Yet the problem of evaluating sustainability policies over time stems from needing to monitor the changing nature of expert agreement needed for dependency-based improvements in the environment. While this is undoubtedly helpful for relatively sustainable action, easier said than done requires methodological systems to assess how agreement grows and solidifies. Here it should be noted that the conventional STATIS approach, while successful in multivariate assessment, lacks the capacity to evaluate expert assessments factoring uncertainty, indeterminacy, and subjectivity. Therefore, this research goes on to fill this void with the neutrosophic STATIS method applied to a panel of experts assessing ten (10) sustainability policies over three (3) time periods, resulting in ease of modeling opinion and visualization of intent. Ultimately, the results indicate that a consensus structure exists and evolves over time, yet there is agreement on the success of energy policies, while circular economy initiatives never become certain. Thus, this study contributes to the literature in two ways: First, theoretically, it legitimizes a consistent framework for dynamic evaluation of complex subjective assessments; Second, practically, it allows for managers to understand where there is agreement and disagreement to create more fluid public policies.
This article examines how ethnographic methodology and literary theory can advance research engines and artificial intelligence systems beyond the reductive computational approaches that dominate contemporary AI development. Drawing on recent Stanford research revealing fundamental gaps in large language models’ ability to distinguish factual knowledge from belief, I argue that contemporary AI systems enact what I term “abducted semantics”—appropriating the inferential logic of human meaning-making while systematically attenuating the culturally embedded, phenomenologically grounded capacities that generate authentic understanding. Through close analysis of Clifford Geertz’s thick description, Charles Sanders Peirce’s triadic semiotics, and canonical literary works—Miguel de Cervantes’ <i>Don Quixote</i> and Gabriel García Márquez’s <i>One Hundred Years of Solitude</i>—I demonstrate that human understanding operates through complex semiotic processes irreducible to pattern-matching and statistical prediction. The article proposes concrete interventions to transform research engines from tools of semantic extraction into technologies that preserve and enhance interpretive richness, arguing that ethnographic and literary methodologies offer essential correctives to the epistemological impoverishment inherent in current AI architectures.
The “memory wall” bottleneck in the Von Neumann architecture has driven the demand for in-memory computing devices. Ferroelectric memory has emerged as a strong contender for next-generation in-memory computing devices due to its advantages of high speed and low power consumption. However, conventional perovskite materials encounter difficulties in terms of scalability and compatibility with CMOS. Hafnium oxide-based ferroelectric materials, particularly Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 (HZO), address these issues. In this work, we fabricated ferroelectric diodes based on a W/HZO/W plug structure and verified that the current in the low-resistance state conforms to the Schottky emission transport mechanism. The device demonstrates stable polarization characteristics, intrinsic bidirectional rectification characteristics, and a discernible memory window, while facilitating non-destructive readout. We proposed a 2-bit multiplier scheme based on ferroelectric diodes, which requires only 11 devices and 16 operations, with a total power consumption as low as ∼11 fJ. The resistance state encoding has enabled the logic computation scheme that functions without additional state transitions or complex peripheral control circuits. Furthermore, the bidirectional rectification characteristics of the devices inherently enable sneak-path suppression in crossbar arrays, which eliminates the need for external selector devices. This work demonstrates the potential of ferroelectric diodes in self-selective crossbar arrays and logic-in-memory systems, driving the development of low-power memory-logic integration.
Innovation and entrepreneurship are core drivers of high-quality economic development; however, their inherent characteristics, high risk, heavy investment, and slow return, significantly constrain efficiency in the spatial allocation of financial capital. Difficult and expensive financing has long been a key bottleneck restricting the high-quality development of innovation and entrepreneurship in China. As the primary financing channel for enterprises, bank credit efficiency is strongly influenced by geographical distance: Bank-enterprise proximity can alleviate information asymmetry, reduce transaction costs, and ultimately strengthen financial support for innovation and entrepreneurship. However, against the backdrop of rapid digital finance development weakening spatial constraints and continuous government Research and Development (R&D) investment shaping the innovation ecosystem, the impact of bank-enterprise proximity on the quality of urban innovation and entrepreneurship is not a simple linear relationship. Its effectiveness may exhibit heterogeneity with changes in institutional environments and resource conditions. Existing studies have neither fully clarified the internal logic of this nonlinear relationship nor sufficiently addressed the boundary-setting role of government R&D investment. Based on this, from the perspective of financial geography, this study used panel data of 213 prefecture-level and above cities in China from 2003 to 2020. Various empirical methods, including baseline regression, threshold effect modeling, heterogeneity analysis, and robustness tests, were comprehensively applied to systematically explore the impact of bank-enterprise geographical proximity on the quality of urban innovation and entrepreneurship, verify the internal mechanisms of financial support, and identify the threshold effect of government R&D investment. Bank-enterprise proximity significantly promoted the quality of urban innovation and entrepreneurship, and this finding remained robust after controlling for endogeneity. Government R&D investment exerted a significant single-threshold moderating effect on this relationship, with a threshold value of 23.3% (measured as the sum of scientific and educational expenditure as a share of total general public budget expenditure). Only when R&D investment exceeded this threshold did the enabling effect of bank-enterprise proximity became significantly amplified; when investment was insufficient, the effect was insignificant. The level of digitalization also presented a single-threshold characteristic: Below the threshold, traditional bank-enterprise geographical proximity played a dominant role, whereas above the threshold, digital finance supplemented geographical proximity by improving information transmission efficiency and replacing its core position. In terms of heterogeneity, in the context of high R&D investment, the promoting effect of bank-enterprise proximity was the most prominent in eastern regions and in super-large or mega cities, followed by central regions and large cities, while it was relatively weak in western regions and medium and small cities owing to weak economic foundations and insufficient resource agglomeration. Further mechanism tests confirmed that alleviating corporate financing constraints was the key channel through which bank-enterprise proximity operated. The academic value of this study is reflected in three dimensions: First, focusing on the new characteristics of the financial geography structure in the digital era, this study verifies the continued importance of bank-enterprise proximity against the background of weakened spatial constraints, enriching the interdisciplinary research in financial geography and innovation economics. Second, this study is the first to identify the single-threshold moderating effect of government R&D investment, clarifying the boundary conditions of the nonlinear relationship between bank-enterprise proximity and innovation and entrepreneurship quality, and providing new empirical support for reconciling divergent conclusions in existing studies. Third, this study constructs a multi-dimensional integrated analytical framework of "government factor (R&D investment)-technological factor (digitalization)," deepening the systematic understanding of the driving mechanism of urban innovation and entrepreneurship quality. At the practical level, this study provides clear implications for local governments to formulate relevant policies. Governments should shorten bank-enterprise distance by optimizing the spatial layout of bank branches, increase R&D investment to exceed the critical threshold of 23.3%, promote the deep integration of digital finance and traditional banking, and strengthen policy support for central and western regions and for medium or small cities. These measures can jointly enhance the synergistic effectiveness of financial support and government intervention in boosting the high-quality development of innovation and entrepreneurship.
The main purpose of this paper, which takes the form of an essay, is an attempt to answer the question of the limits of artificial intelligence (AI). In the introductory section, we present the key milestones in AI development, both historical and future projections, in which two terms – Artificial Human (AH) and Artificial ‘god’ (AG) – play a special role. In the second section, we clarify the question of the limits of AI by indicating the hypothetical goal of AI development. The third section develops the argument proposed by C. F. Weizsäcker, originally formulated for cybernetics. The conclusion of this argument is optimistic about limitations to the possibilities of cybernetic simulations. We apply this argument to AI and subject it to a critique which ultimately undermines the legitimacy of its conclusion. We base the critique on two well-known results: the theorem of the unsolvability of the halting problem and Gödel’s first incompleteness theorem, and we formulate two objections interpreted without adopting Church’s thesis. In the crucial fourth section, we present a third objection in the form of a hypothesis for which we argue that AI (AH), understood as a subject, will always be solipsistic.
History of scholarship and learning. The humanities
Nur Handayani Anik, Nur Fitrianti Nabila, Kusumawardana Arya
et al.
This study aims to design and develop teaching materials for Basic Digital Engineering material in the Basics of Electronics Engineering Subject at the Mechatronics Department of SMKN 4 Malang. Obstacles in learning Basic Digital Engineering, lack of practicum facilities and learning resources, encourage the development of digital teaching materials as a structured solution. Autodesk Tinkercad platform is used to support offline practicum implementation. The purpose of using Autodesk-based learning to encourage students to collaborate and continue to carry out practicum independently outside the school environment. This research includes the development of job sheets consisting of teacher’s handbook and student’s handbook, covering basic logic gates, advanced logic gates, and introduction to microcontrollers. In addition, a guidebook was also developed to optimize the use of Autodesk Tinkercad. This research involves testing the feasibility of job sheets and guidebooks in learning Basic Digital Engineering Materials using the Autodesk Tinkercad platform. The results of this study can contribute to improving the quality of learning and conclude that the use of digital teaching materials with the support of Autodesk Tinkercad can increase student independence in Basic Digital Engineering Materials.
In this paper, the authors research the problem of loops in linear temporal logic PLTL. The task involves defining the standard rule application process for the derivation procedure (as used in [4] and [5]), determining and proving properties for the absence of a loop beneath some sequent, and creating a new calculus G*TL, which uses the proposed sequent grouping method, along with the method of marks (similar marking concepts were proposed in [5] and [6]). A new type of structural rule (GROUP), along with a modification of the rule (∘) to (∘*) is introduced. Finally, it is shown that the loop checking mechanism used in calculus G*TL is efficient, comparing it with other known calculi for logic PLTL.
In a recent paper, under the auspices of an unorthodox variety of bilateralism, we introduced a new kind of proof-theoretic semantics for the base modal logic \(\mathbf{K}\), whose values lie in the closed interval \([0,1]\) of rational numbers [14]. In this paper, after clarifying our conception of bilateralism – dubbed “soft bilateralism” – we generalize the fractional method to encompass extensions and weakenings of \(\mathbf{K}\). Specifically, we introduce well-behaved hypersequent calculi for the deontic logic \(\mathbf{D}\) and the non-normal modal logics \(\mathbf{E}\) and \(\mathbf{M}\) and thoroughly investigate their structural properties.
يتناول هذا البحث مفهوم قيمة الصدق وطبيعته وتطوره في الأنساق المنطقية المعاصرة، وهو أحد أهم المفاهيم المركزية في المنطق الحديث، إذ تعد قيمة الصدق أداة فعالة للتحليل المنطقي والسيمانطيقي للغة وتمثيلا للعلاقات المختلفة التي يمكن أن تٌعقد بين اللغة والعالم. واستجابة لمتغيرات العصر وطبيعة العلم المتنامية المتطورة التي أدت إلى التشكيك في يقين العلم والرياضيات واهتزاز الثقة فى المنطق الكلاسيكي ثنائي القيم، شرع العلماء والمناطقة في إعادة التفكير فى العلم والرياضيات ومحاولة الخروج من ثنائية قيم الصدق الكلاسيكية. ومن ثم تغيرت صورة قيمة الصدق المنطقي وأخذت أشكالا جديدة مخالفة تماما للتصور الثنائي الكلاسيكي وفق ما يتلاءم مع منطق العلم الحديث ومستجدات الواقع المليء بالغموض والمتناقضات. ولقد أدى تطور مفهوم قيم الصدق إلى الانتقال من التصور الثنائي الأقرب للمثالية إلى التصور الواقعي الذي يتلاءم مع التغير العلمي ويواكب منطق التنوع والاختلاف والكثرة والتغير الذي يميز الواقع الفعلي للفكر الإنساني. ومن ثم لم يكن تطور مفهوم قيمة الصدق في الأنساق المنطقية المعاصرة إلا انعطافا نقديا لأسس التصور الأرسطي (الثنائي) لقيمة الصدق يرمي إلى التوسيع من مجالها من جهة، والقضاء على استاتيكيتها وضيقها وجمودها من جهة ثانية.AbstractThis research deals with the concept of the truth value, its nature and development in contemporary logical systems. It is one of the most central concepts in modern logic. The truth value is an effective tool for the logical and semantic analysis of language and a representation of the different relationships that can be held between language and the world. In response to the changes of the times and the growing nature of science that led to questioning the certainty of science and mathematics and the shaking of confidence in the classical two-valued logic, scholars and logicians began to rethink science and mathematics and try to get out of the bivalence of truth values. Hence, the image of the logical truth value changed and took new forms that are contrary to the classical binary perception, according to what is compatible with the logic of modern science and developments in reality full of contradictions. The development of the concept of truth values has led to a transition from the binary conception closest to idealism to the realistic conception that is compatible with scientific change and keeping pace with the logic of diversity, difference, multiplicity and change that characterizes the actual reality of human thought. Hence, the development of the concept of the truth value was nothing but a critical turn to the foundations of the Aristotelian conception of the truth value aimed at expanding its scope on the one hand, and eliminating its static, narrowness and stagnation on the other hand.
Abeer Dyoub, Stefania Costantini, Francesca A. Lisi
Autonomous intelligent agents are playing increasingly important roles in our lives. They contain information about us and start to perform tasks on our behalves. Chatbots are an example of such agents that need to engage in a complex conversations with humans. Thus, we need to ensure that they behave ethically. In this work we propose a hybrid logic-based approach for ethical chatbots.
Carlos Olarte, Valeria de Paiva, Elaine Pimentel
et al.
Benchmarking automated theorem proving (ATP) systems using standardized problem sets is a well-established method for measuring their performance. However, the availability of such libraries for non-classical logics is very limited. In this work we propose a library for benchmarking Girard's (propositional) intuitionistic linear logic. For a quick bootstrapping of the collection of problems, and for discussing the selection of relevant problems and understanding their meaning as linear logic theorems, we use translations of the collection of Kleene's intuitionistic theorems in the traditional monograph "Introduction to Metamathematics". We analyze four different translations of intuitionistic logic into linear logic and compare their proofs using a linear logic based prover with focusing. In order to enhance the set of problems in our library, we apply the three provability-preserving translations to the propositional benchmarks in the ILTP Library. Finally, we generate a comprehensive set of reachability problems for Petri nets and encode such problems as linear logic sequents, thus enlarging our collection of problems.
This article deals with the identity confrontation between unionists and nationalists for the possession of space in the Belfast and Derry districts. As a defining element of politics and identity in Northern Ireland, space has a strategic importance to ensure the survival of a community in this segregated city. By making the assumption of a pacification of the territorial struggle following the post-conflict political situation, the author shows that the space conflict is still current ant that it exacerbates political and identity antagonisms through the logic of provocation and defense of the district. By mobilising participating observations and interviews with Republican activists, the author rewrites the daily behaviour of these activists as well as their offensive and defensive strategies to maintain the cohesion of their districts against the unionists.
Nowadays, one of the biggest threats for modern computer networks are the cyber attacks. One of the possible ways how to increase the level of computer networks security is a deployment of a network intrusion detection system. This paper deals with the behavior of the network intrusion detection system during specific network intrusion. We formally describe this network intrusion by the modal linear logic formula. Based on this formula, logical space and logical time is expressed from the attacker, and the network environment point of view in the usage of the Ludics theory.
The aim of this paper is to apply a general methodology for constructing statistical methods, which is based on decision theory, to give a statistical description of preferential rankings, with a focus on the rankings’ dependence on categorical variables. In the paper, I use functions of description errors that are based on the Kemeny and Hamming distances between preferential orderings, but the proposed methodology can also be applied to other methods of estimating description errors.
History of scholarship and learning. The humanities
The paper was prepared for the 80-th anniversary of publishing of John Maynard Keynes’ “General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money”. It discusses the stages of the economist’s life, the main books written prior to "The General Theory ...". Particular attention is devoted to the development issues of the monetary policy in the works of "Indian Currency and Finance", ”A Tract on Monetary Reform” and "A Treatise on Money". A special section is dedicated to the analysis of Keynes’ methodology, its logic and structure, influenced by John. E. Moore. The paper reveals the unity and the difference in approaches of A. Marshall and John M. Keynes, and explores new categories of behavioral economics and marginal analysis, which established the success of "General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money", shows the value of Keynes's theory for the further development of macroeconomics.
Particular attention is paid to the popularization of Keynes's ideas from the initial interpretations of "The General Theory ..." to the neoclassical synthesis and further to neo-Keynesianism and post-Keynesianism. The paper studies the unity and the distinction between Hicks’ and American Keynesianism. Hicksian assumptions of a savings-investment function have determined the features of the IS-LM model. The contributions to the development of Keynesianism A. Hansen and P. A. Samuelson are also shown, as well as the history of the "Keynesian Cross". A comparative analysis of the neoclassical and Keynesian models of general economic equilibrium is given and analyzes the institutional reasons explaining differences between neoclassical and Keynesian paradigms.
A special section is devoted to the Keynesian theory of growth, showing unity and difference of R. Harrod and E. Domar models, along with their impact on the creation of Development Economics. Simplified understanding of Keynes's legacy has caused the emergence of unorthodox Keynesianism. The paper focuses on the contributions of R. Clower and A. Leijonhufvud to grasping the role of uncertainty and expectations in the original concepts of Keynes and his contributions to the study of disequilibrium economy. Finally, we investigate the contribution of post-Keynesians (J. V. Robinson, P. Sraffa and N. Kaldor), the rise and the fall of the Phillips curve, as well as the criticism of the Keynesian doctrine given by the monetarists, adherents of supply-side economics, new classical economics, the theory of rational expectations and the public choice.
Review of automatic management of road traffic technologies in major cities of Ukraine is carried out in the given article. Priority directions of studies are determined for producing modern and perspective technologies in the given area. The facilities for monitoring and intelligence management of the road traffic on the basis of the programmed logical controller, using the device of fuzzy logic are considered.