy and dark matter fields. This calculation required obtaining a distribution function for dark energy that leads to an equation of state parameter that is negative, which neither Bose-Einstein nor Fermi-Dirac statistics can supply, and this is the main result of this paper. Treating dark energy as a quantum scalar field, we use adiabatic subtraction to obtain a finite analytic approximation for its distribution function that assumes the FLRW metric and nothing more.

Jean Surdej

The present notes refer to a lecture delivered on 27 September 2017 in Roscoff during the 2017 Evry Schatzman School. It concerns a general introduction to optical/IR interferometry, including a brief history, a presentation of the basic principles, some important theorems and relevant applications.The layout of these lecture notes is as follows. After a short introduction, we proceed with some reminders concerning the representation of a field of electromagnetic radiation. We then present a short history of interferometry, from the first experiment of Fizeau and Stefan to modern optical interferometers. We then discuss the notions of light coherence, including the van Cittert - Zernicke theorem and describe the principle of interferometry using two telescopes. We present some examples of modern interferometers and typical results obtained with these. Finally, we address three important theorems: the fundamental theorem, the convolution theorem and the Wiener-Khinchin theorem which enable to get a better insight into the field of optical/IR interferometry.