Following the publication of Mary Wollstonecraft’s Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), the women’s suffrage campaign was forged around the slogan “on the same terms as men”. The suffrage, though restricted at the time to men, was gradually extended to include some workers (1867), farm workers who were heads of households (1885) and finally all men, with the advent of universal male suffrage in 1918. In 1884, those wives who now had control over their own bodies, joined single women in demanding representation and the right to vote at local and national level. Citing their irrefutable status as citizens in their own right, British women opposed and denounced the clear injustice of biological arguments used to justify political inequality. In calling for social and political reform based on the equality of the sexes, such women asserted both their status as political subjects and their place in history. In so doing, they called on the state to provide financial assistance to poorer pregnant women and to take action in the struggle against wage inequality and the doctrine of “separate spheres”. Women’s history in the 1970s, and gender history in the 1980s, precipitated the emergence of new approaches in the vast majority of academic fields. Gender inequalities – linked to themes such as masculinities, consent or sexual violence – are thus constitutive of history.
The paper analyzes the importance and contribution of Serbian pedagogues to the affirmation of upbringing and education, based on national values. In Serbian pedagogy, several prominent pedagogues, through general reflections on upbringing and education, considered the importance of national education and national values. Accordingly, the paper presents the understanding of Serbian pedagogues in the period from 1918 to 1945, namely: Miloša R. Milošević, Vojislav Bakić, Ljubomir Protić, Sreten Adžić, Jovan Miodragović, Vojislav Mladenović, Miloš B. Janković and Vićentije Rakić. In the indicated historical moment, Serbia was marked by various school reforms, which also affected the content of upbringing and education. The importance of individual pedagogues, who created and acted at that time, is particularly impressive precisely because of the problematization of the idea of the nation and national values in the context of the process of upbringing and education, which is described and shown in more detail in the paper.
History (General) and history of Europe, Social sciences (General)
İkinci Dünya Savaşı’ndan sonra Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Devleti’nin çok partili hayata geçmesiyle birlikte kurulan Demokrat Parti’nin iktidara gelmesinde basın büyük bir rol oynadı. Bunun farkında olan Demokrat Parti liderleri, basının bu desteğine karşılık, basına özgürlükler tanıyan bazı düzenlemeler getirdi. Fakat zaman içerisinde Demokrat Parti’nin gerek ekonomik gerekse diğer alanlarda bazı olumsuz politikalar uygulamaları haliyle basının iktidara karşı tepki göstermesine neden oldu. Buna karşılık iktidar, basının bu tepkisini bazı yöntemlerle engellemeye çalıştı. Lakin bu durum, 27 Mayıs askeri darbesi sonucunda iktidarın düşürülmesine neden olan sebeplerden biri oldu. 27 Mayıs darbesinden sonra basının önemli bir kısmı, darbeci güçlerin yanında yer aldı. Darbenin gerçekleştiği ilk günden itibaren gazetelerin manşetlerinde 27 Mayısı öven haberlere yer verilirken Demokrat Parti’yi itham edici haberlerden de çekinilmedi. Özellikle Yassıada mahkemelerinin devam ettiği günlerde Yassıada’da devam eden davalara gazete sayfalarında geniş yerler verilerek halkın dikkatleri bu yöne çekildi. Basının siyasi anlamda önemli bir güç olduğunun farkında olan Milli Birlik Komitesi döneminde basına özgürlük tanıyan birtakım düzenlemeler yapıldı. Basın mensupları ile işverenler arasında basın çalışanlarının haklarını koruyan kanunlar çıkarıldı. Ayrıca 1961 anayasasında basınla ilgili bazı hükümlere yer verildi.
Bu makalede, 27 Mayıs askeri darbesinden sonra Türkiye’de basının darbeye, yeni iktidar çevrelerine ve devrilen Menderes hükümetine yönelik izlediği tavırlar ve yeni iktidar çevrelerinin basınla ilgili hayata geçirdiği düzenlemeler incelenecektir.
El delito de sedición se encuentra hoy en el punto de mira de juristas y políticos. Se dice que su regulación actual es deudora, en gran medida, de su origen decimonónico y de haber sido tratada como una rebelión de consecuencias menos graves. Si indagamos en su devenir legal, desde los primeros códigos penales, y en las cuestiones que ya se planteaban los juristas que los estudiaron, quizá estemos en situación de discernir cuándo las afirmaciones que se hacen en la actualidad sobre este delito responden a la realidad o son más bien consecuencia de conveniencias políticas coyunturales. Lo que no hay duda es que estamos ante uno de los temas en los que se hace patente con más intensidad la utilidad del estudio de nuestro pasado jurídico.
Practical relevance: Ocular tumors in cats are seen uncommonly in general practice. Feline ocular post-traumatic sarcomas (FOPTS) represent a very aggressive type of ocular cancer that occurs in cats with a prior history of trauma or severe intraocular disease. Treatment options are limited and early recognition is imperative for close monitoring of disease progression and prompt enucleation. Clinical challenges: There is often a delay between the initiating ocular trauma and tumor formation, with an average latency of approximately 6–7 years. Therefore, many cases may not be presented with a documented history of a traumatic incident, especially if the event occurred prior to adoption. While a histologic diagnosis is easy to obtain with enucleation, the aggressive and locally invasive behavior of FOPTS may prevent complete surgical resection. Global importance: Cats are the most popular pet in the USA and Western Europe. As there is no breed predisposition for this particular cancer, and males are only slightly over-represented compared with females, a relatively large population of companion animals is at potential risk of developing FOPTS. Audience: While uncommon, the understanding and recognition of this tumor type by general practitioners is important for the feline patient. This allows for close monitoring of cats known to have undergone serious ocular trauma, and prompt referral or early enucleation, as well as client education. Patient group: The typical patient is a middle-aged to older cat with a history of mechanical trauma to the eye, past intraocular surgery or chronic uveitis. Evidence base: Historically, there has been limited clinical evidence upon which to determine the optimal treatment for FOPTS, beyond enucleation of the affected eye. Recommendations are generally based on limited case reports and clinical experience of the practitioner.
The Second World War in Europe continues to captivate the attention of scholars and the general public even as the generation that lived through and fought in the war passes. The military and political histories of the war reveal the contribution of the men who fought as well as the men who led. Less attention has been directed to the experiences of women during the conflict who also served alongside the men in the military as nurses or auxiliaries, or as wives of spies. The articles in this special issue illustrate some of the hidden roles and choices women made during the conflict despite additional hurdles created by racism, and gender expectations.
Este artigo pretende realizar uma discussão sobre problemas contemporâneos relacionados às relações entre história e mídia, destacando o papel desempenhado pela Internet na produção de memória e artefatos históricos no universo virtual. Ressalta-se assim, os paradoxos produzidos por uma espécie de - memo - história distribuída nesse veículo sublinhado a dificuldade de selecionarmos diante do excesso de informação e os desafios de preservamos o passado para o futuro. Em busca de uma chave de compreensão para problemas, realiza-se um diálogo com Paul Ricoeur e suas reflexões sobre os abusos de memória e esquecimento.
Palavras Chaves: História, Mídia, Esquecimento, Internet
Since 1978, the poor population in China has shrunk by almost 500 million and the proportion of malnourished people, about 25% in 1992, has fallen to 10% in 2012-2014. However, not everyone benefited from this extraordinary economic performance. In saying “let some people get rich before the others”, the post-Mao leadership promoted a model of development that accepted both the disparities between different groups and the marginalization of the most vulnerable people. Among the latter, women are the majority because the programs implemented to fight poverty underestimated gender specificities.
A proposta deste ensaio é discutir a ascensão de Donald J. Trump, suas ideias, estratégias políticas fazendo uma análise tanto de conjuntura doméstica como seus impactos na projeção internacional dos Estados Unidos. Neste caminho discutimos conceitos como a polarização política, o populismo, a pós-verdade e a manipulação do medo especialmente contra o islã.
The king Numa received a shield as a gift from Jupiter. The shield acted as a talisman: it was the sign of the alliance between Rome and the god. To hide the talisman, Numa wanted it reproduced in numerous copies by the smith Mamurius Veturius. These shields became the sacred weapons of the Salii. Can a man reproduce, without fault, a sacred object built by a god? Is it lowful to dissolve an identity through its multiplication?
En este artículo trataré los elementos que conforman el relato de los hiperbóreos presente en las fuentes antiguas. Estos elementos los podemos clasificar en dos grandes grupos: los elementos utópicos y los elementos míticos. A través del análisis de estos elementos, intentaremos averiguar exactamente cuál es la naturaleza de este relato y el sitio que ocupa en el imaginario colectivo del griego de la Antigüedad.
Special aspects of education, History (General) and history of Europe
Abstract This paper is an attempt at assessing the economic impact of market-oriented reforms undertaken during General Franco's dictatorship, in particular the 1959 Stabilisation and Liberalisation Plan. Using an index of macroeconomic distortions, the relationship between economic policies and the growth record is examined. Although a gradual reduction in macroeconomic distortions was already in motion during the 1950s, the 1959 Plan opened the way to a new institutional design that favoured a free market allocation of resources and allowed Spain to accelerate growth and catch up with Western Europe. Without the 1950s reforms and, especially, the 1959 Plan, per capita GDP would have been significantly lower in 1975. Resumen Este ensayo es un intento de evaluar el impacto económico de las reformas orientadas hacia el mercado llevadas a cabo durante la dictadura del General Franco, en particular, el Plan de Estabilización y Liberalización de 1959. A partir de un índice de distorsiones macroeconómicas se examina la relación entre políticas económicas y crecimiento. Aunque una reducción gradual de estas distorsiones se había iniciado durante los años cincuenta, el Plan de 1959 dio lugar a un nuevo diseño institucional que favoreció la asignación de recursos con criterios de libre mercado y permitió a España acelerar su crecimiento y acortar distancias con Europa Occidental. Sin las reformas económicas de los años cincuenta y, en especial, del Plan de 1959, el PIB per capita habría sido significativamente inferior en 1975.