Hasil untuk "History of France"

Patrick Wincker, Didier Aurelle, Denys Malengros et al.

The Eunicella cavolini reference genome provides an important resource to study the adaptation of this species to different environments and anthropic pressures. This species is impacted by human activities, including climate change, and this reference genome will be useful to study the genomic evolution of this species. The entirety of the genome sequence was assembled into 17 contiguous chromosomal pseudomolecules. This chromosome-level assembly encompasses 0.49 Gb, composed of 159 contigs and 46 scaffolds, with contig and scaffold N50 values of 7.7 Mb and 51.1 Mb, respectively.

Liam S. Morrissey, Jesse Lewis, Amanda Ricketts et al.

Our ability to understand the formation of the exospheres of airless bodies such as the Moon and Mercury has been hindered by uncertainties in how surface processes influence exospheric sources. Ejection processes important for exosphere formation rely on the notion that an emitted atom must first overcome an attractive energy with the surface to be ejected into the exosphere (the surface binding energy, SBE). Recent studies have shown that atoms from minerals are more tightly bound than commonly assumed, making it difficult to reconcile how such high volatile concentrations are being observed in the exospheres of airless bodies. Here, we used molecular dynamics modeling to explain the physics underlying the interaction of low-energy returning atoms, initially ejected below the escape energy of the body, with mineral surfaces. Global exosphere models make ill-informed assumptions for these interactions due to a lack of SBEs for adsorbed atoms. Results provide first-of-their-kind SBE distributions for adsorbed atoms and can be used by global models to better understand exosphere formation on airless bodies. We highlight the importance of adsorbate coverage and the atomic arrangement of a surface on the SBE. At low absorbate coverage sodium forms ionic bonds with oxygen, leading to tightly bound adsorbates (SBE ∼6 eV). At 1 ML of coverage the free O is terminated and Na is unable to form strong ionic bonds, leading to loosely bound adsorbates (SBE 1–3 eV). Emission processes from covered surfaces will be far more efficient than those without adsorbates. These improvements will allow for better interpretation of mission data such as from MESSENGER, BepiColombo, LADEE, Europa Clipper, and Artemis.

Paweł Sękowski

The aim of this paper is to analyze the content and meaning of selected terms employed in the research on the history of immigration that may create misunderstandings between researchers from various countries. For this study the example of the Polish immigrants living in France is used. The studied issues are following: 1) difference between terms “Polish community”, “Polish ethnic group” and “Polonia”, 2) distinction between terms “assimilation” and “integration”, 3) misunderstandings in the meaning of terms “nation” and “nationality”, 4) difference of perspectives between the “historiography of immigration” in a country of immigration and the “historiography of emigration” in a country of emigration. It is always important to well define the terms employed – sometimes without any reflection – in the historiography of immigration. Furthermore, such an effort is essential if any research work pretends to be of value beyond a one-sided national perspective and beyond a single national historiography.

Oláh, János, Johanson, Kjell Arne , Mey, Wolfram et al.

Based on the historical caddisfly collection of Renaud Paulian and supplemented by new collections, we describe here 141 new Trichoptera species from Madagascar as follows: Ecnomus namorok Oláh sp. nov., E. mohel Oláh sp. nov., E. sinjoar Oláh sp. nov., E. andran Oláh & Johanson sp. nov., E. ankar Oláh & Johanson sp. nov., E. anosib Oláh sp. nov., E. hajang Oláh & Johanson sp. nov., E. joariv Oláh sp. nov., E. karafan Oláh & Johanson sp. nov., E. montambr Oláh sp. nov., E. moron Oláh & Johanson sp. nov., E. perin Oláh sp. nov., E. sahamal Oláh & Johanson sp. nov., E. tsarat Oláh sp. nov., E. voang Oláh sp. nov., Dipseudopsis bemaraha Oláh & Johanson sp. nov., D. moramanga Oláh & Mey sp. nov., D. sahanoda Oláh & Johanson sp. nov., D. andrina Oláh sp. nov., D. bergsteni Oláh & Johanson sp. nov., D. mantadia Oláh & Johanson sp. nov., D. rona Oláh & Johanson sp. nov., D. fernandi Oláh sp. nov., D. morama Oláh & Mey sp. nov., D. ramanga Oláh & Mey sp. nov., D. ringitra Oláh sp. nov., D. namorona Oláh & Johanson sp. nov., D. telomita Oláh sp. nov., Pseudoneureclipsis achvoang Oláh sp. nov., P. beharan Oláh sp. nov., P. bemarah Oláh & Johanson sp. nov., P. ranom Oláh sp. nov., P. voang Oláh sp. nov., Paduniella manonga Oláh & Johanson sp. nov., Leptonema ambra Oláh sp. nov., L. andranoma Oláh & Johanson sp. nov., L. atana Oláh sp. nov., L. avaratna Oláh & Johanson sp. nov., L. comoriense Oláh sp. nov., L. mantadia Oláh & Johanson sp. nov., Macrostemum ambil Oláh sp. nov., M. ambinan Oláh sp. nov., M. ankaz Oláh sp. nov., M. madagas Oláh sp. nov., M. mambra Oláh sp. nov., M. namor Oláh & Johanson sp. nov., M. perin Oláh sp. nov., M. pimatel Oláh sp. nov., M. vohipar Oláh & Johanson sp. nov., Cheumatopsyche morona Oláh & Johanson sp. nov., C. namora Oláh & Johanson sp. nov., C. nomafa Oláh & Mey sp. nov., C. perina Oláh sp. nov., C. sahanamba Oláh & Mey sp. nov., C. siaposa Oláh & Mey sp. nov., C. siatra Oláh & Johanson sp. nov., Pisulia ambina Oláh sp. nov., P. ambohita Oláh sp. nov., P. ampolomita Oláh sp. nov., P. dingitra Oláh sp. nov., P. karatoa Oláh sp. nov., P. maroa Oláh sp. nov., P. nosiba Oláh sp. nov., P. paulia Oláh sp. nov., P. tsaranora Oláh & Mey sp. nov., P. ranoma Oláh sp. nov., P. rina Oláh sp. nov., P. sandra Oláh sp. nov., P. tanana Oláh sp. nov., Silvatares ampolomit Oláh sp. nov., S. marojej Oláh sp. nov., Lepidostoma ambatov Oláh sp. nov., L. ankar Oláh sp. nov., L. badikal Oláh sp. nov., L. ding Oláh sp. nov., L. maroant Oláh sp. nov., L. vakoan Oláh sp. nov., L. voang Oláh sp. nov., Goera ambodiva Oláh sp. nov., G. fanadia Oláh sp. nov., G. gitra Oláh sp. nov., G. maroa Oláh sp. nov., Athripsodes gitra Oláh sp. nov., A. mandra Oláh sp. nov., A. meloka Oláh sp. nov., A. vakoana Oláh sp. nov., A. nanitela Oláh sp. nov., A. nilaza Oláh sp. nov., A. paulia Oláh sp. nov., A. ampa Oláh sp. nov., A. anda Oláh sp. nov., A. italavina Oláh sp. nov., A. lambola Oláh sp. nov., A. montambra Oláh sp. nov., A. rineta Oláh sp. nov., A. toamasina Oláh & Johanson sp. nov., A. tola Oláh sp. nov., A. amboasa Oláh sp. nov., A. ampita Oláh sp. nov., A. andoba Oláh sp. nov., A. batola Oláh sp. nov., A. ivoa Oláh sp. nov., A. maroana Oláh sp. nov., A. matava Oláh sp. nov., A. siranana Oláh & Johanson sp. nov., A. fora Oláh sp. nov., A. griveaudi Oláh sp. nov., A. pangala Oláh sp. nov., A. perineta Oláh sp. nov., A. madifana Oláh sp. nov., A. mapera Oláh sp. nov., A. namoroka Oláh sp. nov., A. tamata Oláh sp. nov., Ceraclea (Ranaivodes) ambadikala Oláh sp. nov., C. (R.) galaka Oláh & Johanson sp. nov., C. (R.) manongariva Oláh & Johanson sp. nov., Leptocerus andranoma Oláh sp. nov., Magadacerina ambila Oláh sp. nov., M. andria Oláh sp. nov., M. antsira Oláh & Johanson sp. nov., M. ranohira Oláh sp. nov., Oecetis daga Oláh sp. nov., O. erinea Oláh sp. nov., O. ibita Oláh & Mey sp. nov., O. sambara Oláh & Johanson sp. nov., Setodes mahajanga Oláh & Johanson sp. nov., S. nongariva Oláh & Johanson sp. nov., Adicella ambra Oláh sp. nov., A. antsira Oláh & Johanson sp. nov., A. ringitra Oláh & Mey sp. nov., Triaenodes erina Oláh sp. nov., T. fanovana Oláh sp. nov., T. joroa Oláh sp. nov., T. malaza Oláh sp. nov., T. mandeva Oláh sp. nov., T. tsaranora Oláh & Mey sp. nov., T. antsaba Oláh & Johanson sp. nov., T. bemaraha Oláh & Johanson sp. nov., T. galoka Oláh & Johanson sp. nov., T. ikopa Oláh sp. nov., T. sahanamba Oláh & Mey sp. nov.

Isabelle Halfon, Mickaël Beaufils

An important quantity of geotechnical data is constantly collected for all the new projects of civil engineering. This data includes generally core and destructive boreholes, in which samples are taken for laboratory testing and in situ geotechnical tests are performed. The density of geotechnical data is particularly high in urban areas. The data is collected by geotechnical engineering or drilling Companies for public or private owners. Data is essential to define the geotechnical conditions of a project and are obviously necessary for the geotechnical design of foundations or underground structures. However, most of the time, data is not accessible in a numerical format, and at the end of the project, is often forgotten, while it could be reused for neighbouring projects. It is a great loss of information and knowledge to the technical and scientific geosciences community, and it represents a significant cost for the country economy. In France, the BRGM (French geological survey office) is currently developing a new open access platform dedicated to the capitalization and accessibility of geotechnical data, compliant with the FAIR principles (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable). This paper describes the challenges to overcome and the possible solutions, considering the high diversity of geotechnical tests, explains the need of keeping the exhaustive data set for each test, and describes the next stages of development.

Eberhard Fischer, Dorothee Killmann, Johanna Gerlach et al.

Freshwater red algae from Hunsrück-Hochwald National Park previously identified as <i>Virescentia vogesiaca</i> are described as <i>Hoefkenia hunsrueckensis</i> gen. et sp. nov. They cluster in the phylogenetic tree together with <i>Kumanoa</i> and form its sister clade. <i>Virescentia</i> is rendered monophyletic by exclusion of these samples. The taxonomic history of <i>Virescentia vogesiaca</i> is described. The species was named by Skuja referring to the description of <i>Batrachospermum vagum</i> var. <i>flagelliforme</i> Sirodot and the specimens all come from Western France and Spain. The name <i>Batrachospermum vogesiacum</i> was erroneously applied referring to a specimen from the North Vosges close to Germany collected and annotated by F.W. Schultz and representing the new <i>Hoefkenia hunsrueckensis</i>. However, this specimen was never cited in the protologue of <i>Virescentia vogesiaca</i>. We provide evidence that the real <i>Virescentia vogesiaca</i> is endemic to Western France and Spain, and that <i>Hoefkenia hunsrueckensis</i> is restricted to Eastern Belgium, Eastern France and SW Germany, differing in morphological and molecular characters.

Bienvenido Martínez-Navarro, Joan Madurell-Malapeira, Sergio Ros-Montoya et al.

On 2015, after the direct study of the most important Late Villafranchian fossil collections of Europe and Western Asia, including Orce (Spain), Pirro Nord and Upper Valdarno (Italy), Appollonia (Greece), Dmanisi (Georgia) and ‘Ubeidiya (Israel), among others, our team proposed the hypothesis that suids disappeared from Europe during the time span between 1.8 and 1.2 Ma. The implications of our conclusions were significant, the arrival of Early <i>Homo</i> into Western Europe, dated to 1.4 Ma at the site of Barranco León in Orce (Spain), preceded the return of pigs into the continent at 1.2 Ma. This hypothesis has been recently challenged because of the finding of an incomplete metatarsal ascribed to <i>Sus</i> sp., with no clear stratigraphic origin, found in the XIX Century Croizet collection of Peyrolles (France), which is housed in the Natural History Museum, London, together with other weak arguments based on the absence of reliable dating for many Early Pleistocene European sites, and other hypothetical records of pigs, with no real fossil support. We answer all these questions and defend that our 2015 hypothesis is correct.

M. Bartz, M. Duval, M. Duval et al.

Donald C. Chang

Science is about facts and truth. Yet sometimes the truth and facts are not obvious. For example, in the field of MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging), there has been a long-lasting debate about who were the major contributors in its development. Particularly, there was a strong dispute between the followers of two scientists, R. Damadian and P. Lauterbur. In this review, we carefully trace the major developments in applying NMR for cancer detection starting almost 50 years ago. The research records show that the truth was beyond the claims of either research camps. The development of NMR for cancer detection involved multiple research groups, who made critical contributions at different junctures.

Melody Sepahpour-Fard, Michael Quayle, Padraig MacCarron et al.

This study investigates the emergence of collective identity among individuals critical of vaccination policies in France during the COVID-19 pandemic. As concerns grew over mandated health measures, a loose collective formed on Twitter to assert autonomy over vaccination decisions. Using analyses of pronoun usage, outgroup labeling, and tweet similarity, we examine how this identity emerged. A turning point occurred following President Macron's announcement of mandatory vaccination for health workers and the health pass, sparking substantial changes in linguistic patterns. We observed a shift from first-person singular (I) to first-person plural (we) pronouns, alongside an increased focus on vaccinated individuals as a central outgroup, in addition to authority figures. This shift in language patterns was further reflected in the behavior of new users. An analysis of incoming users revealed that a core group of frequent posters played a crucial role in fostering cohesion and shaping norms. New users who joined during the week of Macron's announcement and continued posting afterward showed an increased similarity with the language of the core group, contributing to the crystallization of the emerging collective identity.

Andrew Davidson

Actor training in Western culture evolved as an oral tradition. Formal education appeared in the late-nineteenth century with the work of Konstantin Stanislavski. Despite its relatively brief history, the family tree of theatre pedagogy now consists of many contrasting branches. Several branches contain the creative and educational DNA of an approach to Western music education known as Dalcroze Eurhythmics. Emile Jaques-Dalcroze was a Swiss pianist and composer whose work at the Hellerau Institute near Dresden in Germany had a significant impact on the Modernist movements in theatre and dance, 1911–1914. Historical records show that this embodied method of music learning was disseminated by Hellerau graduates in drama schools and theatre companies around the world. This essay traces four branches on the family tree of theatre pedagogy that are directly influenced by Dalcroze Eurhythmics. These branches include the legacies of Stanislavski in Russia; Jacques Copeau and Suzanne Bing in France; Rudolph Laban and Yat Malmgren in Germany and England; and Sanford Meisner and Anne Bogart in the United States of America. This essay is written from the author’s perspective as an actor trainer and music educator in a higher education conservatoire. It offers historical contexts for contemporary pedagogies in actor training.

David Matteini

This article analyses three novels from the turn of the Enlightenment that focus on the life of a woman: Adélaïde de Souza’s Adèle de Sénange (1794), Félicité de Genlis’s La femme auteur (1802), and Claire de Duras’s Ourika (1824). Although different in several respects, these three texts allow us to re-examine the centrality of women’s writing in the literary melting pot of the period. These novels also allow us to question the psychological forces behind the flowering of the novelistic genre in the post-revolutionary period in France, with regard to the formative and identity-building function of literary writing. Each in her own way, these women writers bear witness to a new relationship between history, literature and the social role of women emerging at the dawn of the French realism period.

Sarah Fourcassier, Mélanie Douziech, Paula Pérez-López et al.

The goal of this paper is to provide a guide for environmentally-friendly menstrual product options for industry, governmental policy makers and consumers. We present the results of comparative analyses of such products—disposable nonorganic and organic tampons (with applicators) and pads, reusable pads, underwear and cups—used for one year across eight environmental impact indicators and three countries, France, India and the U.S. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology was applied to estimate the environmental impacts accounting for the entire life cycle beginning with the production of the components and ending with their disposal. Varying consumer habits in the considered countries led to differences in the environmental impacts between countries. Menstrual cups have the lowest impact score across all indicators and countries, with a score 99% lower than those for disposable nonorganic tampons. Menstrual underwear ranked second, given their double functions as underwear and menstrual absorbent. Reusable pads ranked third lowest. Somewhat surprisingly, organic disposable pads had higher scores than their nonorganic counterparts for the majority of indicators. For more realistic use scenarios, we explored combinations of two products (one internal and one external). Menstrual cups in combination with underwear had the lowest scores across all indicators and countries.

Dr Muhammad Samiullah

To date, knowledge of the textual history of the Qur'an has relied primarily on the Arabo-Islamic tradition. The study of material evidence, which should contribute to understanding the historical development of the canonization of the text, form the first part of the Coranica project. The Coranica project gives priority to an empirical approach, contributing to the history of the Qur'anic text based primarily on material evidence, distributed chronologically, and less on the data of the Arabo-Islamic tradition. As part of its empirical approach, Coranica aims to take into account current developments and the latest discoveries. These include continuing and amplifying the research on older written witnesses of the Qur'an, a field of study that lay dormant until the 1980s and was revived by the discoveries of Sanaa, and other well known collections, such as those of St. Petersburg or Istanbul. Coranica provides a platform for cooperation between those in the fields of antiquity and Islamic studies. The project brings together researchers from various disciplines from Germany, France, England, Austria and Italy. Coranica began in 2011, and is directed by Christian Robin and François Deroche (AIBL, Paris) and Michael Marx and Angelika Neuwirth (BBAW, Berlin). In this paper, the introduction and the details of the project are given for the urdu-natives with critical analysis of the project components theoretically.  

Katja Mahnič

France Stele, Vojeslav Mole and Izidor Cankar, who are considered the founders of Slovenian art history as a modern scientific discipline, were all students of Max Dvořak. Traces of the relationship between Dvořak and his three Slovenian students and of his influence over them can be found in different types of sources. I first focus on the preserved personal and intimate documents, their mutual correspondence and on their autobiographical and biographical texts in which we can learn a great deal about Dvořak as a person and teacher. Then I turn to the “historiographical” texts among which Stele’s texts hold a special place; in them he outlined the process of forming the “Ljubljana School of Art History” and defined the origins of its conceptual and methodological framework with one of its key foundations being the ideas of Dvořak.

France Gheeraert

The class of (eventually) dendric words generalizes well-known families such as the Arnoux-Rauzy words or the codings of interval exchanges. There are still many open questions about the link between dendricity and morphisms. In this paper, we focus on two questions. The first one is the evolution of the factor complexity when applying a non-erasing morphism to an eventually dendric word. We next look at the morphisms that preserve dendricity for all dendric words and show that they are exactly those generated by the Arnoux-Rauzy morphisms.

Niels C. M. Martens, Miguel Ángel Carretero Sahuquillo, Erhard Scholz et al.

Editorial of a special issue on dark matter & modified gravity, distributed across the journals Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics and Studies in History and Philosophy of Science. Published version of the open access editorial (in SHPS) available here: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsa.2021.08.015. The six papers are collected here: https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/studies-in-history-and-philosophy-of-science-part-b-studies-in-history-and-philosophy-of-modern-physics/special-issue/10CR71RJLWM.

Aleksandra Skrzypietz

François-Louis de Bourbon, prince de La Roche-sur-Yon, later known as prince de Conti (1664-1709), was a French prince of the blood. In 1696, the French ambassador in Warsaw, Melchior de Polignac, insisted on presenting him to the Polish throne and promised his successful election. The king did not ask Conti for his opinion but agreed to the plan. Polignac’s political writings of the time presented the prince as an ideal future sovereign, while opponents, fearing the loss of their freedom under a French regime, described him as a great danger for Poland. The king of France refused to finance the search for partisans in Poland, and so Polignac enlisted the support of Poland’s greatest magnates. The election was held in an atmosphere of fierce rivalry. The supporters of the Frenchman began to hesitate: they accused the ambassador of deceiving them. The French memorialists blamed the Poles for their disloyalty and greed, accusing them of thwarting the prince’s success. A French victory was indeed uncertain, even though other actions were taken. A civil war was likely and the prince of Conti did not want to use all means available to him to achieve his ends. He lost his bid for the Polish throne, for rather complex reasons. His attitude towards this election remained enigmatic and has forced historians to confine themselves to speculation.

Tim Maudlin, Elias Okon, Daniel Sudarsky

We start by surveying the history of the idea of a fundamental conservation law and briefly examine the role conservation laws play in different classical contexts. In such contexts we find conservation laws to be useful, but often not essential. Next we consider the quantum setting, where the conceptual problems of the standard formalism obstruct a rigorous analysis of the issue. We then analyze the fate of energy conservation within the various viable paths to address such conceptual problems; in all cases we find no satisfactory way to define a (useful) notion of energy that is generically conserved. Finally, we focus on the implications of this for the semiclassical gravity program and conclude that Einstein's equations cannot be said to always hold.

Tianhao Yang, Zheng-Jun Zha, Hanwang Zhang

We study the multi-round response generation in visual dialog, where a response is generated according to a visually grounded conversational history. Given a triplet: an image, Q&A history, and current question, all the prevailing methods follow a codec (i.e., encoder-decoder) fashion in a supervised learning paradigm: a multimodal encoder encodes the triplet into a feature vector, which is then fed into the decoder for the current answer generation, supervised by the ground-truth. However, this conventional supervised learning does NOT take into account the impact of imperfect history, violating the conversational nature of visual dialog and thus making the codec more inclined to learn history bias but not contextual reasoning. To this end, inspired by the actor-critic policy gradient in reinforcement learning, we propose a novel training paradigm called History Advantage Sequence Training (HAST). Specifically, we intentionally impose wrong answers in the history, obtaining an adverse critic, and see how the historic error impacts the codec's future behavior by History Advantage-a quantity obtained by subtracting the adverse critic from the gold reward of ground-truth history. Moreover, to make the codec more sensitive to the history, we propose a novel attention network called History-Aware Co-Attention Network (HACAN) which can be effectively trained by using HAST. Experimental results on three benchmarks: VisDial v0.9&v1.0 and GuessWhat?!, show that the proposed HAST strategy consistently outperforms the state-of-the-art supervised counterparts.