Hasil untuk "Industrial sociology. Social conditions of labor"

P. Bourdieu

A. Weiss, Ann-Kathrin Wortmeier, Bettina Kubicek

With the vision of Industry 4.0 and cobots, working conditions in industrial settings are starting to change. We review related literature from the fields of human–robot interaction, work and organizational psychology, and sociology of work, as well as an exemplary project case study, and identify research gaps regarding the implications of cobots for work environments. We argue that we are in a transition phase from automation to actual collaboration with robots in manufacturing, and that this will open up a new problem space for investigations, in which a practice lens will be crucial. Based on this, we propose a research agenda for social practice and workplace studies to explore the sociotechnical environment of Industry 4.0 involving cobots at the individual, team, and organizational levels.

Curt Stutsman, Eliot W. Robson, Abhishek K. Umrawal

In many real-world scenarios, an individual's local social network carries significant influence over the opinions they form and subsequently propagate. In this paper, we propose a novel diffusion model -- the Pressure Threshold model (PT) -- for dynamically simulating the spread of influence through a social network. This model extends the popular Linear Threshold (LT) model by adjusting a node's outgoing influence in proportion to the influence it receives from its activated neighbors. We examine the Influence Maximization (IM) problem under this framework, which involves selecting seed nodes that yield maximal graph coverage after a diffusion process, and describe how the problem manifests under the PT model. Experiments on real-world networks, supported by enhancements to the open-source network-diffusion library CyNetDiff, reveal that greedy IM under PT can yield seed sets distinct from those under LT. Furthermore, the analyses show that densely connected networks amplify pressure effects far more strongly than sparse networks.

L. Tsybulko, O. Biletskyi, I. Plys

Abstract. The article examines the main factors of the formation of legal competencies in future teachers and social workers in the context of educational innovations, in particular digital transformation. The relevance of the study is justified, due to transformational processes in society, the reform of educational and social policy of Ukraine, the need to protect human rights in education and the social sphere, as well as the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and full-scale war, which stimulated the transition to digital formats of education. The purpose is to analyze the main factors influencing the formation of legal competencies in the system of training teachers and social workers. Research results. The work emphasizes the need to integrate digital educational technologies into the process of forming legal competencies, which requires future specialists to combine legal knowledge with digital literacy. The current state of scientific research in this field by domestic and foreign scientists is analyzed. The main directions that determine the effectiveness of the formation of legal competencies are identified: the use of electronic educational platforms (Moodle, Google Classroom, Coursera), interactive learning tools (video lectures, simulations, multimedia resources), active learning methods (case method, project activities, roleplaying games, modeling of legal processes), as well as an interdisciplinary approach that integrates legal, sociological, psychological and economic components. The importance of professional interaction of students with representatives of legal practice (internships, master classes, guest lectures) is emphasized, which contributes to the consolidation of legal knowledge and the formation of ethical responsibility. Particular attention is paid to the new challenges of the digital era - in particular, expanding the content of legal competence by including digital rights, information security issues, personal data protection, human rights in the digital environment, as well as the problem of digital inequality. The need to adapt educational programs to the needs of the modern labor market is emphasized, in particular by introducing modular training, creating individual educational trajectories and including new courses related to law in the field of digital technologies, artificial intelligence, cybersecurity, etc. Conclusions. The formation of legal competencies in future teachers and social workers should take place comprehensively, taking into account the dynamics of digital transformation, the challenges of the modern world and the needs of legal protection of the individual. Effective legal training involves not only the acquisition of knowledge, but also the development of critical thinking, ethical responsibility, the ability to legal communication and adaptation in conditions of change. The article identifies areas for further research, in particular, regarding the integration of legal education with digital platforms, the development of innovative educational technologies and models focused on training a new generation of specialists.

Agus Pandu Indra Putra, Rodiyah Rodiyah, Indah Sri Utami

There are still companies or employers that do not comply with Law Number 24 of 2011 on the Social Security Administrator (BPJS), as they have not registered their workers as participants in BPJS Ketenagakerjaan. The role of BPJS Ketenagakerjaan and the implementation of administrative sanctions serve as responses to this non-compliance. This research aims to explain the importance of the role of the Cirebon Branch of BPJS Ketenagakerjaan in providing certainty of social security protection for workers and the implementation of administrative sanctions in accordance with Article 17 of Law No. 24 of 2011 for non-compliant companies. This study employs a juridical-sociological legal research method, examining secondary data from literature and supported by primary data obtained directly from the community through empirical data gathered from interviews with relevant parties. The theories used in this study include the theory of legal certainty, utility, and justice from Gustav Radbruch, as well as the theory of law enforcement from Lawrence M. Friedman. The role of the Cirebon Branch of BPJS Ketenagakerjaan is crucial in providing social protection for workers, not only offering direct benefits to employees but also creating a strong foundation for good industrial relations between employees and employers, as well as managing risks associated with work accidents, death, old age benefits, pensions, and layoffs in accordance with the benefits of the BPJS Ketenagakerjaan program. There are 14 employers/business entities that have been subjected to administrative sanctions, including written warnings I and II, by the Cirebon Branch of BPJS Ketenagakerjaan, as well as sanctions in the form of not receiving certain public services related to business permits, necessary permits for participating in project tenders, permits for employing foreign workers, permits for labor service companies, and building permits, as stated in the letter from the Head of the Investment and One-Stop Integrated Service Office of Kuningan Regency Number 503/306/PPIPPM dated March 20, 2023. The implementation of these administrative sanctions is sometimes not maximally enforced in other regions due to concerns that imposing sanctions may disrupt the investment climate in a district or city. The implications of this research suggest that the government should create policies for the Acceptance of Contribution Assistance (PBI) for workers who are not yet registered as participants in BPJS Ketenagakerjaan. Additionally, to provide legal certainty and a deterrent effect for non-compliant companies or employers, it is advisable to establish a Social Security Court in Indonesia to handle disputes related to social security.

Kathleen M. Millar

N. Bulled, Merrill Singer

Occupational exposures in the large industrial mining sector contributed significantly to South Africa’s high excess death rate due to COVID-19. Historically poor work-protection oversight has perpetuated centuries of risky labor and living conditions within the industry, driving high levels of disease co-morbidities, and supporting enduring social vulnerabilities. In this paper, we offer a syndemic lens to consider the clustering of adversely interacting diseases among mineworkers in South Africa, drawing attention to the complex occupational health crisis and the need to move beyond simply reporting individual diseases or comorbidities among this population. The physically demanding and dangerous working conditions, the lack of adequate changes to crowded and unsanitary working and living situations, the failure to meet social and labor plan targets, the continued precarious nature of working contracts and mines, and the limited access to robust healthcare reflect the historically exploitative nature of industrial mining in South Africa that places miners at increased risk for various syndemics. This assessment of the adverse interactions of diseases and socioeconomic and political conditions highlights the need for focused research and more follow-through in comprehensive occupational reforms.

Quentin Schnapper

ABSTRACT This paper questions the conditions of possibility and limits of the most intimate forms of emotional capitalism by studying the everyday working lives of female shopkeepers in rural France. Combining an ethnography of relational work with the sociology of market attachments, it examines how they cultivate customer relationships that border on friendship through affective and caring labor as well as personalized services, without becoming completely entangled in gift-giving exchanges and overwhelming social obligations. Beyond the dynamics of closeness, this article reveals three mechanisms that enable these intimate attachments to operate with little moral or economic tension: a symbolic hierarchization of customers within circuits of clientele; the earmarking of their most personalized commodity exchanges as gifts; and the avoidance of socializing outside the shop and excessive kindness in gift-giving. By expending time and emotions and skillfully balancing closeness with distance, generosity with profitability, shopkeepers can successfully secure a steady income through the personal loyalty of a small group of customers fueled by mutual feelings of affection and indebtedness. Paradoxically, the more emotional capitalism gravitates towards these intimate commercial attachments, the more it requires the simultaneous maintenance of affective and relational distance to preserve the very existence of the market.

Pegah Moradi, Karen Levy, Cristobal Cheyre

Self-service machines are a form of pseudo-automation; rather than actually automate tasks, they offset them to unpaid customers. Typically implemented for customer convenience and to reduce labor costs, self-service is often criticized for worsening customer service and increasing loss and theft for retailers. Though millions of frontline service workers continue to interact with these technologies on a day-to-day basis, little is known about how these machines change the nature of frontline labor. Through interviews with current and former cashiers who work with self-checkout technologies, we investigate how technology that offsets labor from an employee to a customer can reconfigure frontline work. We find three changes to cashiering tasks as a result of self-checkout: (1) Working at self-checkout involved parallel demands from multiple customers, (2) self-checkout work was more problem-oriented (including monitoring and policing customers), and (3) traditional checkout began to become more demanding as easier transactions were filtered to self-checkout. As their interactions with customers became more focused on problem solving and rule enforcement, cashiers were often positioned as adversaries to customers at self-checkout. To cope with perceived adversarialism, cashiers engaged in a form of relational patchwork, using techniques like scapegoating the self-checkout machine and providing excessive customer service in order to maintain positive customer interactions in the face of potential conflict. Our findings highlight how even under pseudo-automation, workers must engage in relational work to manage and mend negative human-to-human interactions so that machines can be properly implemented in context.

Ann Nedime Nese Rende, Tolga Yilmaz, Özgür Ulusoy

To observe how individual behavior shapes a larger community's actions, agent-based modeling and simulation (ABMS) has been widely adopted by researchers in social sciences, economics, and epidemiology. While simulations can be run on general-purpose ABMS frameworks, these tools are not specifically designed for social networks and, therefore, provide limited features, increasing the effort required for complex simulations. In this paper, we introduce Crowd, a social network simulator that adopts the agent-based modeling methodology to model real-world phenomena within a network environment. Designed to facilitate easy and quick modeling, Crowd supports simulation setup through YAML configuration and enables further customization with user-defined methods. Other features include no-code simulations for diffusion tasks, interactive visualizations, data aggregation, and chart drawing facilities. Designed in Python, Crowd also supports generative agents and connects easily with Python's libraries for data analysis and machine learning. Finally, we include three case studies to illustrate the use of the framework, including generative agents in epidemics, influence maximization, and networked trust games.

Ismail Hossain, Md Jahangir Alam, Sai Puppala et al.

Social media platforms are extensively used for sharing personal emotions, daily activities, and various life events, keeping people updated with the latest happenings. From the moment a user creates an account, they continually expand their network of friends or followers, freely interacting with others by posting, commenting, and sharing content. Over time, user behavior evolves based on demographic attributes and the networks they establish. In this research, we propose a predictive method to understand how a user evolves on social media throughout their life and to forecast the next stage of their evolution. We fine-tune a GPT-like decoder-only model (we named it E-GPT: Evolution-GPT) to predict the future stages of a user's evolution in online social media. We evaluate the performance of these models and demonstrate how user attributes influence changes within their network by predicting future connections and shifts in user activities on social media, which also addresses other social media challenges such as recommendation systems.

S. Mamontova

Relevance. The ongoing transformational processes of economic systems, the development of IT technologies, communications, and cryptogenologies contribute to the development of innovative forms of labor organization and their types. There is a revaluation of the cost of labor, a change in the conditions of its employment, the structure of the labor market is changing due to non-standard forms of employment and employment, respectively, all this has a significant impact not only on the economic, but also on the social component of society. It should be noted that one of the most widespread and dynamically developing forms of employment in the labor market today is "self-employment", which requires in-depth study in the context of global changes.   The purpose is the study involves an analysis of the current situation of non-standard forms of employment, in particular the category of "self-employment".   Objectives: to consider the main trends in the self-employed labor market; to identify factors contributing to the rapid growth of the number of self-employed.   Methodology: logical and systematic analysis of information sources in the field of self-employment development; expert opinion and personal observations; content analysis of Russian social networks.   Results: an assessment of the impact of the digital economy on the development of the labor market, changes in its structure, forms of employment is given, a range of problems and opportunities related to state employment assistance is outlined.   Conclusions. Current trends and future prospects for employment development in the context of labor market transformation are associated with an increase in the number of self-employed both abroad and in the Russian Federation. And the ongoing transformations significantly affect the change in the structure of labor relations and their digitalization. Therefore, in order to ensure positive dynamics in the labor market, it is necessary to integrate research on self-employment in economics, labor law, sociology and psychology.

A. A. Belov, A. Danilov, A. Denisov et al.

In 2023, the Center for Sociological and Political Research of the Belarusian State University conducted a longitudinal sociological study “Family Formation, Stable Family Relationships and Fertility in the Changing Social-Economic Conditions” in the framework of the international project “Strengthening the Scientific and Educational Potential of the Republic of Belarus in the Field of Collection, Analysis and Use of Demographic Data to Achieve the Sustainable Development Goals”, implemented by the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Republic of Belarus in partnership with the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) and funded by the Government of the Russian Federation. The conceptual and methodological basis of the study is the international research program “Generations and Gender” launched in 2001. Based on the methodology of this program, the similar studies were conducted in 26 countries, including Russia, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Japan, Italy, Belgium, Norway, etc. The article presents the results of the second wave of the study, focusing on the current functional problems of the Belarusian family in the changing social-economic conditions: trends in family formation in the new life circumstances, criteria of stable family relations, and the evolution of social attitudes towards having children. The authors make conclusions about the dominant reproductive attitudes, the planned number of children, and changes in the family intergenerational relations. The results of the study will contribute to the development of additional measures to improve the state socialdemographic policy.

E. Popova

In the practice of sociological research, the growth of interest in various aspects of social behavior is the higher the more acute the crisis period and uncertainty of reality. Today, adherence to life guidelines, resistance to various challenges, flexibility in the strategies of social behavior acquire the status of a key competitive advantage in ensuring stability, security and development of Russian society. The relevance of the topic is due to the demand for the development of new approaches to the analysis of social behavior, which will allow to take into account not only the objective conditions of people’s lives, but also their subjective ideas about the desired future. The article substantiates the conceptualization of the concepts of plans and reality in the horizon of near and far planning of life goals within the boundaries of the methodology of studying social behavior. The author’s model of analysis of social behavior strategy choice allows taking into account not only rational but also axiological aspects of social behavior, as well as its relationship with life strategies, motivation, and beliefs. The empirical base is the data obtained in the course of nationwide studies conducted by the Institute of Sociology of the Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences in the period 2015–2024. The conceptual model is tested through the comparison of perceptions of the spheres of desired and actually achieved success in the realization of life goals through the characteristics of the length of the planning horizon and the perception of their future. The analysis of dynamics showed that family, work, personal well-being constitute the core of perceptions of success and, as a consequence, the motivation of achievement and the formation of the image of the future. Negative trends were revealed: a structural shift in the assessment of the importance of education, a high gap between plans and real prospects for professional realization. The height of social barriers in the spheres of labor market and material well-being remains significant for a significant part of respondents. In terms of personal future planning horizon, stable trends were found: in assessing their current situation among those who have plans for the future there are twice as many who assess it as good; the share of those who have achieved or achieved a lot is also higher among those who have plans than among those who do not make plans at all. An additional angle of analysis through the criterion of planning horizon length serves as a meaningful measure of proactivity of social behavior, manifestation of values and perceptions in specific actions. The results of the study can be useful for sociologists studying social behavior, as well as for specialists working in the field of social psychology, social management and forecasting; they can contribute to the development of new methods for analyzing social behavior, taking into account its subjective component.

Rachith Aiyappa, Matthew R. DeVerna, Manita Pote et al.

Social media are utilized by millions of citizens to discuss important political issues. Politicians use these platforms to connect with the public and broadcast policy positions. Therefore, data from social media has enabled many studies of political discussion. While most analyses are limited to data from individual platforms, people are embedded in a larger information ecosystem spanning multiple social networks. Here we describe and provide access to the Indiana University 2022 U.S. Midterms Multi-Platform Social Media Dataset (MEIU22), a collection of social media posts from Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, Reddit, and 4chan. MEIU22 links to posts about the midterm elections based on a comprehensive list of keywords and tracks the social media accounts of 1,011 candidates from October 1 to December 25, 2022. We also publish the source code of our pipeline to enable similar multi-platform research projects.

M. Kukhta, Natalia V. Soboleva

The article considers the main problems of the situation and development of youth in Ukraine during the period of social turbulence 2019–2021. Youth is the main resource of society and the main component of human capital, which is being fought for in developed countries. In recent years, Ukraine has faced the loss of this resource due to depopulation and migration. The problems of young people, which emerged in the pre-war years, are now becoming unprecedentedly acute. The first step on the way to a solution is an in-depth analysis of the key problems and features of young people's lives. The authors analyze the spheres of education, employment and work, housing conditions, consumption and leisure, health practices, and social interactions of Ukrainian youth. Special attention is drawn to the differences in ways of life constructing by young men and women, considering that the main areas of life are determined by gender differences in life opportunities. In addition to gender differences, the age subgroup is also a determinant. The most noticeable difference in value orientations and outlook is that the younger they are, the more open they are to change and seek self-affirmation. The youngest subgroup was also the most optimistic, regardless of economic level, and the least religious. In general, in recent decades there has been a diversification of lifestyles thanks to the emergence of new economic, informational, cultural, and political perspectives. The empirical basis of research is a series of data of domestic and foreign studies: the State Statistics Committee of Ukraine on the sex-age distribution of the population of Ukraine, the annual monitoring study of Ukrainian society, the Info Sapiens survey for the International Research and Exchanges Board (IREX), the ninth periodic report of Ukraine on the implementation of the Convention of the United Nations Organization, the study of Ukrainian women entrepreneurs, the study of the sociological group "Rating", the report "World Values Survey–2020. Ukraine", the report on the situation of the youth of Ukraine "Youth on the labor market: 21st century skills and career building", a representative sociological study of the situation of youth in Ukraine.

O. Pankova, O. Kasperovich

The article explores and reveals the key trends in the system of social and labor relations related to the impact of digitalization and the platform economy. These include individualization, increased competitiveness, lack of personal connections and traditional work teams, one-time, short-term and informal relationships. These trends generate a number of challenges and threats to traditional mechanisms for implementing public policy in the social and labor sphere, which are based – at the core – on the fundamental inconsistency of the institutional framework for the functioning of traditional regulatory mechanisms in the field of labor and employment (which are focused on long-term formal employment and stable labor collectives) and the system of social and labor relations, which is formed by the platform economy (which is characterized by informality, short duration and individualization of social and labor relations that arise). That is, the platform economy does not create those subjects on which the traditional system of implementation of state policy in the social and labor sphere is based. The article reveals the essence of the main problems for the traditional regulatory mechanisms of state policy for the development of social and labor spheres that have emerged in the context of the spread of the platform economy. The main emphasis is on transformational changes in the system of social and labor relations; on the problems and opportunities for the formation of mechanisms for representing the collective interests of platform workers and employers; on the regulatory and legal uncertainty of the status and unregulated activities of labor platforms; on the "erosion" of jurisdiction on transnational labor platforms, etc. The main target priorities for ensuring balanced social and labor development in the conditions of platform economy spreading are substantiated. They are: updating the existing system of contractual and state regulation of the social and labor sphere; implementation of modern systems and mechanisms for representing the collective interests of platform workers and employers; implementation of the National Platform for Social Dialogue and Socially Responsible Partnership; ensuring a comprehensive regulatory framework for platforms, development and implementation of policies of state and contractual regulation for the harmonization of socio-economic, labor, digital, neo-industrial and sustainable development in modern conditions.

Chen Wang, Lu Wang, Yanbo Xue et al.

Understanding the high-tech industrial agglomeration from a spatial-spillover perspective is essential for cities to gain economic and technological competitive advantages. Along with rapid urbanization and the development of fast transportation networks, socioeconomic interactions between cities have been ever-increasing, traditional spatial metrics are not enough to describe actual inter-city connections. High-skilled labor flow between cities strongly influences the high-tech industrial agglomeration, yet receives less attention. By exploiting unique large-scale datasets and tools from complex network and data mining, we construct an inter-city high-skilled labor flow network, which was integrated into spatial econometric models. Our regression results indicate that spatial-spillover effects exist in the development of high-tech industries in the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration region. Moreover, the spatial-spillover effects are stronger among cities with a higher volume of high-skilled labor flows than among cities with just stronger geographic connections. Additionally, we investigate the channels for the spillover effects and discover that inadequate local government expenses on science and technology likely hamper the high-tech industrial agglomeration, so does the inadequate local educational provision. The increasing foreign direct investments in one city likely encourages the high-tech industrial agglomeration in other cities because of the policy inertia toward traditional industries.

Luciana Oliveira, Arminda Sequeira, Adriana Oliveira et al.

The outburst and proliferation of the COVID-19 pandemic, together with the subsequent social distancing measures, have raised massive challenges in almost all domains of public and private life around the globe. The stay-at-home movement has pushed the news audiences into social networks, which, in turn, has become the most prolific field for receiving and sharing news updates, as well as for public expression of opinions, concerns and feelings about the pandemic. Public opinion is a critical aspect in analysing how the information and events impact peoples lives, and research has shown that social media data may be promising in understanding how people respond to health risks and social crisis, which are the feelings they tend to share and how they are adapting to unforeseen circumstances that threaten almost all societal spheres. This paper presents results from a social media analysis of 61532 news headlines posted by the major daily news outlet in Portugal, Sic Noticias, on Facebook, from January to December 2020, focusing on the issues attention cycle and audiences emotional response to the COVID news outburst. This work adds to the emergent body of studies examining public response to the coronavirus pandemic on social media data.

O. Malinova-Tziafeta

The article examines tense relations between the state, managers, and employees of industrial enterprises, concretely at the Vodokanalizatsiya Trust. The trust was engaged in the design, construction, and operation of water supply and sewage systems, the most important systems for modernizing urban space in the whole of Europe. Technological innovations were to be followed by social changes that could have their own specific traits in relation to other enterprises, since the trust did not belong to any of the most important branches of Soviet industry. Materials from the Central State Archives of St. Petersburg regarding activities of this department in the “Vodokanalizatsiya” trust show that a so-called Secret Department (Sekretnaya chast) or Secret Police, a branch of the OGPU — NKVD, gradually began to play an increasingly important role in managing these enterprises. Through these Secret Departments, new principles of hiring and dismissal from work, as well as imposing disciplinary sanctions, were introduced in the late 1920s. The special attention of the Secret Department was received by so-called “former people,” as well as by representatives of peoples. All this took place under conditions of an acute shortage of skilled labor in Leningrad. Thus, the state’s interests in economic development came into conflict with other interests, which in state literature are labelled as “ideological” and are rarely analyzed in detail. The article discusses the real case of anti-Soviet agitation, of which the central figure was a worker in the communal services of Leningrad. Thus, the role of the OGPU — NKVD in the development of the Soviet industry in the 1930s is studied using the example of the Vodokanalizatsiya Trust.