Hasil untuk "Latin America. Spanish America"

Tara Kemp, James G. Lefevre

Given a partition $h_1+h_2+\dots+h_k = n$, a latin square of order $n$ with pairwise disjoint subsquares of orders $h_1,\dots ,h_k$ is called a realization. When the values $h_i$ are of at most two sizes, the existence of a realization has been completely determined. However, the existence of a latin cube with pairwise disjoint subcubes of two orders is only partially solved. In this paper, we determine existence for such latin cubes in almost all cases.

Nicolas Nagel

We investigate $L_2$-discrepancies of what we call weak Latin hypercubes. In this case it turns out that there is a precise equivalence between the extreme and periodic $L_2$-discrepancy which follows from a much broader result about generalized energies for weighted point sets. Motivated by this we study the asymptotics of the optimal $L_2$-discrepancy of weak Latin hypercubes. We determine asymptotically tight bounds for $d \geq 3$ and even the precise (dimension dependent) constant in front of the dominating term for $d \geq 4$.

Filipe Lauar, Valentin Laurent

This study explores the transfer learning capabilities of the TrOCR architecture to Spanish. TrOCR is a transformer-based Optical Character Recognition (OCR) model renowned for its state-of-the-art performance in English benchmarks. Inspired by Li et al. assertion regarding its adaptability to multilingual text recognition, we investigate two distinct approaches to adapt the model to a new language: integrating an English TrOCR encoder with a language specific decoder and train the model on this specific language, and fine-tuning the English base TrOCR model on a new language data. Due to the scarcity of publicly available datasets, we present a resource-efficient pipeline for creating OCR datasets in any language, along with a comprehensive benchmark of the different image generation methods employed with a focus on Visual Rich Documents (VRDs). Additionally, we offer a comparative analysis of the two approaches for the Spanish language, demonstrating that fine-tuning the English TrOCR on Spanish yields superior recognition than the language specific decoder for a fixed dataset size. We evaluate our model employing character and word error rate metrics on a public available printed dataset, comparing the performance against other open-source and cloud OCR spanish models. As far as we know, these resources represent the best open-source model for OCR in Spanish. The Spanish TrOCR models are publicly available on HuggingFace [20] and the code to generate the dataset is available on Github [25].

Timothy Y. Chow, Mark G. Tiefenbruck

A Latin tableau of shape $λ$ and type $μ$ is a Young diagram of shape $λ$ in which each box contains a single positive integer, with no repeated integers in any row or column, and the $i$th most common integer appearing $μ_i$ times. Over twenty years ago, Chow et al., in their study of a generalization of Rota's basis conjecture that they called the wide partition conjecture, conjectured a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of a Latin tableau of shape $λ$ and type $μ$. We report some computational evidence for this conjecture, and prove that the conjecture correctly characterizes, for any given $λ$, at least the first four parts of $μ$.

Shraboni Sarker, Ahmad Tamim Hamad, Hulayyil Alshammari et al.

Large language models have gained tremendous popularity in domains such as e-commerce, finance, healthcare, and education. Fine-tuning is a common approach to customize an LLM on a domain-specific dataset for a desired downstream task. In this paper, we present a valuable resource for fine-tuning LLMs developed for the Spanish language to perform a variety of tasks such as classification, masked language modeling, clustering, and others. Our resource is a collection of handwritten notary records from the seventeenth century obtained from the National Archives of Argentina. This collection contains a combination of original images and transcribed text (and metadata) of 160+ pages that were handwritten by two notaries, namely, Estenban Agreda de Vergara and Nicolas de Valdivia y Brisuela nearly 400 years ago. Through empirical evaluation, we demonstrate that our collection can be used to fine-tune Spanish LLMs for tasks such as classification and masked language modeling, and can outperform pre-trained Spanish models and ChatGPT-3.5/ChatGPT-4o. Our resource will be an invaluable resource for historical text analysis and is publicly available on GitHub.

Jack Allsop, Ian M. Wanless

Suppose that $k$ is a function of $n$ and $n\to\infty$. We show that with probability $1-O(1/n)$, a uniformly random $k\times n$ Latin rectangle contains no proper Latin subsquare of order $4$ or more, proving a conjecture of Divoux, Kelly, Kennedy and Sidhu. We also show that the expected number of subsquares of order 3 is bounded and find that the expected number of subsquares of order 2 is $\binom{k}{2}(1/2+o(1))$ for all $k\le n$.

Rodolfo Leyes, Comité Editorial Historia Regional

Textos: Informe del delegado de la F.O.R.A. y pedido de solidaridad a la F.O.M.

Yuanbo Hou, Qiaoqiao Ren, Huizhong Zhang et al.

Soundscape studies typically attempt to capture the perception and understanding of sonic environments by surveying users. However, for long-term monitoring or assessing interventions, sound-signal-based approaches are required. To this end, most previous research focused on psycho-acoustic quantities or automatic sound recognition. Few attempts were made to include appraisal (e.g., in circumplex frameworks). This paper proposes an artificial intelligence (AI)-based dual-branch convolutional neural network with cross-attention-based fusion (DCNN-CaF) to analyze automatic soundscape characterization, including sound recognition and appraisal. Using the DeLTA dataset containing human-annotated sound source labels and perceived annoyance, the DCNN-CaF is proposed to perform sound source classification (SSC) and human-perceived annoyance rating prediction (ARP). Experimental findings indicate that (1) the proposed DCNN-CaF using loudness and Mel features outperforms the DCNN-CaF using only one of them. (2) The proposed DCNN-CaF with cross-attention fusion outperforms other typical AI-based models and soundscape-related traditional machine learning methods on the SSC and ARP tasks. (3) Correlation analysis reveals that the relationship between sound sources and annoyance is similar for humans and the proposed AI-based DCNN-CaF model. (4) Generalization tests show that the proposed model's ARP in the presence of model-unknown sound sources is consistent with expert expectations and can explain previous findings from the literature on sound-scape augmentation.

A. L. Perezhogin, V. N. Potapov, S. Yu. Vladimirov

We prove that for all n>1 every latin n-dimensional cube of order 5 has transversals. We find all 123 paratopy classes of layer-latin cubes of order 5 with no transversals. For each $n\geq 3$ and $q\geq 3$ we construct a (2q-2)-layer latin n-dimensional cuboid with no transversals. Moreover, we find all paratopy classes of nonextendible and noncompletable latin cuboids of order 5.

Gonzalo Aguilar

Presentación de Futuros menores. Filosofías del tiempo y arquitecturas del mundo desde Brasil de Luz Horne

Elisabeth Burgos-Debray, Ann Wright

H. Klein

Bolivia is an unusually high-altitude country created by imperial conquest and native adaptions – today, it remains one of the most multi-ethnic societies in the world with one of the largest Amerindian populations in the Americas. It has seen the most social and economic mobility of Indian and mestizo populations in any country in Latin America. This work, having also appeared in Spanish, Portuguese, Japanese and Chinese in its earlier editions, has become the standard survey of the history of Bolivia. In this new edition, Klein explores the changes that occurred in the past two decades under the leadership of Evo Morales and his indigenous government, and how his party has emerged in the post-Evo years as one of the most important in Bolivia. The work also expands on the changes in both the traditional mining economy and the rise of a new commercial export agriculture.

Jack Allsop, Ian M. Wanless

A \emph{Latin square} is a matrix of symbols such that each symbol occurs exactly once in each row and column. A Latin square $L$ is \emph{row-Hamiltonian} if the permutation induced by each pair of distinct rows of $L$ is a full cycle permutation. Row-Hamiltonian Latin squares are equivalent to perfect $1$-factorisations of complete bipartite graphs. For the first time, we exhibit a family of Latin squares that are row-Hamiltonian and also achieve precisely one of the related properties of being column-Hamiltonian or symbol-Hamiltonian. This family allows us to construct non-trivial, anti-associative, isotopically $L$-closed loop varieties, solving an open problem posed by Falconer in 1970.

Ariel Alberto Eiris

Emilia Sol Delgado

Diana Alejandra Méndez Rojas

El artículo expone los resultados de una investigación centrada en el estudio de las trayectorias de los guatemaltecos que, apoyados por el Programa de Becas de la Fundación Rockefeller, cursaron capacitaciones avanzadas o estudios de posgrado en ciencias agrícolas en México, entre 1949 y 1976. Desde el mirador de la historia del intercambio académico, en clave transnacional, se propone que la agricultura fungió como un puente que, a través de los itinerarios de los becarios, unió dos procesos: la profesionalización de la enseñanza agrícola en México y la profesionalización de la investigación agrícola en Guatemala. Se argumenta, además, que ambos procesos formaron parte del despliegue de la revolución verde en América Latina. Esta indagación se fundamentó en la consulta de fuentes primarias, hemerografía y entrevistas.

Augusto César Acioly Paz Silva

O presente artigo tem como preocupação, discutir os caminhos que a maçonaria pernambucana trilhou no período após a instalação do Estado Novo, quando permaneceu com suas atividades e patrimônios interditados pelo Estado. Ao longo do texto, discutiremos como o ideário antimaçônico foi difundido em vários espaços da burocracia do Estado Novo pernambucano, muitos deles, formados dentro de uma sociabilidade, política e intelectual de matriz conservadora-católica. Procurando realizar uma leitura de fontes relacionadas a este processo de construção de uma lógica da suspeição, observaremos como ela foi importante no processo interdição de reorganização das ações maçônicas pernambucanas no período de 1937-1945.

Inin Rono Ramírez Nunta

Dos poesías de Inin Rono Ramírez Nunta

Virginia Savage, Arachu Castro

BackgroundAlthough mistreatment of women during facility-based childbirth has received increasing recognition as a critical issue throughout the world, there remains a lack of consensus on operational definitions of mistreatment and best practices to assess the issue. Moreover, only minimal research has focused on mistreatment in Latin America and the Caribbean, a region notable for social inequalities and inequitable access to maternal health care.MethodsIn this article, we discuss the results of a literature review that sought to contribute to the determination of best practices in defining and measuring the mistreatment of women during childbirth, particularly within Latin America and the Caribbean. The review includes a total of 57 English, Spanish, and Portuguese-language research publications and eight legal documents that were published between 2000 and 2017.ResultsWhile the typologies of “disrespect and abuse” and “mistreatment during facility-based childbirth” are most frequently employed in global studies, “obstetric violence” remains the most commonly operationalized term in Latin America and the Caribbean in both research and policy contexts. Various researchers have advocated for the use of those three different typologies, yet the terms all share commonalities in highlighting the medicalization of natural processes of childbirth, roots in gender inequalities, parallels with violence against women, the potential for harm, and the threat to women’s rights. For measuring mistreatment, half of the research publications in this review use qualitative methods, such as in-depth interviews and focus groups. After analyzing the strengths and limitations of quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods approaches to assessing mistreatment, we recommend mixed methods designs as the optimal strategy to evaluate mistreatment and advocate for the inclusion of direct observations that may help bridge the gap between observed measures and participants’ self-reported experiences of mistreatment.ConclusionsNo matter the conceptual framework used in future investigations, we recommend that studies seek to accomplish three objectives: (1) to measure the perceived and observed frequencies of mistreatment in maternal health settings, (2) to examine the macro and micro level factors that drive mistreatment, and (3) to assess the impact of mistreatment on the health outcomes of women and their newborns.Abstract in SpanishAntecedentesAunque el maltrato durante la atención del parto en establecimientos de salud ha recibido atención como un problema crítico en todo el mundo, no existe un consenso ni sobre las definiciones operativas del maltrato ni sobre las mejores prácticas para evaluar el problema. Sólo algunas investigaciones se centran en el maltrato en América Latina y el Caribe, una región que se caracteriza por las desigualdades sociales y el acceso desigual a la atención materna en salud.MétodosPresentamos los resultados de una revisión bibliográfica que contribuye a determinar las mejores prácticas en la definición y la medición del maltrato de las mujeres durante el parto. Generamos información que puede informar la selección de mejores prácticas en la medición del maltrato, en particular en América Latina y el Caribe. La revisión incluye un total de 57 publicaciones y ocho documentos legales en inglés, español y portugués publicados entre 2000 y 2017.ResultadosAunque muchas investigaciones usan las tipologías de “falta de respeto y abuso” y "maltrato durante la atención del parto,” el concepto de “violencia obstétrica” es el término más común en contextos de investigación y de política en América Latina y el Caribe. A pesar de sus diferencias, los tres conceptos comparten elementos en sus definiciones, como la medicalización de los procesos naturales del parto, sus raíces en las desigualdades de género, los paralelos con la violencia contra la mujer, el potencial de daño y la amenaza a los derechos de las mujeres. Para medir el maltrato, la mitad de las publicaciones en esta revisión utilizan métodos cualitativos, como entrevistas en profundidad y grupos focales. Después de analizar las ventajas y limitaciones de los métodos cuantitativos, cualitativos y mixtos, recomendamos el uso de diseños de métodos mixtos para evaluar el maltrato y la inclusión de observaciones directas para superar la brecha entre las medidas observadas y las experiencias reportadas de maltrato.ConclusionesCon independencia del método o del marco conceptual, recomendamos que las investigaciones futuras alcancen tres objetivos: (1) medir la frecuencia reportada y la observada del maltrato en establecimientos de salud materna, (2) examinar los factores macro y micro que causan el maltrato y (3) evaluar el impacto del maltrato en los resultados en salud de las mujeres y sus recién nacidos.

Héctor Fuster, A. Chamarro, U. Oberst