The economic and social shock presented by the Covid-19 pandemic is likely to reshape perceptions of individuals and organizations about work and occupations and result in both micro and macro shifts in the world of work. In this essay we focus on three occupationally-related domains that may be impacted by the pandemic. First, perceptions of the value and status of different occupations may change, resulting in both changes of occupational supply and demand (macro changes) and changes in the perceived calling and meaningfulness of different occupations (micro changes). Second, the great “work from home experiment” may change occupational perspectives on working from home. Organizations and researchers may be able to better understand which occupational and individual characteristics are associated with work-from-home effectiveness and better designate occupational groups and individuals to working (or not working) from home. Third, we discuss the increased segmentation of the labor market which allocate workers to “good jobs” and “bad jobs” and the contribution of occupational segmentation to inequality.
This study focuses on overcoming critical human resource challenges within the healthcare sector and exploring the formulation and implementation of measures to reduce the turnover rate of the medical staff. The concept of psychological contract governance posits that hospitals should prioritize fostering positive interpersonal relationships, providing robust social support, and cultivating a supportive work environment. This approach addresses the psychological and spiritual needs of the medical staff beyond mere material incentives, thereby ultimately enhancing workforce stability. Current research on psychological contract among the medical staff remains limited, predominantly focusing on identifying antecedents of turnover behavior and applying intervention strategies from a psychological contract standpoint. Grounding our analysis in the core dimensions of psychological contract, this study employs evolutionary game theory to model the strategic interactions between hospitals that implement psychological contract governance and the turnover decisions of the medical staff, under varying labor market supply and demand conditions. Our analysis elucidates the specific contexts and mechanisms by which psychological contract governance influences turnover decisions. Furthermore, we utilize system simulation to explore key parameters affecting the evolutionary outcomes for both parties involved and propose strategies to improve the retention of the medical staff. It is recommended that psychological contract governance strategies be tailored to current labor market conditions, with particular emphasis on the dynamics of supply and demand. Implementing a systematic incentive framework is advantageous, as it effectively addresses the multifaceted needs of the medical staff, encompassing both material and psychological motivators. In addition, strengthening negative organizational constraints, while maintaining a positive psychological contract governance framework, is essential for optimizing overall outcomes. This research aims to provide valuable insights for human resource management within medical institutions and to offer a theoretical foundation for talent management decisions made by hospital administrators and relevant healthcare regulatory bodies.
Abstract Amidst the complex dynamics of global industrial chain reconstruction and the rise of anti-globalization, this study explores the impact of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in altering the risk exposure of China's manufacturing industry chain. The interaction mechanism of risk and trade transfers are analyzed through a blend of theoretical analysis and empirical research. Specifically, the two-way fixed effects panel difference-in-differences (DID) model is established to conduct empirical analysis based on industry-level data from 74 countries covered by TIVA-ICIO database. It is found that the Belt and Road Initiative functions as an effective mechanism adjusts the import and export trade structure, playing a crucial role in migrating the supply chain to countries involved, thereby creating what is referred to as "geographical alternative dependence." As a result of this development, China's risk exposure on both the supply and demand sides of BRI countries experiences a substantial increase, while its dependence on non-BRI countries witnesses a decline. The internal circulation, achieved through the localization of key technologies, serves to weaken the supply dependence on non-BRI countries. Conversely, the external circulation contributes to expanding the market share of BRI countries. Nevertheless, it is noted that despite these advancements, the risk exposure within high-tech industries has not shown a significant improvement due to potential discrepancies in the global industry chains. Heterogeneity analysis indicates a notable impact of the initiative in enhancing the risk exposure of low- and middle-income participating nations. This trend reflects China's strategic direction of delegating low- and middle-end production capacities to developing countries and optimizing the international division of labor. In light of these findings, it is imperative for China to intensify its efforts in key technology research, establish a regional cooperation network based on the "anchor + backup" model, and enhance the overall risk prevention and control system across the entire supply chain. These measures are crucial for laying a theoretical foundation and offering practical insights to effectively coordinate the security of the industrial chain and promote the high-quality development of an open economy.
Cherevko Heorhiy, Yatsiv Ihor, Cherevko Iryna
et al.
During the period of martial law in Ukraine, there was a decrease in both the demand for the labor force and its supply. Negative processes in the labor market create difficulties with the recovery of the economy of Ukraine.
A pandemia de COVID-19 intensificou o diálogo sobre a interseção entre tecnologia e educação, mas é crucial compreender que esse debate não é exclusivo do momento atual. Ao direcionarmos nosso olhar para a realidade brasileira, torna-se incontestável o notável crescimento da Educação a Distância (EaD) ao longo dos últimos 15 anos. Este ensaio propõe-se a fornecer elementos para reflexão, destacando como a modalidade de ensino a distância não apenas reflete o avanço neoliberal na educação, mas também se configura como um componente essencial na reestruturação produtiva do trabalho docente.
Palavra-chave: Educação a Distância; Neoliberalismo; Trabalho Docente.
Special aspects of education, Labor market. Labor supply. Labor demand
Luis Fernando Colunga-Ramos, Leonardo E. Torre Cepeda
This paper analyzes the contribution of supply, demand, and labor market shocks, to the evolution of regional production and inflation of manufactured goods in Mexico within the context of the pandemic. Under the identification of a Bayesian Structural Vector Autoregressive (SBVAR) model with zero and sign restrictions, it is found that since 2021, external demand shocks increased their contribution relative to local shocks in explaining the growth of manufactured goods production in all regions except the South; meanwhile, external supply shocks increased their positive contribution in explaining inflationary pressures across all regions. On the other hand, from 2022 onwards, labor supply shocks have contributed to the production and inflation of manufactured goods mainly in the Northern and North-Central regions, while wage bargaining shocks have emerged as drivers of inflationary pressures in all regions.
Abstract Although wage inequality is an important and widely studied issue, the literature is vastly silent on the relationship between firm entry and exit and the wage dispersion between firms. Using a 50% random administrative sample of West German establishments over the period 1976–2017, I study wage dispersion dynamics between and within the groups of entering, exiting, and incumbent establishments by examining the distribution of average wages across establishments. The results show that entering establishments became increasingly unequal over time, thereby contributing to the rise in wage dispersion between establishments. However, exit rates of young and low-wage establishments have dampened this effect. These findings suggest considering the consequences for wage inequality when designing and assessing policy instruments for firm entry and exit.
Gishkaeva L. L., Ortskhanova M. A., Kokurkhaeva R. M.-B.
This article is devoted to the consideration of indicators of sectoral and regional differentiation of wages in the Russian economy in the context of the development of a market economy. The author notes that one of the main conditions for the effective operation of the market mechanism was the transformation of labor power into a commodity. The indicators of sectoral and regional differentiation in wages in the Russian labor market in 2005-2013 are studied, its causes are identified, among which one can note the presence of fierce competition among private enterprises, the ratio of supply and demand in the labor market, etc. It was determined that in terms of the nominal average monthly wage, the Chechen Republic lagged behind many Russian regions in the period under review. The same situation was observed in the Chechen-Ingush Republic both in 1985 and in 1990, which was behind many autonomous republics of the Russian Federation in this indicator. Great importance in the work is given to the need to develop in the Russian economy a system of “social partnership”, which provides more flexible interaction between employees and employers when concluding labor contracts. The author notes that in countries where the majority of workers were covered by the form of social partnership, labor conflicts were less common and there were fewer sectoral differences.
【Background and objective】 Sustaining agricultural production in regions with water scarcity is a concern in many countries. Developing water-saving irrigation and restructuring cropping systems offer one solution. The purpose of this paper is to propose a method showing how cropping system in a region can be optimized to balance water supply and demand for water from different sectors. 【Method】 We took Anyang in north Henan province as an example, with objective of the optimization to balance economic, social ecological benefits from limited water resources. We used the strategies of inertia weight decay and the particle mutation to establish the multi-objective agricultural planting structure, and solved it by an improved particle swarm optimization method. The optimal results were obtained from analytic hierarchy process (AHP) by processing the pareto solution set and preference-selecting. 【Result】 To balance water use for all sectors, the studied region should reduce the areas of staple crops, including wheat and corn, which are more water-demanding, and increased the areas of cash crops, such as oil-bearing, vegetables and edible fungus. This adjustment can improve the overall benefits and ameliorate the current imbalance between water supply and water demand, and meet demand of the crops for water in most of their growth seasons. Implementation of the optimized cropping systems can reduce water shortage ratio by 9.02%, 9.56% and 9.95% in the base year (2018), and 2025 and 2035 respectively, with their associated overall benefits increased by 13.59%, 10.90%, 9.82%, respectively. The optimized cropping systems still meet the demand of 386.60 kg/a per capita for grains. The downside of the optimized cropping systems is that the increased cash-crop areas would be labor-intensive and, depending on the cash crop market, could compromise farmers’ profits. In the long term, the optimized systems will reduce fertilizer use compared with the level in 2018, but fertilizer application in total will still exceed the limit of 225 kg/ha deemed to be the safe threshold. It hence could risk soil and environmental pollution. 【Conclusion】 We proposed a method to help optimize cropping structure with the aim to reduce agricultural water use and ensure food security. Case study shows the pros and cons of the optimized results. Its implementation needs to consider the fluctuation in both food and labor markets, as increasing planting areas of cash crops will be labor intensive.
Agriculture (General), Irrigation engineering. Reclamation of wasteland. Drainage
El presente artículo se estructura en base a tres ejes. El primero de ellos rescata las
características principales de la Reforma de Córdoba así como el contexto que
permitió que un grupo de estudiantes se organizara para democratizar y transformar
profundamente la educación superior latinoamericana. El segundo eje propone una
aggiornamento de los principios de la Reforma de Córdoba principalmente en base
a los aportes del CRES (“III Conferencia Regional de Educación Superior de
América Latina y el Caribe) que fue celebrado en Córdoba (Argentina) en
conmemoración de los 100 años de la Reforma. Finalmente realizamos un breve
presentación de la relevancia de la Reforma en Uruguay, profundizando en el
análisis de la presencia de los principios reformistas en la Ley 19.043 de creación de
UTEC (Universidad Tecnológica del Uruguay). En base al análisis de artículos de
prensa y proyectos enviados al Parlamento Nacional, concluimos subrayando la
falta de fundamentos empíricos, democráticos y republicanos de las actuales
autoridades educativas de Uruguay a la hora de criticar a la Reforma de Córdoba,
además de analizar las consecuencias que tendría el incremento de una lógicas
autoritarias en la educación, así cómo su impacto en el deterioro democrático de un
país con una de las democracias más robustas de nuestra América.
Special aspects of education, Labor market. Labor supply. Labor demand
Andreas Beerli, F. Weiss, Fabrizio Zilibotti
et al.
This paper investigates the effect of domestic market size on innovation activities across different durable good industries in the Chinese manufacturing sector. We address the endogeneity of market size by an IV strategy, based on a measure of potential market size, which is driven only by changes in the Chinese income distribution. This measure is exogenous to changes in prices and qualities of durable goods and is a valid instrument for expected future market size. Our results indicate that an increase in market size by one percent leads to an increase in firm-specific total factor productivity by 0.46% and an increase in labor productivity by 0.50%. These findings are robust to controlling for export behavior of firms and supply side drivers of R&D.
Plantea una discusión descolonial de los conceptos dominantes de “economía” y trabajo que permita contribuir a sentipensar formas no eurocéntricas de concebir la satisfacción de nuestras necesidades materiales y espirituales. Se trata de establecer cuáles son los aportes de las visiones “indígena”, marxista y feminista para la elaboración de una mirada otra de “economía” denominada solidaridad “económica” (SE) como categoría de transición histórica, y resignificar el trabajo, entendido como actividad en sentido amplio y no sólo como trabajo asalariado o empleo.
Special aspects of education, Labor market. Labor supply. Labor demand
We examine the labor market consequences of an exogenous increase in the supply of skilled labor in several municipalities in Norway, resulting from the construction of new colleges in the 1970s. We find that skilled wages increased as a response, suggesting that along with an increase in the supply there was also an increase in demand for skill. We also show that college openings led to an increase in the productivity of skilled labor and investments in R&D. Our findings are consistent with models of endogenous technical change where an abundance of skilled workers may encourage firms to adopt skill-complementary technologies.