Hasil untuk "History America"

M. Jacobson

J. Eisenberg

K. Crenshaw

M. Jaklitsch, F. Jacobson, J. Austin et al.

OBJECTIVE Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in North America. Low-dose computed tomography screening can reduce lung cancer-specific mortality by 20%. METHOD The American Association for Thoracic Surgery created a multispecialty task force to create screening guidelines for groups at high risk of developing lung cancer and survivors of previous lung cancer. RESULTS The American Association for Thoracic Surgery guidelines call for annual lung cancer screening with low-dose computed tomography screening for North Americans from age 55 to 79 years with a 30 pack-year history of smoking. Long-term lung cancer survivors should have annual low-dose computed tomography to detect second primary lung cancer until the age of 79 years. Annual low-dose computed tomography lung cancer screening should be offered starting at age 50 years with a 20 pack-year history if there is an additional cumulative risk of developing lung cancer of 5% or greater over the following 5 years. Lung cancer screening requires participation by a subspecialty-qualified team. The American Association for Thoracic Surgery will continue engagement with other specialty societies to refine future screening guidelines. CONCLUSIONS The American Association for Thoracic Surgery provides specific guidelines for lung cancer screening in North America.

C. Smith-Rosenberg

R. Koch

Abstract Throughout the last century, the multicolored Asian lady beetle, Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) has been studied quite extensively, with topics ranging from genetics and evolution to population dynamics and applied biological control being covered. Much of the early work on H. axyridis was conducted in the native Asian range. From the 1980's to the present, numerous European and North American studies have added to the body of literature on H. axyridis. H. axyridis has recently gained attention in North America both as a biological control agent and as a pest. This literature review was compiled for two reasons. First, to assist other researchers as a reference, summarizing most of the voluminous body of literature on H. axyridis pertaining to its biology, life history, uses in biological control, and potential non-target impacts. Secondly, to be a case study on the impacts of an exotic generalist predator.

J. V. Moreno-Mayar, L. Vinner, P. B. Damgaard et al.

Complex processes in the settling of the Americas The expansion into the Americas by the ancestors of present day Native Americans has been difficult to tease apart from analyses of present day populations. To understand how humans diverged and spread across North and South America, Moreno-Mayar et al. sequenced 15 ancient human genomes from Alaska to Patagonia. Analysis of the oldest genomes suggests that there was an early split within Beringian populations, giving rise to the Northern and Southern lineages. Because population history cannot be explained by simple models or patterns of dispersal, it seems that people moved out of Beringia and across the continents in a complex manner. Science, this issue p. eaav2621 Ancient genomes from the Americas show a complex genetic history giving rise to present-day diversity. INTRODUCTION Genetic studies of the Pleistocene peopling of the Americas have focused on the timing and number of migrations from Siberia into North America. They show that ancestral Native Americans (NAs) diverged from Siberians and East Asians ~23,000 years (~23 ka) ago and that a split within that ancestral lineage between later NAs and Ancient Beringians (ABs) occurred ~21 ka ago. Subsequently, NAs diverged into northern NA (NNA) and southern NA (SNA) branches ~15.5 ka ago, a split inferred to have taken place south of eastern Beringia (present-day Alaska and western Yukon Territory). RATIONALE Claims of migrations into the Americas by people related to Australasians or by bearers of a distinctive cranial morphology (“Paleoamericans”) before the divergence of NAs from Siberians and East Asians have created controversy. Likewise, the speed by which the Americas were populated; the number of basal divergences; and the degrees of isolation, admixture, and continuity in different regions are poorly understood. To address these matters, we sequenced 15 ancient human genomes recovered from sites spanning from Alaska to Patagonia; six are ≥10 ka old (up to ~18× coverage). RESULTS All genomes are most closely related to NAs, including those of two morphologically distinct Paleoamericans and an AB individual. However, we also found that the previous model is just a rough outline of the peopling process: NA dispersal gave rise to more complex serial splitting and early population structure—including that of a population that diverged before the NNA-SNA split—as well as admixture with an earlier unsampled population, which is neither AB nor NNA or SNA. Once in the Americas, SNAs spread widely and rapidly, as evidenced by genetic similarity, despite differences in material cultural, between >10-ka-old genomes from North and South America. Soon after arrival in South America, groups diverged along multiple geographic paths, and before 10.4 ka ago, these groups admixed with a population that harbored Australasian ancestry, which may have been widespread among early South Americans. Later, Mesoamerican-related population(s) expanded north and south, possibly marking the movement of relatively small groups that did not necessarily swamp local populations genetically or culturally. CONCLUSION NAs radiated rapidly and gave rise to multiple groups, some visible in the genetic record only as unsampled populations. At different times these groups expanded to different portions of the continent, though not as extensively as in the initial peopling. That the early population spread widely and rapidly suggests that their access to large portions of the hemisphere was essentially unrestricted, yet there are genomic and archaeological hints of an earlier human presence. How these early groups are related or structured, particularly those with Australasian ancestry, remains unknown. Rapid expansion, compounded by the attenuating effect of distance and, in places, by geographic and social barriers, gave rise to complex population histories. These include strong population structure in the Pacific Northwest; isolation in the North American Great Basin, followed by long-term genetic continuity and ultimately an episode of admixture predating ~0.7 ka ago; and multiple independent, geographically uneven migrations into South America. One such migration provides clues of Late Pleistocene Australasian ancestry in South America, whereas another represents a Mesoamerican-related expansion; both contributed to present-day South American ancestry. NA dispersal and divergence over time. Schematic representation of the sampling points included in this study (circles) and our main conclusions (presented geographically and temporally). (A) Population history of the basal AB, NNA, and SNA branches in North America. kya, thousand years ago. (B) Early, rapid dispersal of SNAs across the continent (~14 ka ago). (C) Recent Mesoamerican-related expansion north and south. Arrows do not correspond to specific migration routes. Studies of the peopling of the Americas have focused on the timing and number of initial migrations. Less attention has been paid to the subsequent spread of people within the Americas. We sequenced 15 ancient human genomes spanning from Alaska to Patagonia; six are ≥10,000 years old (up to ~18× coverage). All are most closely related to Native Americans, including those from an Ancient Beringian individual and two morphologically distinct “Paleoamericans.” We found evidence of rapid dispersal and early diversification that included previously unknown groups as people moved south. This resulted in multiple independent, geographically uneven migrations, including one that provides clues of a Late Pleistocene Australasian genetic signal, as well as a later Mesoamerican-related expansion. These led to complex and dynamic population histories from North to South America.

Sebastián Hincapié Rojas

Pablo Ibáñez-Bonillo, Rafael Chambouleyron

Presentación del número

Alex Silva Costa

No conteúdo dos I Fioretti encontra-se a narrativa do milagre do Sermão de Santo Antônio aos peixes, acontecido no século XIII, o interessante é que durante tempos a descrição do milagre sempre esteve preenchida de misticismos devido ao caráter extraordinário de tal feito do santo, a comunicação aos peixes. No século XVII, o Padre Antônio Vieira apresenta em 13 de junho de 1654 o Sermão de Santo Antônio aos Peixes para denunciar os desmandos políticos e vícios praticados pelos colonos da região maranhense. Naquela época, os padres jesuítas estavam em conflito com os exploradores por causa do uso da mão de obra indígena. Estabelecemos então, um paralelo entre as duas obras para demostrar as conexões historiográficas entre o período medieval e o colonial brasileiro para debatermos as continuidades e permanências na longa duração do tempo histórico.

V. Smil

Anne Melissa Potter

This article analyzes how Hamilton and 1776 address a similar historical moment to engage history about the “founding” of the United States, and how their different engagements with that history reflect the specific cultural moments in which they occur. This article asks how these musicals use the affordances of the musical to comment on controversial aspects of the “founding” that carry contemporary resonances, both in 1969 and 2015: slavery and the future of the country. The two musicals examine these key problems in American history through differences in “who” interacts with and tells these stories in the musicals. Their responses to these issues are also shaped by the political administrations and contexts in place when they were written. 1776 is more critical of the current political system than Hamilton, but both musicals disrupt traditional historical narratives through music.

M. Schudson

J. Rogers

Capucine Boidin

Nancy Noguera

The short story narrates the journey of a young girl that disappears at the lawless border between Venezuela and Colombia.

A. Mahan

Noam Chomsky

Hegemony or Survival is Noam Chomsky's essential polemic on American foreign policy. Noam Chomsky, the world's foremost intellectual activist, presents an irrefutable analysis of America's pursuit of total domination and the catastrophic consequences that are sure to follow. From the funding of repressive regimes to the current 'war on terror', from the toppling of governments opposing its beliefs to the invasion of Iraq, America pursues its global strategy no matter what the cost. With the rigour and insight that have made him our most important unraveller of accredited lies, Noam Chomsky reveals the truth and the true motives behind America's quest for dominance - and seeks also to show how the world may yet step back from the brink. "A devastating history of American foreign policy since 1945 as well as a dissection of the current "war on terror"". (Tim Adams, Observer). "Anybody who thinks about American foreign policy has to read and contemplate Hegemony or Survival". (Independent). "One of the radical heroes of our age. A towering intellect". (Guardian). Noam Chomsky is the author of numerous bestselling political books, including Hegemony or Survival, Failed States, Interventions, What We Say Goes, Hopes and Prospects, How the World Works and Occupy, all of which are published by Hamish Hamilton/Penguin.

S. Power

A. L. Gardner