В статье предметом исследования является посягательство на культурные ценности народов. Актуальность темы обусловлена необходимостью предупреждения и пресечения преступлений в данной сфере ввиду увеличения численности преступных посягательств на объекты культуры, что в своюочередь влияет на сохранение культурного достояния каждой страны, ее историю и нацию. Цель работы — проанализировать опыт Исламской Республики Иран и возможность внедрения данногоопыта в законодательство Российской Федерации. С помощью метода анализа исследована деятельность Организации по культурному наследию, народным промыслам и туризму Ирана, сопоставленас деятельностью Министерства культуры Российской Федерации. Автором сделаны выводы относительно возможности расширения полномочий Министерства культуры Российской Федерации в области охраны, предупреждения и пресечения преступлений, связанных с посягательством на культурные ценности народов в рамках компетенций вышеуказанного органа. В статье рассмотрен институтуголовной ответственности физических и юридических лиц, а также отмечена важность обмена опытом и защиты культурного наследия не только Республики Иран и Российской Федерации, но и других стран.
Comparative law. International uniform law, Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law
This paper discusses some strategic issues about national legal development, which is viewed in the light of legal theory and philosophy. The need to replace the laws of the colonial regime has been discussed for quite some time, and in fact, since Indonesia declared its independence. However, the process of replacing the Dutch laws and developing its own national law is quite slow. There are some strategies issues discussed in this writing, namely, among others: what is the legal politics/policy of the issue of legal unification and legal pluralism in Indonesia, what is the legal approach about the development of unwritten and written laws, what is the legal policy to address the issue of adat law as one of the material legal sources for the future Indonesian laws, and how jurisprudence (court decisions) may be used to develop Indonesian national legal system. With those backgrounds, the formulation of the problems is as follows: how can legal theory and philosophy be used as theoretical and philosophical argumentation to address some strategic issues of Indonesian legal development as mentioned above, and what is the legal politics/policy for the development of national legal system of Indonesia, in particular, of those strategic legal issues. The method used in this research paper is normative juridical or library research with a descriptive-qualitative analytical approach. The result of the research shows that, as of today, there are no official documents or any existing laws that comprehensively give direction to the legal politics/policy on the strategic issues of Indonesian legal development. In general, the discussion on the issues of national legal development is limited among legal experts and academicians, and the debate on contentious issues has fundamental arguments based on legal theory/philosophy. So far, legal positivism has a a significant influence on the way we respond to those strategic issues. However, there has been an interesting development recently. We can gradually see a paradigm shifting from legal positivistic to a more sociological, human and ethical approach.
La reciente aprobación de la Ley de Procedimiento Administrativo en Cuba adquiere una connotación especial en el marco de las reformas que se desarrollan en el ámbito del sector público, lo que constituye un presupuesto esencial para la ordenación de las maneras de hacer de la actividad de la Administración Pública al servicio de la satisfacción del interés general. Al propio tiempo, esta disposición normativa establece las bases generales para la regulación del régimen jurídico de los recursos administrativos en Cuba, en función de la protección jurídica de los administrados y del control administrativo; lo que constituye una premisa indispensable para el perfeccionamiento de las relaciones jurídico-administrativas. Desde esta perspectiva, el trabajo que se presenta toma como punto de partida las principales transformaciones jurídicas que han tenido lugar en el escenario público nacional, así como los desbalances que desde el punto de vista teórico-práctico se aprecian en la ordenación jurídica de los recursos administrativos, a los efectos de resaltar el amplio alcance de oportunidades que significa la regulación actual, así como los principales retos para su adecuada proyección y realización.
La Ley de la IA ha sido aprobada en marzo 2024 y el presente escrito analiza algunos aspectos de dicha Ley en relación con los derechos fundamentales, que preocupan tanto a la sociedad. Iniciando con algunos apuntes críticos relativos a la primera versión de la propuesta, el trabajo enfoca la visión general de los
derechos fundamentales presentada en esta Ley y argumenta que si bien los derechos fundamentales están presentes y concretados a través de distintos derechos en distintos contextos (laboral, consumo, etc.), la Ley no hace ninguna referencia sustancial a algunos de los derechos fundamentales, para los cuales
las aplicaciones basadas en IA podrían significar un gran cambio. En consecuencia, el artículo identifica algunos aspectos de la visión normativa de la IA que podría ser más beneficiosa a los ciudadanos y sus derechos.
Aloïs Rosset, Maaike Zwart, Helle Hvid Hansen
et al.
Composite theories are the algebraic equivalent of distributive laws. In this paper, we delve into the details of this correspondence and concretely show how to construct a composite theory from a distributive law and vice versa. Using term rewriting methods, we also describe when a minimal set of equations axiomatises the composite theory.
This paper explores the potential of contextualized word embeddings (CWEs) as a new tool in the history, philosophy, and sociology of science (HPSS) for studying contextual and evolving meanings of scientific concepts. Using the term "Planck" as a test case, I evaluate five BERT-based models with varying degrees of domain-specific pretraining, including my custom model Astro-HEP-BERT, trained on the Astro-HEP Corpus, a dataset containing 21.84 million paragraphs from 600,000 articles in astrophysics and high-energy physics. For this analysis, I compiled two labeled datasets: (1) the Astro-HEP-Planck Corpus, consisting of 2,900 labeled occurrences of "Planck" sampled from 1,500 paragraphs in the Astro-HEP Corpus, and (2) a physics-related Wikipedia dataset comprising 1,186 labeled occurrences of "Planck" across 885 paragraphs. Results demonstrate that the domain-adapted models outperform the general-purpose ones in disambiguating the target term, predicting its known meanings, and generating high-quality sense clusters, as measured by a novel purity indicator I developed. Additionally, this approach reveals semantic shifts in the target term over three decades in the unlabeled Astro-HEP Corpus, highlighting the emergence of the Planck space mission as a dominant sense. The study underscores the importance of domain-specific pretraining for analyzing scientific language and demonstrates the cost-effectiveness of adapting pretrained models for HPSS research. By offering a scalable and transferable method for modeling the meanings of scientific concepts, CWEs open up new avenues for investigating the socio-historical dynamics of scientific discourses.
While large language models (LLMs) have showcased impressive capabilities, they struggle with addressing legal queries due to the intricate complexities and specialized expertise required in the legal field. In this paper, we introduce InternLM-Law, a specialized LLM tailored for addressing diverse legal queries related to Chinese laws, spanning from responding to standard legal questions (e.g., legal exercises in textbooks) to analyzing complex real-world legal situations. We meticulously construct a dataset in the Chinese legal domain, encompassing over 1 million queries, and implement a data filtering and processing pipeline to ensure its diversity and quality. Our training approach involves a novel two-stage process: initially fine-tuning LLMs on both legal-specific and general-purpose content to equip the models with broad knowledge, followed by exclusive fine-tuning on high-quality legal data to enhance structured output generation. InternLM-Law achieves the highest average performance on LawBench, outperforming state-of-the-art models, including GPT-4, on 13 out of 20 subtasks. We make InternLM-Law and our dataset publicly available to facilitate future research in applying LLMs within the legal domain.
Abstract: This research delves into compliance with the law from the standpoint of the philosophy of law. Law, as a coercive entity, is adhered to by society under the threat of sanctions for violations. Compliance is influenced by individual awareness of the law and knowledge of its relevance in daily life. Social norms, perceptions of the benefits of the law, and examples set by law enforcement also impact societal compliance. The significance of adherence to the law as the foundation of a legal state is emphasized, where fair and authoritative law enforcement plays a role in fostering order, justice, and a sense of security within society. Keywords: Compliance, law, philosophy Abstrak: Penelitian ini membahas kepatuhan terhadap hukum dari sudut pandang filosofi hukum. Hukum, sebagai entitas yang memaksa, ditaati oleh masyarakat dengan ancaman sanksi jika dilanggar. Kepatuhan ini dipengaruhi oleh kesadaran individu terhadap hukum serta pengetahuan tentang relevansinya dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Norma sosial, persepsi terhadap manfaat hukum, dan contoh yang ditunjukkan oleh penegak hukum turut memengaruhi kepatuhan masyarakat. Pentingnya kepatuhan pada hukum sebagai fondasi negara hukum ditegaskan, di mana hukum yang adil dan memiliki kewibawaan dalam penegakan supremasi hukum berperan dalam menciptakan ketertiban, keadilan, dan rasa aman di tengah masyarakat. Kata Kunci: Kepatuhan, hukum, filsafat
Background: The nature of the European Union (EU) as a global actor has long been the subject of diverse academic debates. Proponents of an understanding of the EU as a normative force believe that its greatest transformative power lies not in coercion but in a policy of enlargement that allows the EU to stimulate reforms in the candidate countries of the Central and Eastern European region, despite the crisis of enlargement. The aim of the article is to study the impact of the Europeanisation process on the legal systems of member states and candidate countries, in particular Ukraine, as well as the formulation of proposals for national institutions regarding the perception of the ‘Europeanisation’ impact of EU law on the legal system of Ukraine. Methods: The methodological basis of the work is interdisciplinary and comprehensive approaches. The interdisciplinary approach is based on the application of theoretical developments in jurisprudence, philosophy, political science, and the theory of international relations, which make it possible to study the process of Europeanisation in relation to member states and candidate countries as fully and comprehensively as possible. The comprehensive approach is aimed at identifying the multifaceted and multifactorial ontological determinants of the Europeanisation process of legal systems. These approaches determined the choice of appropriate general theoretical and special scientific methods: hermeneutic, dialectical, analysis, synthesis, etc. Results and Conclusions: As a result of the study of the political will, capacity, and legitimacy of the EU to defend the values proclaimed in the founding treaties, in cases of violations of the regulations of the EU law by the member states, the authors come to the conclusion that the EU may face negative consequences due to the display of democratic reformist coalitions in individual member states (Poland and Hungary ), as well as due to favouring (authoritarian) stability over uncertain (democratic) change. Concession to candidate countries for EU accession in terms of the fulfilment of the Copenhagen criteria in exchange for satisfying the interests of leading member states may undermine the credibility of the project of building a European identity based on the common values of the EU, as well as the loss of the reputation of the normative power of the European Union. Accelerating the process of Ukraine’s accession to the EU, which is connected with Ukraine’s acquisition of the status of a candidate for accession to the EU, requires the Europeanisation of the domestic legal culture as a prerequisite for the modernisation of all other elements of the legal system. This, in turn, implies the completion of the process of de-Russification of legal science and education, the development and approval of the Legal Education Development Program, and the modernisation of legal terminology.
Seyed Ahmad Aghili, Karim Najafi Barzegar, MohamadReza Ameri Baraki
One of the most important points of the historical life of this school is that it historically takes a long time for Sadraei wisdom to retrieve its place to be accepted in seminaries. The issues which root in the nature of the school and social-historical conflicts and space, investigating the school can reflect its differences and contrasts compared with other schools. Accordingly, it is strived to answer the main question by historical-analytical method and by investigating the historical life of transcendental wisdom after Mullah Sadra, the question is: why the transcendental wisdom after Mullah Sadra was propagated in Islamic philosophy with long interruption and what the obstacles of historical interruption were.Historical life of transcendental wisdom has been generally accompanied with ups and downs as this school wasn't prevalent and developed; however, it could eradicate the opposing views from contrast circumstance considering integrative and combinational nature and could develop extensively. The most important causes of its lack of prevalence and historical interruption are the influence of traditional philosophy and the thought dominance of Declarativeness (religious orders) and Hadith-oriented and the contrast and conflicts of transcendental wisdom with the sect of Hakim Tabrizi.
Philosophy. Psychology. Religion, Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law
This comprehensive treatise is written for the special occasion of the author's 70th birthday. It presents his lifelong endeavors and reflections with original reasoning and re-interpretations of the most critical and misleading issues in thermodynamics; since now, we have the advantage to look at the historical developments more comprehensively and objectively than the pioneers. Starting from Carnot (grandfather of thermodynamics-to-be) to Kelvin and Clausius (fathers of thermodynamics), and other followers, the most relevant issues are critically examined and put in historical and contemporary perspective. From original reasoning of energy forcing and displacement to logical proofs of the fundamental laws, to ubiquity of thermal motion and heat, and indestructibility of entropy, including the new concept of "thermal roughness" and the inevitability of dissipative irreversibility, to "dissecting Carnot true reversible-equivalency" and critical concept of "Carnot-Clausius heat-work equivalency (CCHWE)" regarding the interchangeability of heat and work, and to demonstrating "no hope" for the "challengers" of the Second Law of thermodynamics, among others, are offered. It is hoped that the novel contributions presented will enhance comprehension and resolve some of the fundamental issues, as well as promote collaboration and future progress.
Viscous hydrodynamics serves as a successful mesoscopic description of the Quark-Gluon Plasma produced in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. In order to investigate, how such an effective description emerges from the underlying microscopic dynamics we calculate the hydrodynamic and non-hydrodynamic modes of linear response in the sound channel from a first-principle calculation in kinetic theory. We do this with a new approach wherein we discretize the collision kernel to directly calculate eigenvalues and eigenmodes of the evolution operator. This allows us to study the Green's functions at any point in the complex frequency space. Our study focuses on scalar theory with quartic interaction and we find that the analytic structure of Green's functions in the complex plane is far more complicated than just poles or cuts which is a first step towards an equivalent study in QCD kinetic theory.
Taking the formal analogies between black holes and classical thermodynamics seriously seems to first require that classical thermodynamics applies to relativistic regimes. Yet, by scrutinizing how classical temperature is extended into special relativity, I argue that it falls apart. I examine four consilient procedures for establishing classical temperature - the Carnot process, the thermometer, kinetic theory, and black-body radiation. I show how their relativistic counterparts demonstrate no such consilience in defining relativistic temperature. Hence, classical temperature does not appear to survive a relativistic extension. I suggest two interpretations for this situation - eliminativism akin to simultaneity, or pluralism akin to rotation.
We introduce the notion of $\textit{symplectic determinant laws}$ by analogy with Chenevier's definition of determinant laws. Symplectic determinant laws are a way to define pseudorepresentations for symplectic representations of algebras with involution over arbitrary $\mathbb{Z}[\frac{1}{2}]$-algebras. We prove that this notion satisfies the properties expected from a good theory of pseudorepresentations, and we compare it to Lafforgue's $\text{Sp}_{2d}$-pseudocharacters. In the process, we compute generators of the invariant algebras $A[M_d^m]^{G}$ and $A[G^m]^G$ over an arbitrary commutative ring $A$ when $G \in \{\text{Sp}_d, \mathrm O_d, \text{GSp}_d, \text{GO}_d\}$, generalizing results of Zubkov.
I discuss Ren{é} Thom's approach to philosophy based on his mathematical background. At the same time, I will highlight his connection with Aristotle, his criticism of the modern view of science as a predictive process, his ideas on mathematical education, his position with respect to the French school of mathematics that was dominent in his time and his relationship with the philosophical community. I will also touch upon the connections between Thom's ideas and those of Leibniz, Riemann, Freud and others. The last version of this paper will appear as a chapter in the book Handbook of the History and Philosophy of Mathematical Practice (ed. Bharath Sriraman), Springer.
I provide some philosophical groundwork for the recently proposed 'trans-Planckian censorship' conjecture in theoretical physics. In particular, I argue that structure formation in early universe cosmology is, at least as we typically understand it, autonomous with regards to quantum gravity, the high energy physics that governs the Planck regime in our universe. Trans-Planckian censorship is then seen as a means of rendering this autonomy an empirical constraint within ongoing quantum gravity research.
The most discussed of ``live'' metaphors in physical sciences is that of the Schrödinger cat. Introduced in the early, but mature days of the new quantum theory, in 1935, the parable of the cat has provoked and enlivened debates on the meaning of the quantum theory, on the ontology of the quantum wavefunction, on the puzzle of the collapse of the wavefunction, on the meaning of quantum measurement, and on the boundary between the quantum world and the classical world. In this article, I will discuss these issues of the quantum theory focussing on various aspects of the metaphor of the Schrödinger cat.
Peter Henderson, Ben Chugg, Brandon Anderson
et al.
We explore the promises and challenges of employing sequential decision-making algorithms -- such as bandits, reinforcement learning, and active learning -- in law and public policy. While such algorithms have well-characterized performance in the private sector (e.g., online advertising), the tendency to naively apply algorithms motivated by one domain, often online advertisements, can be called the "advertisement fallacy." Our main thesis is that law and public policy pose distinct methodological challenges that the machine learning community has not yet addressed. Machine learning will need to address these methodological problems to move "beyond ads." Public law, for instance, can pose multiple objectives, necessitate batched and delayed feedback, and require systems to learn rational, causal decision-making policies, each of which presents novel questions at the research frontier. We discuss a wide range of potential applications of sequential decision-making algorithms in regulation and governance, including public health, environmental protection, tax administration, occupational safety, and benefits adjudication. We use these examples to highlight research needed to render sequential decision making policy-compliant, adaptable, and effective in the public sector. We also note the potential risks of such deployments and describe how sequential decision systems can also facilitate the discovery of harms. We hope our work inspires more investigation of sequential decision making in law and public policy, which provide unique challenges for machine learning researchers with potential for significant social benefit.