Hasil untuk "History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics"

Diloro Iskandarova

Представлено исследование гедонизма как уникального культурно-философского феномена персидско-таджикской традиции, в которой стремление к наслаждению исторически развивалось в условиях смены религиозных кодов и последующих жестких религиозных ограничений. Актуальность работы обусловлена необходимостью осмысления механизмов адаптации древних культурных универсалий и трансформации понятия удовольствия в восточной ментальности под влиянием смены идеологических парадигм. Центральным предметом анализа выступает винная метафора, рассматриваемая как ключевой индикатор типа гедонистического сознания. Цель статьи – выявить специфику персидско-таджикской модели наслаждения, деконструируя ее эволюцию от сакральной архаики до секулярного прагматизма. Научная новизна заключается в типологии гедонизма, выстроенной на материале поэтических текстов: выделены и проанализированы теоцентрический, идеологический и экзистенциальный типы. Методологическую основу исследования составил синтез лингвокультурологического подхода, теории концептуальной метафоры Дж. Лакоффа и семиотики культуры Ю. М. Лотмана, что позволило рассмотреть «код вина» как маркер отношения общества к удовольствию. Материалом послужили произведения классического периода (Омар Хайям), советской эпохи (М. Турсунзаде) и постсоветского времени (Л. Шерали). Логика изложения опирается на диахронический анализ: доказано, что истоки сакрализации вина восходят к зороастрийской ритуальной традиции и культу священного напитка хаома. Впоследствии этот доисламский код был переосмыслен в суфийской поэтике, сформировав концепцию мистического гедонизма, где опьянение служит аллегорией духовного экстаза вопреки религиозному запрету (хараму). Показано, что в советский период содержание гедонизма трансформируется: метафора вина десакрализируется, становясь маркером «разрешенного» социального торжества и коллективной радости. Анализ современной поэзии выявляет кризис гедонистического мироощущения, где вино превращается в символ трагического эскапизма. Сделан вывод, что «винный код» в таджикской культуре является устойчивой гносеологической константой, сохраняющей генетическую связь с авестийским наследием, но меняющей семантику в зависимости от духа времени.

Jonah F Messinger, Florian Metzler, Huw Price

One of the most public episodes of gatekeeping in modern science was the case of so-called 'cold fusion'. At a news conference in 1989 the electrochemists Martin Fleischmann and Stanley Pons announced that they had found evidence of nuclear fusion in palladium electrodes loaded with deuterium. There was worldwide interest. Many groups sought to reproduce the results, most unsuccessfully. Within months, the prevailing view became strongly negative. The claims of Fleischmann and Pons came to be regarded as disreputable, as well as false. As the Caltech physicist David Goldstein put it, cold fusion became 'a pariah field, cast out by the scientific establishment' (Goldstein 1994). The case would already be interesting for students of gatekeeping if the story had ended at that point. Even more interestingly, however, the field survived and persisted. It has been enjoying a modest renaissance, with recent government funding both in the US and the EU. This piece offers an opinionated introduction to cold fusion as a case study of scientific gatekeeping, discussing both its early and recent history

Ruslan G. Kadimov, Zarema N. Chukueva

The article is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of the key theme in the lyrics of the classic of Dagestani (Lezgin) poetry Yetim Emin – the tragic interweaving of the existential loneliness of the individual and the degradation of society. The study reveals how Emin’s poetic discourse, rooted in the traditions of Lezgin literature and Sufi thought, conceptualizes friendship as the highest spiritual value, the loss of which (through death, oblivion or betrayal) turns into an ontological catastrophe and metaphysical abandonment in the mortal world (fana) for the lyrical hero. In parallel, the poet’s performance as a merciless diagnostician of the social crisis is analyzed: the erosion of morality, the triumph of envy and self-interest, the devaluation of knowledge (ilim) and spirituality, which is characterized as the state of “corrupted peoples”. The article proves the deep cause-and-effect relationship of these themes: the pathologies of a degrading society are presented as the root cause of suffering and isolation of an individual, whose personal drama is a symptom of the general crisis of humanism. Based on a detailed analysis of the poems, the author examines the artistic means of embodying the tragedy: the use of the genres of elegy, lamentation and ghazal, contrasting metaphors ("mir-fana", "pit of grief", "black heart"), antithesis, lexical doublings (binomes), obsessive redifs and repetitions that create a rhythm of grief. Particular attention is paid to the Sufi subtext, legitimizing the appeal to deceased friends and forming the basis for spiritual resistance through faith and loyalty to the ideal. A conclusion is made about Emin's poetry as a requiem for lost harmony and a humanistic testimony to the tragic fate of man in the era of the disintegration of connections and values, preserving philosophical depth and artistic power.

Mussa B. Ketenchiev, Sakhadin M. Khubolov, Akhmat M. Miziev

The article focuses on the vocabulary of the Karachay-Balkarian language.  It examines the zoo-lexeme tulkyu 'lisa' using multivector analysis, reveals its word-formation possibilities, and discusses its representation in phytonyms, toponyms, and anthroponyms.  The research observes that the examined zoonymic lexeme is differentiated by archaic components specific to the Karachay-Balkarian ethnoculture.  In its most generic form, the fox appears in the ethnos' worldview as an animal distinguished by traits like as cunning, cleverness, and ingenuity. It is viewed as a predator that harms poultry husbandry, and the skin of the black-brown type is regarded as a talisman that aids in the preservation and enhancement of human well-being.  In animal legends, the fox beats larger predators thanks to its cunning and resourcefulness, yet it loses to some bird species.  The corpus of Karachay-Balkarian paremias demonstrates a variety of cognitive qualities relevant to both foxes and humans, which are determined by people's mentalities.  The studied factual material allows us to discuss broadly about the universals linked with the image of a fox.  The tulkyu zoolexeme is an important part of the zoomorphic cultural code in the Karachay-Balkarian worldview.

Francois Johannes Cleophas, Una T. Visser

Rhythmic gymnastics is a sport that was designed to be the more feminine sister discipline of women’s artistic gymnastics. Its roots, however, are embedded in a male hegemonic European history that manipulated elements of dance, physiology and pedagogy. Key role players were François Delsarte, Émile Jaques-Dalcroze, Isadora Duncan and George Demeny who greatly influenced the development of rhythmic gymnastics. These individuals extended previous work of the earlier gymnastics pioneers – Johan Guts Muths, Ludwig Jahn and Per Ling. Since its inception as a competitive sport in the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics during the 1940s, rhythmic gymnastics expanded greatly until it was officially recognised by the International Federation of Gymnastics (FIG) in 1962. In 1963, the first World Championship competition was held and the sport gained increased international traction. This study aims to investigate social and political factors that contributed to the development of rhythmic gymnastics, from its origins in the European systems up to its recognition as an independent sport in 1973. We conclude our article with the supposition that the sport did not directly challenge male hegemonic systems, but that women in this sport started shifting gender expectations and norms.

Zaven A. Arabadzhyan

The author examines the struggle between the United Kingdom and Russia for the possession of railway concessions in Persia. On the Russian side, one of the participants was Nikolai Notovich. He opposed Russia's concessions to Britain and advocated for the intensification of Russian policy in this area. Over time, his views on the most profitable routes for the construction of railway tracks for Russia changed in accordance with the international situation, the balance of power between the main actors, and the 1907 Russian-British agreements on the division of Persia into spheres of influence. The latter led N. A. Notovich to the idea that under the new conditions it is no longer sensible to build a through road across Persia to the coast of the Persian Gulf or the Indian Ocean. Instead, he advised to focus on developing the railway network in the northern regions of the country, which would contribute to the growth of economic, political and cultural influence of Russia.

Fatimat V. Shogenova

The article investigates the characteristics of the representation of the notion "Fire" in the Russian linguistic vision of the world. Fire is an essential component of civilization and one of the fundamental concepts that holds universal worth. Scientific novelty lies in the detailed linguacultural and cognitive-discursive analysis of figurative units (metaphors, proverbs, sayings, phraseological units, etc.), which act as the main components-constructs of the concept “Fire” as a fragment of the Russian linguistic picture of the world. As a result of the analysis of the empirical material, significant conceptual features of the mental formation “Fire”, value components that form its core, central and peripheral zones are identified. The article uses Kabardian figurative units representing this concept as background material, which allows us to see the important role of this concept in the consciousness of native speakers, and also makes it possible to highlight the features of the linguistic picture of the world of both ethnic groups.

Jaemin Hong, Sukyoung Ryu

Automatic C-to-Rust translation is a promising way to enhance the reliability of legacy system software. However, C2Rust, an industrially developed translator, generates Rust code with unsafe features, undermining the translation's objective. While researchers have proposed techniques to remove unsafe features in C2Rust-generated code, these efforts have targeted only a limited subset of unsafe features. One important unsafe feature remaining unaddressed is a union, a type consisting of multiple fields sharing the same memory storage. Programmers often place a union with a tag in a struct to record the last-written field, but they can still access wrong fields. In contrast, Rust's tagged unions combine tags and unions at the language level, ensuring correct value access. In this work, we propose techniques to replace unions with tagged unions during C-to-Rust translation. We develop a static analysis that facilitates such replacement by identifying tag fields and the corresponding tag values. The analysis involves a must-points-to analysis computing struct field values and a heuristic interpreting these results. To enhance efficiency, we adopt intraprocedural function-wise analysis, allowing selective analysis of functions. Our evaluation on 36 real-world C programs shows that the proposed approach is (1) precise, identifying 74 tag fields with no false positives and only five false negatives, (2) mostly correct, with 17 out of 23 programs passing tests post-transformation, and (3) efficient, capable of analyzing and transforming 141k LOC in 4,910 seconds.

Laura Kurek, Ceren Budak, Eric Gilbert

How do Wikipedians maintain an accurate encyclopedia during an ongoing geopolitical conflict where state actors might seek to spread disinformation or conduct an information operation? In the context of the Russia-Ukraine War, this question becomes more pressing, given the Russian government's extensive history of orchestrating information campaigns. We conducted an interview study with 13 expert Wikipedians involved in the Russo-Ukrainian War topic area on the English-language edition of Wikipedia. While our participants did not perceive there to be clear evidence of a state-backed information operation, they agreed that war-related articles experienced high levels of disruptive editing from both Russia-aligned and Ukraine-aligned accounts. The English-language edition of Wikipedia had existing policies and processes at its disposal to counter such disruption. State-backed or not, the disruptive activity created time-intensive maintenance work for our participants. Finally, participants considered English-language Wikipedia to be more resilient than social media in preventing the spread of false information online. We conclude by discussing sociotechnical implications for Wikipedia and social platforms.

Alexander F. Zakharov

In May 2022 ICRANet organized the Workshop dedicated to the 80th anniversary of Professor Ruffini. This paper is based on the talk delivered at the meeting. Professor Ruffini was well known for Soviet scientific community not only due to his publications in leading journals but also due Russian translations of his books where he was an author or a contributor in collection of articles. But only in 1988 I had an opportunity to watch and listen professor R. Ruffini at the Conference dedicated to the century since the birthday of Alexander Alexandrovich Friedmann. This conference was organized in Leningrad (Soviet Union) in June during a short magic period when there are white nights there. In June 2023 we celebrate the 135th anniversary of Friedmann's birth. Friedmann and his closed friend V. K. Frederics were the founders of Soviet school of general relativity and George Gamow was one of the brilliant representative of the school and he was the author of the hot Universe model which is the most popular now. In the USSR a development of general relativity and relativistic cosmology was not smooth and only in sixties of the last century these branches of science freed from the total control of representatives of the ideology of Marxism -- Leninism. I also discussed a Soviet contribution in a discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation done by T. Shmaonov in 1957 and reasons why his supervisors did not connect these results with the hot Universe models discussed by G. Gamow. Author's results about observational features of supemassive black holes (including the black hole in our Galactic Center) are also briefly discussed, it was considered an opportunity to evaluate a (tidal) charge of Reissner -- Nordström black hole from observational estimates of shadow size in the Galactic Center and M87* done by the EHT Collaboration based its observations in April 2017.

F. Malkhozova

Abstract This article researches not a big, but an important period in the modern history of Russia, which became a transitional stage from a socialist to a market economy. It analyzes the main characteristics of the country’s economy and the circumstances of the transition to the market. The leading role in transforming the economic and political system belonged to the Congress of People’s Deputies of Russia. The “economic” sovereignty of the republic has become the core of Russia’s state sovereignty. The implementation of the declaration required changes in legislation and the management system. Freedom of entrepreneurship, banking, loans, and other innovations have set the task of creating clear and reliable forms of property rights and corresponding guarantees of the state. Normative legal acts of the Congress of People’s Deputies of the RSFSR and the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR adopted to establish Russia’s economic independence and the transition to market relations caused a “war” of laws, in which the presidents of the USSR and Russia, Union and Russian deputies, ministers and regional leaders participated.

Oleg Yavoruk

The paper deals with pedagogical heritage of A.V. Usova (1921-2014) that yields insights into problems of interdisciplinary relationship in the school science education system. Her fundamental works were used as teaching guides in the preparation of physics teachers of all pedagogical universities of the Soviet Union and Russia. In this study, professor Usova is not an interdisciplinary researcher; she is a researcher of interdisciplinarity. Here is provided a short and consistent description of her views on teaching physics as a foundation of educational interdisciplinarity. Usova elaborated educational functions, classifications, organizational levels, ways of instantiating, content-related foundations of interdisciplinary relations, recommendations for practical applying interdisciplinary relations. Besides, Usova suggested a unified approach to the study of knowledge and skills through the generalized plans. And we would like not simply clarify, retell or restate the very powerful didactic discoveries of Usova, but consider opportunities of teaching across boundaries for actual educational challenges. The future of the field of didactics, which deals with the study of interdisciplinarity, is very interesting and attractive. This problem will always excite scientists, educators and teachers, and the futurity of science education depends on the ways it is solved.

Eugene Bulyak, Nikolay Shul'ga

The ionization losses -- the losses of energy by fast charged particles traveling through a matter -- have been under study for more than 100 years. The theoretical explanation of this process spans similar period. About 75 years ago, Lev Landau published a theoretical paper on the ionization losses, which drastically leveled up the research and still remains amongst the most cited in the field. The present note digests the history of theoretical development and attempts to clarify Landau's method of research and the function named after him.

Johannes Matzat, Aiko Schmeißer

Labor unions influence economic outcomes not only through bargaining with employers over work contracts but also via political activities that can profoundly shape political systems. In unionized workplaces, they may mobilize and change the ideological positions of both unionizing workers and their non-unionizing management. In this paper, we analyze the workplace-level impact of unionization on workers' and managers' political campaign contributions. We link establishment-level union election data with transaction-level campaign contributions to federal and local candidates in the United States. Using a difference-in-differences design, validated through regression discontinuity tests and a novel instrumental variable approach, we find that unionization leads to a leftward shift of campaign contributions. Unionization increases support for Democrats relative to Republicans not only among workers but especially among managers, suggesting that managers converge toward workers' political preferences. The effects are stronger in settings with more cooperative union-employer interactions, such as when union elections are not contested by an unfair labor practice charge and result in a collective bargaining agreement.

Aamod Khatiwada, Grace Fan, Roee Shraga et al.

Existing techniques for unionable table search define unionability using metadata (tables must have the same or similar schemas) or column-based metrics (for example, the values in a table should be drawn from the same domain). In this work, we introduce the use of semantic relationships between pairs of columns in a table to improve the accuracy of union search. Consequently, we introduce a new notion of unionability that considers relationships between columns, together with the semantics of columns, in a principled way. To do so, we present two new methods to discover semantic relationship between pairs of columns. The first uses an existing knowledge base (KB), the second (which we call a "synthesized KB") uses knowledge from the data lake itself. We adopt an existing Table Union Search benchmark and present new (open) benchmarks that represent small and large real data lakes. We show that our new unionability search algorithm, called SANTOS, outperforms a state-of-the-art union search that uses a wide variety of column-based semantics, including word embeddings and regular expressions. We show empirically that our synthesized KB improves the accuracy of union search by representing relationship semantics that may not be contained in an available KB. This result hints at a promising future of creating a synthesized KBs from data lakes with limited KB coverage and using them for union search.

David M. Freeman, Chris Gartland

Given a finite collection $\{X_i\}_{i\in I}$ of metric spaces, each of which has finite Nagata dimension and Lipschitz free space isomorphic to $L^1$, we prove that their union has Lipschitz free space isomorphic to $L^1$. The short proof we provide is based on the Pelczyński decomposition method. A corollary is a solution to a question of Kaufmann about the union of two planar curves with tangential intersection. A second focus of the paper is on a special case of this result that can be studied using geometric methods. That is, we prove that the Lipschitz free space of a union of finitely many quasiconformal trees is isomorphic to $L^1$. These geometric methods also reveal that any metric quotient of a quasiconformal tree has Lipschitz free space isomorphic to $L^1$. Finally, we analyze Lipschitz light maps on unions and metric quotients of quasiconformal trees in order to prove that the Lipschitz dimension of any such union or quotient is equal to 1.

V. Khominets, A. L. Kudyashev

Issues of the foundation and development of scientific schools, medical specialties, departments, and clinics of the Military Medical Academy of S.M. Kirov, as well as their succession, remain largely debatable to this day. Moreover, their study appears to be extremely interesting when understanding the processes underlying the differentiation of the fundamental sections of medicine, formation of new areas of surgery, and their evolution to the state of independent surgical specialties. Several archival documents, reports, historical essays on the departments of desmurgy and mechanurgy, orthopedics, military field surgery, desmurgy and orthopedics, orthopedics and traumatology, and traumatology and orthopedics are analyzed. The origins of the formation and stages of transformation of the modern department of military traumatology and orthopedics are traced. Scientific orthopedics in Russia was started at the end of the 18th century in the bowels of the fundamental surgical departments of the Imperial Medical and Surgical Academy. On March 7, 1836, by the resolution of the conference of the Academy, the Department of Surgery was divided into the Department of General and Private Surgery with theoretical oculistics and the Department of Operative Surgery and Oculistics, Desmurgy and Mechanurgy, and Surgery on troupes. On February 20, 1888, an independent department of desmurgy and mechanurgy was established at the Academy. On March 24, 1900 (April 6, O.S.), based on Order No. 301 of the Minister of War of October 29, 1899, the Academy Conference decided to create the Orthopedic Clinic headed by Professor G.I. Turner, and the date mentioned went down in history as the birthday of the first orthopedic chair and clinic in Russia. From August 21, 1924, to August 8, 1931, it was renamed the Department of Military Field Surgery, Desmurgy and Orthopedics (Order no. 205 of August 9, 1924, by the Military Sanitary Department), and the reading of this subject was assigned to the senior assistant of the department E.Yu. Osten-Sacken who prepared the corresponding programs. From August 8, 1931, the department and the clinic reverted to their former name the Department and Clinic of Orthopedics, and Professor V.A. Oppel headed already an independent, established based on the Decree of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Revolutionary Military Council of April 2, 1931, the Department of Military Field Surgery. In 1955, the Department of Orthopedics was renamed the Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology (Directive of the Chief of Staff of the Army No. OSN 5/1367869 of November 28, 1955), and in 1960, due to the pronounced traumatological orientation in educational and clinical work, to the Department of Traumatology and Orthopedics (Directive of the Chief of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Defense Ministry No. ST/2/711247 of June 4, 1960). In 1974 the department was renamed Military Traumatology and Orthopedics Department (Directive No. 158/0267 of the Headquarters of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Armed Forces Rear No. 158/0267 of February 15, 1974). Based on the analysis, it appears reasonable to offer readers a view of the prehistory of the origin, continuity, and development of the specialty traumatology and orthopedics at the Military Medical Academy of S.M. Kirov.

Kseniya Kovaleva

Introduction. The paper discussed the results of the study concerning the chemical composition of 16 mirrors from the Golden Horde period originating from the settlements Selitrennoe, Vodyanskoe, Uvekskoe Khmelevskoe I, Shirokiy Buerak and stored in the State Historical Museum (Moscow) and Saratov Regional Museum of Local Lore (Saratov). Method. The visual inspection of the items was carried out using the traceology method, XRF and SEM/EDS were used as a method of determining the elemental composition. To compare the results, data on the chemical composition of mirrors originating from other medieval sites in Eastern Europe were used. Analysis and Results. All but one mirror, made with a stone casting mold, were cast using the impression method. Some of the mirrors show traces of post-casting processing. Several types of alloys have been identified. Most of the mirrors were made of tin-lead bronze (7 items) with an increased (more than 20 %) tin content, which correlates with the results obtained on samples from other settlements of the pre-Horde and Horde times. Other large groups are mirrors made from multicomponent (3 items) and tin bronze (4 items). One mirror each is made of tin brass and lead bronze with the addition of arsenic. Mirrors with arsenic in their composition are also known from other samples from a nomadic cemetery of the Golden Horde period and settlement monuments, which indicates a sufficiently active existence of a more archaic metal in the 14th century.

Vasiliy Zh. Tsvetkov

The article studies the development of an economic and political-legal basis for the development of urban self-government under General Wrangels Government of the South of Russia, in the Crimea, in the autumn of 1920. From among the Wrangel governments reforms in the Crimea in 1920, transformations in the sphere of urban life and urban self-government are less well-known than transformations in agrarian policy and the zemstvo reform. But changes in the operation of city dumas and city administrations are no less relevant for Russian historiography. The article considers the specifics of the evolution of municipal law in a situation where it was hoped that the offensive of the Red Army at Perekop could be beaten back. The article notes the importance of changing the legislative framework regarding the expansion of the powers of city self-government not only in the social, political, but also in the economic sphere. First of all, this was manifested in the field of granting the right to impose taxes and fees by city structures. The article discusses the prospects that an increased role of city self-government was supposed to have on economic and political decisions by the Wrangel government. The analysis includes the supposed forms of cooperation between the White power and the public in the 1920s. Special attention is paid to the problems that were considered at a specially convened congress of city self-government in Simferopol, on the eve of the Perekop-Chongar operation. The decisions taken during this congress were supposed to strengthen the financial situation of the Crimea. The article also examines the interaction between the authorities of the Wrangel government and the local population during the military-political crisis of the White Movement in the autumn of 1920.