Hasil untuk "Machine design and drawing"

Archita Bhanja, Dibyajyoti Parhi, Dipankar Gajendra et al.

Abstract Detecting drowsiness is crucial for improving traffic safety and preventing fatigue-related accidents. This paper aims to develop an advanced real-time drowsiness detection system using deep learning algorithms. For this purpose, we utilized an eye image dataset from the MRL Eye Dataset and performed extensive feature engineering and preprocessing to prepare the data for analysis. An algorithm has been proposed to classify eye states as open or closed using Transfer Learning based on the MobileNet architecture. Using a balanced dataset, the model was trained to distinguish between open and closed eyes accurately. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach, achieving 90% accuracy, 100% precision, 83.3% recall, and an F1-score of 90.9%. To further validate the system, we integrated the trained model into a real-time camera application that monitors the eye conditions of drivers. The application analyzes real-time video streams, detects faces and eyes, and uses instances of closed eyelids to predict signs of drowsiness. The efficiency of the model is evaluated using metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score. The results indicate that our approach accurately identifies fatigue indicators, presenting a viable solution for real-time drowsiness monitoring to help prevent accidents caused by exhaustion. Future studies will explore incorporating additional physiological information and applying advanced deep-learning techniques to enhance detection accuracy and system robustness.

Wenjing Fan, Cheng Li, Bingping Yu et al.

The rapidly evolving field of functional yarns has garnered substantial research attention due to their exceptional potential in enabling next-generation electronic textiles for wearable health monitoring, human–machine interfaces, and soft robotics. Despite notable advancements, the development of yarn-based strain sensors that simultaneously achieve high flexibility, stretchability, superior comfort, extended operational stability, and exceptional electrical performance remains a critical challenge, hindered by material limitations and structural design constraints. Here, we present a bioinspired, hierarchically structured core-sheath yarn sensor (CSSYS) engineered through an efficient dip-coating process, which synergistically integrates the two-dimensional conductive MXene nanosheets and one-dimensional silver nanowires (AgNWs). Furthermore, the sensor is encapsulated using a yarn-based protective layer, which not only preserves its inherent flexibility and wearability but also effectively mitigates oxidative degradation of the sensitive materials, thereby significantly enhancing long-term durability. Drawing inspiration from the natural architecture of plant stems—where the inner core provides structural integrity while a flexible outer sheath ensures adaptive protection—the CSSYS exhibits outstanding mechanical and electrical performance, including an ultralow strain detection limit (0.05%), an ultrahigh gauge factor (up to 744.45), rapid response kinetics (80 ms), a broad sensing range (0–230% strain), and exceptional cyclic stability (>20,000 cycles). These remarkable characteristics enable the CSSYS to precisely capture a broad spectrum of physiological signals, ranging from subtle arterial pulsations and respiratory rhythms to large-scale joint movements, demonstrating its immense potential for next-generation wearable health monitoring systems.

Fontalvo Tomás, Banquez Ana, Fontalvo Andrea

The objective of this research was to evaluate and monitor a concurrent production system by means of Y performance curves and RPC curves. As a theoretical conception it articulated the concepts of concurrent production system, Six Sigma metrics, Y performance curves and RPC curves of Six Sigma metrics. The research was of basic type supported a rational, quantitative, propositive analysis structured in mathematics, statistics, multivariable statistical control, curves and operation of Y performance and of average performance of RPC run of Six Sigma metrics. As a result, Y-performance curves and RPC Average Run Performance curves are proposed to evaluate and control the concurrent system. Additionally, it was determined that the best performing process is 1, with a sigma level ranging between 4.15 <Z<5.28, which allows an increase in Y performance of 99.61% and 99.99%. As future research it is invited to replicate the proposed method in other business contexts integrating other multivariable statistical control tools and Six Sigma.

Amir Hajdarevic, Xiangfan Fang, Saarvesh Jayakumar et al.

The one-step hybrid forming process is a novel process to fabricate a metal fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) structure with reduced cycle time and cost compared to classical multi-step methods. It is realized by a combined forming tool for both sheet metal and FRP forming to create a hybrid part in only one step. During the forming process, sheet metal pre-coated with an adhesion promoter is joined with the FRP simultaneously. In this work, the crashworthiness and lightweight potential of a hybrid crash management system manufactured with a hybrid forming process were investigated. It includes the experimental behaviors and finite element analysis of glass mat thermoplastics (GMT), as well as aluminum–GMT hybrid structures, under dynamic axial crushing loadings. Beginning with the original geometry of a series aluminum crash management system, the design was optimized for a hybrid forming process, where an aluminum sheet metal part is reinforced by a GMT structure with a ground layer and additional ribs. The forming behavior and fiber filling of the GMT crash box were determined and analyzed as well. Finite element method optimization was used to obtain the optimal geometry of the hybrid crash box with the highest possible specific energy absorption and the utmost homogeneous force level over displacement. A hybrid bumper beam was also developed, along with other necessary connection parts, to join the beam with the crash box and the entire crash management system (CMS) to the vehicle body. The joining technique was determined to be a key factor restricting the lightweight potential of the hybrid CMS.

Al-Mutairi Nabeel Hasan, Al-Zubiedy Ali, Al-Zuhairi Ali J. et al.

In this paper, the effect of four novel hyperbranched polyester polymers on the mechanical and thermal properties of polypropylene (virgin polypropylene VPP and recycled polypropylene rPP) has been investigated. All the polymeric blends were prepared using a twin-screw extruder with different weight percentages of HBP (5, 10, and 20 wt.%). The mechanical properties, such as tensile strength, elastic modulus, elongation at break, impact strength, and hardness, were studied. In addition, the thermal properties, such as melting temperature Tm, crystallization temperature Tc, and the degree of crystallinity Xc, were also investigated. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Melt flow rate (MFR) were investigated. Tensile results showed that the tensile strength, elastic modulus, and elongation at break for both virgin polypropylene (VPP) and recycled polypropylene (rPP) decreased with the addition of the four hyperbranched polyester polymers (HBPs). While impact strength has improved for the polymeric blends with the increase of hyperbranched polyester content, it has also been found that the best impact strength occurs at 10% HBPs for all blends. While there is a slight improvement in the Shore D hardness with the HBPs added for the blends, Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results showed that the melting temperature (Tm) improved slightly for both VPP and rPP blends. While the crystallization temperature (Tc) increased for VPP blends and decreased for rPP blends, In addition, the degree of crystallinity Xc was decreased for both blends. SEM results indicate that there is no interaction and dispersion between PP and HBP due to the absence of any compatibilizer, while MFR results indicate that there is an improvement in material flowability and thus improved processability.

Satoshi Saga

Abstract This paper presents a novel tactile interaction method employing thermal radiation. By precisely controlling the heat transmitted through electromagnetic waves and applying it to the skin, we aim to create a virtual spatial region where users perceive the heat region. This approach offers unrestricted spatial perception, rapid response, and a wide range of sensations, surpassing the limitations of existing tactile technologies. Our initial system, utilizing halogen lamps, demonstrated the system’s temperature control capabilities and the human sensory effects of temperature variations. However, the low luminous flux hindered precise temperature control and rapid spatial changes. To address these limitations, we developed a second system employing lasers and galvanometer mirrors, enabling high-precision temperature display. Through some experiments, we confirmed the system’s spatial and temporal accuracy and the superiority of visible-light measurements over active-light measurements. A virtual wall presentation experiment demonstrated the sensitivity of human perception to subtle temperature changes. This research paves the way for innovative tactile interfaces with applications in gaming, virtual reality, and assistive technology.

Abdurrahman İşbitirici, Laura Giarré, Paolo Falcone

This research utilized <i>long short-term memory (LSTM)</i> to oversee an RLS-based mass estimator based on longitudinal vehicle dynamics for heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs) instead of using the predefined rules. A multilayer LSTM network that analyzed parameters such as vehicle speed, longitudinal acceleration, engine torque, engine speed, and estimated mass from the RLS mass estimator was employed as the supervision method. The supervisory LSTM network was trained offline to recognize when the vehicle was operated so that the RLS estimator gave an estimate with the desired accuracy and the network was used as a reliability flag. High-fidelity simulation software was employed to collect data used to train and test the network. A threshold on the error percentage of the RLS mass estimator was used by the network to check the reliability of the algorithm. The preliminary findings indicate that the reliability of the RLS mass estimator could be predicted by using the LSTM network.

Sudesh Ramesh Bhagat, Bernard Ndeogo Issifu, Devon Destocki et al.

Distracted driving remains a major concern on highways, with it contributing to severe and fatal crashes, particularly on high-speed routes, prompting numerous states to implement targeted initiatives aimed at combating traffic violations that significantly contribute to fatal and injury-inducing crashes. Among these initiatives is the highway safety corridor program, a collaborative endeavor between the state departments of transportation and law enforcement agencies. Highway safety corridors employ a combination of engineering interventions and heightened law enforcement presence to address risky driver behavior and mitigate the occurrence of crashes. Despite the longstanding existence of safety corridors, research on their effectiveness remains relatively limited, with existing studies indicating only moderate success rates. This study is dedicated to evaluating the effectiveness of ten highway safety corridors in Ohio, where the state recently launched its inaugural highway safety corridor program targeting distracted driving. Utilizing 2023 crash data, this Empirical Bayes’ before-and-after study seeks to gauge the impact of these safety corridors on enhancing roadway transportation safety. Upon assessing all crash types within Ohio’s distracted driving safety corridors that provided sufficient data for a before–after study, it was determined that the adoption of safety corridors generally led to a reduction in crashes ranging from 2% to 49%. The significance and magnitude of crash reduction may vary if specific crash types or severity levels are considered.

Luke White, Shadi Basurra, Abdulrahman A. Alsewari et al.

Abstract With current and predicted economic pressures within English Children’s Services in the UK, there is a growing discourse around the development of methods of analysis using existing data to make more effective interventions and policy decisions. Agent-Based modelling shows promise in aiding in this, with limitations that require novel methods to overcome. This can include challenges in managing model complexity, transparency, and validation; which may deter analysts from implementing such Agent-Based simulations. Children’s Services specifically can gain from the expansion of modelling techniques available to them. Sensitivity analysis is a common step when analysing models that currently has methods with limitations regarding Agent-Based Models. This paper outlines an improved method of conducting Sensitivity Analysis to enable better utilisation of Agent-Based models (ABMs) within Children’s Services. By using machine learning based regression in conjunction with the Nomadic Peoples Optimiser (NPO) a method of conducting sensitivity analysis tailored for ABMs is achieved. This paper demonstrates the effectiveness of the approach by drawing comparisons with common existing methods of sensitivity analysis, followed by a demonstration of an improved ABM design in the target use case.

Andrusiv Uliana, Popadynets Iryna, Zelinska Halyna et al.

The purpose of the article is to justify the use of a matrix approach to the interpretation of the results of evaluating the effectiveness of the development of labor potential. As evaluation indicators, we propose the level of management of labor potential, which is determined using the grapho-analytical method “potential square” and the level of management of the competitiveness of the business entity, which is determined using the graphic method “polygon of competitiveness”. To identify these indicators, we used a developed three-point aggregated scale, which made it possible to quantitatively divide the formed quadrants according to threshold values: the zone of high efficiency in the use of labor potential (quadrant 9(MLLPQPHigh; MLCBECBHigh)), average (quadrants 3 (MLLPQPHigh; MLCBEC-BLow), 5 (MLLPQPAverage; MLCBECBAverage), 6 (MLLPQPHigh; MLCBECBAverage), 7 (MLLPQPLow; MLCBECBHigh), 8 (MLLPQPAverage; MLCBECBHigh)), and low (quadrants 1 (MLLPQPLow; MLCBECBLow), 2 (MLLPQPAverage; MLCBECBLow), 4 (MLLPQPLow; MLCBECBAverage)). The value of the research lies in the fact that the proposed matrix approach to the results of evaluating the effectiveness of the development of labor potential makes it possible to take measures to improve its management. It is emphasized that in today’s conditions and the limitation of financial resources, the vector of management should be aimed at preserving the labor potential, using its opportunities and experience.

Lukas Poppa, Ludger Frerichs, Jintian Liu et al.

Durch stetige Verbesserungen in der Ernte- und Lagerungstechnik von Kartoffeln in den letzten Jahren konnten externe Kartoffelbeschädigungen wie Bruch oder Abschürfungen reduziert werden. Die Schwarzfleckigkeit der Kartoffelknolle, d. h. die durch mechanische Belastung verursachte innere Schädigung, lässt sich jedoch durch klassische Entwicklungswerkzeuge wie praktische Versuche nur schlecht verringern. Durch die Dauer von etwa zwei Tagen zur Ausbildung der Schwarzfleckigkeit nach der mechanischen Belastung, ist es oft unklar, in welchem Prozessschritt und unter welchen Umgebungsbedingungen die Schäden auftreten. Die Partikelsimulation landwirtschaftlicher Ernteprozesse bietet umfassende Möglichkeiten zur Verbesserung von Maschinenprozessen und zur Verringerung von Ernteverlusten. Mit der Diskrete-Elemente-Methode (DEM) ist es möglich, einen tiefen Einblick in die Ernte- und Transportprozesse von Kartoffeln zu erhalten. Die DEM stellt die Kartoffelknollen als Partikel und die Maschinenteile als Geometrieelemente dar. Die Geometrieelemente sind stationär oder folgen vordefinierten Bewegungen, während die Bewegung der Partikel auf der Grundlage von Kontaktgesetzen und der Materialeigenschaften berechnet wird. Das globale Partikelmodell der DEM kann Kontaktspannungen auf Partikelebene vorhersagen, ist jedoch nicht in der Lage, lokale Schäden wie die Schwarzfleckigkeit zu beschreiben. Der vorliegende Beitrag stellt einen Prüfstand zur Untersuchung der mechanisch induzierten Verfärbung von Kartoffelgewebe vor und beschreibt ein Modell zur Abbildung lokaler Schwarzfleckigkeitsschäden für die DEM. Aufgrund der inhomogenen Zusammensetzung der Kartoffelknolle aus mehreren Gewebearten werden auf dem entwickelten Prüfstand die drei wesentlichen Gewebearten Rinde, äußeres Mark und inneres Mark getrennt voneinander untersucht. Die mechanische Belastung der Gewebeproben erfolgt bis zu einer maximalen Stauchung von 20, 40 und 50 % sowie bei einer definierten Verformungsgeschwindigkeit von 0,1 bis 10000 %/s, bezogen auf die Probenhöhe. Die Farbänderung der Proben wird nach etwa 48 Stunden gegenüber unbelastetem Referenzgewebe untersucht. Die Versuche wurden bei einer Knollen- und Umgebungstemperatur von 14 bis 20°C durchgeführt. Der Zusammenhang zwischen der Farbänderung und den Belastungsgrößen Stauchung und Verformungsgeschwindigkeit kann durch eine empirische Gleichung beschrieben werden. Durch Implementierung dieser Gleichung im Kontaktmodell der DEM als Schadensmodell kann die Erzeugung von Schwarzfleckigkeit in realen Prozessschritten in Simulationen vorhergesagt und untersucht werden. Der Schadenswert der einzelnen Partikel kann mit den Schädigungen der realen Kartoffeln verglichen und somit das Schadensmodell validiert werden.

Eugene Yang, D. Lewis

Technology-assisted review (TAR) is an important industrial application of information retrieval (IR) and machine learning (ML). While a small TAR research community exists, the complexity of TAR software and workflows is a major barrier to entry. Drawing on past open source TAR efforts, as well as design patterns from the IR and ML open source software, we present an open source Python framework for conducting experiments on TAR algorithms. Key characteristics of this framework are declarative representations of workflows and experiment plans, the ability for components to play variable numbers of workflow roles, and state maintenance and restart capabilities. Users can draw on reference implementations of standard TAR algorithms while incorporating novel components to explore their research interests. The framework is available at https://github.com/eugene-yang/tarexp.

S. Zulfiqar, A. Saad, M. Sharif et al.

Abstract In early stages, the electronic circuits have been developed on simple printed circuit boards with multiple copper patterns and components interconnected by lead – free solder. Later on, these are converted to flexible circuits and molded interconnect devices (MID) because of high demand of complex circuit design. Laser machine is used to manufacture 3D MID circuits. An alternative manufacturing process has been introduced in this research. The method is to design functional circuits by using stretchable ink printed on a 2D substrate. Polycarbonate is selected as a substrate on the basis of its glass transition temperature (Tg). Thermoforming process is then applied to transfer 2D substrate into 3D shape. Reverse engineering technique is used to fabricate the mold through several steps. First, the dimensions of rear lighting is calculated by coordinate measuring machine (CMM), transferred to 3D drawing using SolidWorks. And finally the mold is produced using computer numerical control (CNC) machine. Screen printing technique is opted to print ink on a flat thermoplastic Polycarbonate substrate. The highly conductive circuit will be generated after heating printed ink in oven for about 30 min at 120 °C. The circuit with substrate is further transferred into 3D shape using the thermoforming process. All the light emitted diodes (LEDs) are then fixed on a circuit by dispensing conductive adhesive and cured again in an oven for 10 min at 120 °C, so strong bonds are formed at the joints. The reliability of the circuit is assessed by characterizing mechanical and electrical properties. The designed circuit is then compared with the existing design using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), universal testing, two-point probes multi-meter and spectrometer. The electrical performance of new circuit design shows promising results in terms of power consumption and luminous flux of LEDs and there is no major difference found between them. As a result, the new manufacturing process of printed circuit offers encouraging method in manufacturing the automotive lighting product.

Vasiliki Tsaknaki, Karey Helms, Marie Louise Juul Søndergaard et al.

Abstract As new materials become available for textile and interaction designers, it is crucial that we develop an understanding of the lived experiences of such materials and explore meaningful contexts for their development. In this paper, we engage with systems in which bodies as materials and materials as bodies constitute an assemblage of vitalities in constant flux with one another. In particular, we address how such systems in their interactions with (non)human bodies blur boundaries between inside and outside the body, and between human and machine, acting as soft systems. Drawing on our first-person, design-led research, we present three design explorations of soft systems that deeply engage with the body: Breathing Wings, Fiddling Necklaces and Menarche Bits. We analyze how the three projects contribute towards what we conceptualize as “vibrant wearables”: wearables that through their material vibrancy surface design qualities of leakiness, characterized by a multi-directionality of “spilling over,” ongoingness, which attends to non-linear temporalities and cycles of life and death, and mutuality that emphasizes the interdependency, and becoming, of vibrant encounters. These three design qualities all conceptually trouble boundaries of bodies and materials and are practical resources for designers and researchers working with the body in/as a soft system. Our work offers concrete examples of how to work with material vibrancy, which is particularly relevant to new materialist discourses in textile, fashion and interaction design. We argue for the generativity of these design qualities for other designers and researchers aiming to elevate materials and soft systems in interactions with bodies. Moreover, we contribute towards design research that conceptually and materially troubles the boundaries of the body, and we argue for attending to the material power of (non)human bodies as a soft system.

Nick Ruest, Samantha Fritz, Ryan Deschamps et al.

This paper introduces the Archives Unleashed Cloud, a web-based interface for working with web archives at scale. Current access paradigms, largely driven by the scope and scale of web archives, generally involve using the command line and writing code. This access gap means that subject-matter experts, as opposed to developers and programmers, have few options to directly work with web archives beyond the page-by-page paradigm of the Wayback Machine. Drawing on first-hand research and analysis of how scholars use web archives, we present the interface design and underpinning architecture of the Archives Unleashed Cloud. We also discuss the sustainability implications of providing a cloud-based service for researchers to analyze their collections at scale.

Tri Ego Wiranata, R. Sumiati, Rakiman Rakiman et al.

Design and manufacture of coffee pulper machines have been carried out with the aim of completing the needs of the coffee farmer groups when harvesting in the Kayu Aro area, Kerinci. The steps in designing and manufacturing a coffee pulper begins with a literature study, design and calculation, the process of making the tool and ends with testing the tool. Engineering drawing design is done by modeling in SolidWorks software. Coffee peeler machine with a capacity of 4 kg/min, with a machine size of 730 mm x 320 mm x 1040 mm, using an electric motor 1 HP 1420 rpm, with a frame using an elbow profile 40 mm x 40 mm x 3 mm. The transmission system uses an electric motor with an initial rotation of 1420 rpm to 364.6 rpm. In the 2 pulley component D = 74.6 mm and 290.5 mm, V-belt type B No.52, 1 solid shaft D = 25 mm. Initial test results using 2–5 kg of wet coffee beans take 30.07–77.20 seconds, and the skin has separated from the beans cleanly. These results show that the engine capacity is 235.62 kg/h, so that the desired target is met with relatively low operating costs. The existence of this tool will be able to help the process of separating the skin and coffee beans, so that the quality of coffee production will increase.      Keywords:  coffee, coffee machine, design and construction, farmer groups

Manuele Bertoluzzo, Stefano Giacomuzzi, Abhay Kumar

Energy storage plays a fundamental role in balancing the power fluctuations induced by the distributed generation of renewable energy sources. In this scenario, electric vehicles can strongly contribute to exchange power with the grid through their on-board batteries. When the vehicle is parked, the battery can be discharged, injecting active power into the grid, provided that its state of charge will be restored before vehicle utilization. This paper presents a comprehensive step-by-step design of a wireless charger for a Vehicle-to-Home application. The design procedure begins from the constraints disposed by the Italian reference technical rules for Low Voltage utilities and by the standard SAE J2954 for Wireless Power Transfer for electric vehicles. The selection of the output power of the battery is followed by the power sizing of each stage of the bidirectional wireless charger.

Czerwińska Karolina, Pacana Andrzej

Designing and proper implementation of effective processes and providing the customer with high quality products undoubtedly determines the stable position on the market. The aim of the study was to analyse the cost and value of the technological process of doors in the context of creating added value and to identify unnecessary processes (not creating added value) in relation to which appropriate corrective actions could contribute to their elimination. Thanks to the application of remedial measures, consistent with the lean manufacturing concept, the study eliminated, among other things, operations related to unnecessary transport and storage of products, which resulted in both the reduction of time and costs of process implementation.

A. Hadian, T. Heinis

Katherine Isbister

Drawing upon the findings and experiences of my team’s Research-through-Design practice, I propose that we as a scholarly community pull together (harder) to steer future technological developments toward putting attention on the experiential space between people, deploying computation toward augmenting physical copresence and collective action. Despite long-standing research efforts in HCI and Ubicomp aimed at re-orienting the ship, particularly in recent years, vast commercial internet and mobile-based services have rightfully been critiqued for encouraging some pretty isolating behavior patterns. In the spirit of Suchman’s reframing of our understanding of the human machine interface in her classic text, Human-Machine Reconfigurations: Plans and Situated Actions, and drawing upon the style of and some key ideas from Donna Haraway’s past and recent work [5, 6], I put forward a manifesto that calls for a future of technology that enables the ‘suprahuman’—a productive reweaving of the social fabric between us in ways that include our bodies and the material world, and that privilege bolstering connection and shared action. I respectfully put forward this call to action as fodder for discussion at the Halfway to the Future event.