Hasil untuk "General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution"

Ben G. Holt, J. Lessard, M. Borregaard et al.

R. Whittaker, J. Fernández-Palacios, T. Matthews et al.

Dynamics of island biodiversity Fifty years ago, MacArthur and Wilson published their influential book, The Theory of Island Biogeography. This work provided a quantitative framework for understanding the ecological processes governing the diversity of species on oceanic islands. Whittaker et al. review the subsequent progress in the field, focusing particularly on the integration of the ecological model with island geophysical dynamics. Recent work is showing how immigration, speciation, and extinction respond to the phases of emergence, development, and submergence in oceanic islands. Science, this issue p. eaam8326 BACKGROUND Ever since Darwin, natural scientists have turned to islands for inspiration and for model systems. For the past half century, they have done so largely within the paradigm established by Robert H. MacArthur and Edward O. Wilson’s Theory of Island Biogeography, which provided a quantitative, dynamic framework, based upon assumptions of geographically predictable patterns of immigration, extinction, and speciation. Although this approach has proven productive, its application to remote archipelagos and evolutionary time scales has been hampered by a rather static view of islands themselves, despite mounting evidence of their dynamism as platforms. We review recent progress in integrating the largely ecological thinking of their theory with insights on the longer-term dynamics of both the islands and their biotas. ADVANCES Classification and analysis of marine islands by their geophysical dynamics, and of their species by how they colonized, provides a step toward a more nuanced biogeography out of which new insights are already emerging. This perspective is exemplified by the general dynamic model of oceanic island biogeography, which predicts how immigration, speciation, and extinction respond to the typical life cycle of hotspot islands, with phases of emergence, development, and submergence. The model successfully predicts such emergent patterns as the occurrence of peak diversification on youthful, expanding islands with maximum vacant niche space. Diversity patterns analyzed for large numbers of data sets have confirmed the importance of in situ evolutionary dynamics on remote archipelagos, which typically possess steep island species–area relationships, especially for endemic taxa. We may infer that variations in propagule flow among islands within archipelagos are important in modulating these emergent diversity patterns. There is, for example, good support for an “island progression rule” in which older land masses donate colonists to younger islands (consistent with the generalization of islands as “sinks”), but there is also increasing evidence of “reverse colonization,” including from islands to continental regions. Advances are also being made in linking such island biogeographical models with the classic traits and syndromes of insular species, although this first demands that previous generalizations are rigorously reexamined using expanded data sets and modern techniques of analysis. A classic insular syndrome is the loss of dispersability of formerly dispersive species following island colonization, for which there is now good evidence for several taxa, including many genera of land birds. Yet, paradoxically, and perhaps controversially, it has also been inferred that many species of plants lacking specialized dispersal adaptations can colonize quite remote islands, often by nonstandard means of transport. Unfortunately, island evolutionary syndromes, such as loss of flight in birds, frequently predispose species to heightened extinction risk when islands are colonized and transformed by humans, as we also document. OUTLOOK Developments in theory and in analytical and modeling capabilities within biological and Earth system science, and the pooling of large numbers of data sets, enhancing statistical power, collectively hold the promise of a new synthesis in island biogeography. This synthesis will need to accommodate evidence of the long-term dynamics of remote island systems, whereby some lineages persist far longer than any particular island platform, while others founder as their sole island home sinks under the waves. The promise is of a biogeography in the tradition of the MacArthur–Wilson theory, generating and testing predictive models, but extended to accommodate a more sophisticated suite of insular geological and environmental dynamics, combined with a fuller understanding of patterns and processes of gene flow within and between archipelagos. Islands provide model systems for the investigation of the fundamental biogeographical processes of migration, diversification, and extinction, as discussed herein with emphasis on long-term dynamics. Islands provide classic model biological systems. We review how growing appreciation of geoenvironmental dynamics of marine islands has led to advances in island biogeographic theory accommodating both evolutionary and ecological phenomena. Recognition of distinct island geodynamics permits general models to be developed and modified to account for patterns of diversity, diversification, lineage development, and trait evolution within and across island archipelagos. Emergent patterns of diversity include predictable variation in island species–area relationships, progression rule colonization from older to younger land masses, and syndromes including loss of dispersability and secondary woodiness in herbaceous plant lineages. Further developments in Earth system science, molecular biology, and trait data for islands hold continued promise for unlocking many of the unresolved questions in evolutionary biology and biogeography.

K. Gaston, T. Blackburn, J. Greenwood et al.

M. Chytrý, L. Tichý, S. Hennekens et al.

Aim The EUNIS Habitat Classification is a widely used reference framework for European habitat types (habitats), but it lacks formal definitions of individual habitats that would enable their unequivocal identification. Our goal was to develop a tool for assigning vegetation‐plot records to the habitats of the EUNIS system, use it to classify a European vegetation‐plot database, and compile statistically‐derived characteristic species combinations and distribution maps for these habitats. Location Europe. Methods We developed the classification expert system EUNIS‐ESy, which contains definitions of individual EUNIS habitats based on their species composition and geographic location. Each habitat was formally defined as a formula in a computer language combining algebraic and set‐theoretic concepts with formal logical operators. We applied this expert system to classify 1,261,373 vegetation plots from the European Vegetation Archive (EVA) and other databases. Then we determined diagnostic, constant and dominant species for each habitat by calculating species‐to‐habitat fidelity and constancy (occurrence frequency) in the classified data set. Finally, we mapped the plot locations for each habitat. Results Formal definitions were developed for 199 habitats at Level 3 of the EUNIS hierarchy, including 25 coastal, 18 wetland, 55 grassland, 43 shrubland, 46 forest and 12 man‐made habitats. The expert system classified 1,125,121 vegetation plots to these habitat groups and 73,188 to other habitats, while 63,064 plots remained unclassified or were classified to more than one habitat. Data on each habitat were summarized in factsheets containing habitat description, distribution map, corresponding syntaxa and characteristic species combination. Conclusions EUNIS habitats were characterized for the first time in terms of their species composition and distribution, based on a classification of a European database of vegetation plots using the newly developed electronic expert system EUNIS‐ESy. The data provided and the expert system have considerable potential for future use in European nature conservation planning, monitoring and assessment.

Alberto Acosta, Joan-Albert Sanchez-Cabeza, Betina J. Lomovasky et al.

Jadyn Hartwig, C. Miguel Pinto

Hojatollah Sadeghi, Kamran Jafarpour Ghalehteimouri, Ali Shamsoddini

Kim S. Bernard, Kirsten B. Steinke, Julia M. Fontana

O. Mudrak, V. Dubrovskyi

The article provides information about the rare phytodiversity of key areas of the ecological network of the Central Dnipro region. The basis of the key territories was such protected areas as reserves of national importance. The Law of Ukraine “On the Nature Reserve Fund of Ukraine” stipulates that nature reserves are created to preserve natural complexes. The aim of the work is to provide information on the location of rare phytodiversity in the reserves of national importance in the Central Prydniprovia; to carry out a systematic, biomorphological and ecological-morphological analysis of rare flora species; to characterise the lists of rare flora species according to sozological lists of different levels: international (IUCN), World Red List, European Red List, Bern Convention, CITES, national (Red Book of Ukraine). There are 26 reserves of national importance in the Central Prydniprovia region (Cherkasy oblast — 4 sites, Kirovohrad oblast — 22 sites), including 10 botanical reserves, 9 landscape reserves, 3 ornithological reserves, 2 hydrological reserves, and 1 forest and 1 general zoological reserve, respectively. The location of the reserves of national importance in the Central Prydniprovia is rather uneven. The results of the distribution of rare phytodiversity in the reserves of national importance are presented, and an analysis of the systematic and biomorphological structure is presented. Families: Orchidaceae has 9 genera and 12 species; Fabaceae –2 genera and 5 species; Liliaceae — 3 genera and 4 species; Iridaceae and Ranunculaceae — 2 genera and 4 species; Poaceae — 1 genus and 4 species, Asteraceae — 2 genera and 2 species. These families account for 66.0% of the species and 57.6% of the genus diversity of the rare flora, while the remaining 10 families have from one to two species and genera. The largest number of locations on the territory of the reserves was recorded for the species: Pulsatilla pratensis (L.) Mill. s.l. — 13 specimens; Astragalus dasyanthus Pall. — 9 specimens and Adonis vernalis L. — 8 specimens. The distribution of rare phytodiversity by the level of protection (interstate and national) was made. Thus, reserves of national importance are important key areas for the ecological network and have a rare floristic core of species.

Zuzana Połedniková, Adriana Holušová, Lukáš Vaverka et al.

Abstract Riverscapes are degraded and threatened by human activities. We investigated the spatiotemporal dynamics and trends of land use/land cover (LU/LC) and ecosystem services (ES) in the floodplain of the Odra River in the Czech Republic over the last 80 years. Our focus was on: (i) the effects of changing political regimes and environmental policies on changes in LU/LC and ES (agricultural potential, natural flooding, and water provision and quality), and (ii) the effects of the establishment of a protected landscape area (Poodří PLA) on ES over the last 30 years. To assess LU/LC changes, we performed vectorization and categorization using aerial images. For ES assessment, we analyzed the spatial distribution of LU/LC and other characteristics in our study area. Potential agricultural ES showed a decreasing trend, similar to neighboring countries, while natural flood mitigation and water ES increased due to the decline in arable land. Policy assessments revealed significant changes in LU/LC. The Poodří PLA significantly enhanced ES by preserving the riverscape. This research demonstrates the under-researched long-term monitoring of ES, including before and after evaluation of the PLA, and highlights the importance of practical nature conservation for the riverscape ecosystem benefits to human society.

T. Vaidyanathan, S. Foster, B. Ramkumar et al.

Reconciling conservation goals with sustainable resource use requires adaptive management strategies. The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) regulates global trade for species listed on Appendix II, partly by requiring member countries (parties) to ensure exports do not damage wild populations (called making positive “nondetriment findings” [NDFs]). Unfortunately, when parties find NDFs difficult, they often suspend legal trade, imposing economic costs and driving trade underground. To make it easier for parties to examine the detrimental nature of exports, we devised a spatial approach and applied it to seahorses (Hippocampus spp.) in Tamil Nadu, India, as an example. Our approach involves mapping answers to 5 key questions on species distribution (QA), pressures (QB), management measures (QC), management implementation (QD), and species’ population status (QE). We gathered data from fisher interviews and published literature. Seahorse abundance was greatest in southern Palk Bay and the northern Gulf of Mannar, primarily in seagrasses and coral reefs (QA). Fishing pressure was highest in Palk Bay, primarily from bottom trawlers and dragnetters operating in shallow seahorse habitats near the coastline (QB). Management measures including a marine protected area (MPA), bottom trawl exclusion zone, and closed season were theoretically in place (QC), but their implementation was poor (QD). Fishers reported seahorse catches in 85% of the area covered by the MPA and the exclusion zone; bottom trawlers were responsible for most violations. Seahorses were also captured in Sri Lankan waters, where bottom trawling is banned. Fisher reports indicated declining seahorse catches and reduced body sizes (QE), highlighting unsustainable exploitation. Our results highlight the need for better implementation of existing management measures before a positive NDF can be made and suggest mitigation beyond bans. Such pragmatic spatial analyses can help regulate exports at sustainable levels, supporting CITES implementation for its vast range of species.

Mark A. Titley, Jake L. Snaddon, E. Turner

Over the last 25 years, research on biodiversity has expanded dramatically, fuelled by increasing threats to the natural world. However, the number of published studies is heavily weighted towards certain taxa, perhaps influencing conservation awareness of and funding for less-popular groups. Few studies have systematically quantified these biases, although information on this topic is important for informing future research and conservation priorities. We investigated: i) which animal taxa are being studied; ii) if any taxonomic biases are the same in temperate and tropical regions; iii) whether the taxon studied is named in the title of papers on biodiversity, perhaps reflecting a perception of what biodiversity is; iv) the geographical distribution of biodiversity research, compared with the distribution of biodiversity and threatened species; and v) the geographical distribution of authors’ countries of origin. To do this, we used the search engine Web of Science to systematically sample a subset of the published literature with ‘biodiversity’ in the title. In total 526 research papers were screened—5% of all papers in Web of Science with biodiversity in the title. For each paper, details on taxonomic group, title phrasing, number of citations, study location, and author locations were recorded. Compared to the proportions of described species, we identified a considerable taxonomic weighting towards vertebrates and an under-representation of invertebrates (particularly arachnids and insects) in the published literature. This discrepancy is more pronounced in highly cited papers, and in tropical regions, with only 43% of biodiversity research in the tropics including invertebrates. Furthermore, while papers on vertebrate taxa typically did not specify the taxonomic group in the title, the converse was true for invertebrate papers. Biodiversity research is also biased geographically: studies are more frequently carried out in developed countries with larger economies, and for a given level of species or threatened species, tropical countries were understudied relative to temperate countries. Finally, biodiversity research is disproportionately authored by researchers from wealthier countries, with studies less likely to be carried out by scientists in lower-GDP nations. Our results highlight the need for a more systematic and directed evaluation of biodiversity studies, perhaps informing more targeted research towards those areas and taxa most depauperate in research. Only by doing so can we ensure that biodiversity research yields results that are relevant and applicable to all regions and that the information necessary for the conservation of threatened species is available to conservation practitioners.

Apostolis Stefanidis, Konstantinos Kougioumoutzis, K. Zografou et al.

Orthoptera species are vulnerable to extinction on a global scale. Greece hosts 35% (380 species) of the European Orthoptera fauna with a high degree of endemic (37%) and threatened species (37%). We sampled 46 plots (100 m2) to investigate the distribution and ecological requirement of two Greek mountain endemic and red‐listed species: Parnassiana parnassica (Ramme, 1926; Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae; Critically Endangered [CR]) and Oropodisma parnassica (Scudder, 1897; Orthoptera: Caelifera; Endangered [EN]). Species had a restricted geographical range, with two isolated populations confined to high altitudes (1527–2320 m) of Mts. Parnassos and Elikonas. Species distribution models showed that slope affected their suitable habitat, together with the topographic position index and the annual temperature range (P. parnassica), and the amount of green vegetation and evapotranspiration (O. parnassica). Connectivity analysis showed that P. parnassica‐suitable habitat consisted of few larger and well‐connected patches (26 patches: effective mesh size of 1.57 km2) and that O. parnassica‐suitable habitat consisted of more but smaller and less connected patches (56 patches: effective mesh size of 0.3 km2). Generalised linear models showed that the population density of P. parnassica was negatively influenced by the height of herbaceous vegetation and that of O. parnassica was positively influenced by altitude. The species face three main imminent threats: land take, wildfires and global warming, whereas livestock grazing seems to have a positive impact and skiing a neutral impact on their populations. We assessed both species as EN after International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) criteria and a suite of conservation measures are suggested for their status improvement.

Weishuai Xu, Lei Zhang, Hua Wang

The convergence zone holds significant importance in deep-sea underwater acoustic propagation, playing a pivotal role in remote underwater acoustic detection and communication. Despite the adaptability and predictive power of machine learning, its practical application in predicting the convergence zone remains largely unexplored. This study aimed to address this gap by developing a high-resolution ocean front-based model for convergence zone prediction. Out of 24 machine learning algorithms tested through K-fold cross-validation, the multilayer perceptron–random forest hybrid demonstrated the highest accuracy, showing its superiority in predicting the convergence zone within a complex ocean front environment. The research findings emphasized the substantial impact of ocean fronts on the convergence zone’s location concerning the sound source. Specifically, they highlighted that in relatively cold (or warm) water, the intensity of the ocean front significantly influences the proximity (or distance) of the convergence zone to the sound source. Furthermore, among the input features, the turning depth emerged as a crucial determinant, contributing more than 25% to the model’s effectiveness in predicting the convergence zone’s distance. The model achieved an accuracy of 82.43% in predicting the convergence zone’s distance with an error of less than 1 km. Additionally, it attained a 77.1% accuracy in predicting the convergence zone’s width within a similar error range. Notably, this prediction model exhibits strong performance and generalizability, capable of discerning evolving trends in new datasets when cross-validated using in situ observation data and information from diverse sea areas.

Juan Manuel Vazquez, Jane I. Khudyakov, Carla B. Madelaire et al.

Marine mammals are integral to global biodiversity and marine health through their roles in coastal, benthic, and pelagic ecosystems. Marine mammals face escalating threats from climate change, pollution, and human activities, which perturb their oceanic environment. The diverse biology and extreme adaptations evolved by marine mammals make them important study subjects for understanding anthropogenic pressures on marine ecosystems. However, ethical and logistical constraints restrict the tractability of experimental research with live marine mammals. Additionally, studies on the effects of changing ocean environments are further complicated by intricate gene-environment interactions across populations and species. These obstacles can be overcome with a comprehensive strategy that involves a systems-level approach integrating genotype to phenotype using rigorously defined experimental conditions in vitro and ex vivo. A thorough analysis of the interactions between the genetics of marine mammals and their exposure to anthropogenic pressures will enable robust predictions about how global environmental changes will affect their health and populations. In this perspective, we discuss four challenges of implementing such non-invasive approaches across scientific fields and international borders: 1) practical and ethical limitations of in vivo experimentation with marine mammals, 2) accessibility to relevant tissue samples and cell cultures; 3) open access to harmonized methods and datasets and 4) ethical and equitable research practices. Successful implementation of the proposed approach has the potential impact to inspire new solutions and strategies for marine conservation.

Roberto Fusco-Costa, Bianca Ingberman, Gabriel Shimokawa Magezi et al.

The jaguar Panthera onca has lost 85% of its habitat in the Atlantic Forest, where it persists in small and isolated populations in the largest fragments. In the absence of recent records, the jaguar had previously been presumed extinct in the large Atlantic Forest fragments of the Serra do Mar in southern Brazil. However, as this region is mountainous, densely forested and difficult to access, the jaguar could still be present, but undetected. We carried out an intensive survey using camera traps and interviews with local people in a large (c. 6,500 km2) forest block. During 2011–2019, 98 camera-trap stations were established (14,239 trap-days), and 249 interviews were conducted in 102 grid cells of 5 × 5 km. We obtained the first images of the jaguar in the region, from which five individuals were identified, and interviewees provided records of the jaguar in 24 grid cells. Our findings increase the range of this species in the Atlantic Forest by 9%, and we recommend that the area should be classified as a jaguar conservation unit. As the area we surveyed is adjacent to the Serra do Mar jaguar conservation unit, the combined area of 19,262 km2 is the largest priority area for jaguar conservation in the Atlantic Forest. This proposed jaguar conservation unit could serve as a vital source of jaguar individuals for the coastal forests further south. We recommend that surveys are extended southwards to Santa Catarina state to determine whether the presumed extinction of jaguars in this state is another case of a false absence.

Jian Yang, Jian Yang, Minhai Liu et al.

DNA methylation is a critical epigenetic modification that dynamically regulates gene expression in organisms facing abiotic stress. However, few studies have comprehensively examined the role of DNA methylation in marine fish during environmental adaptation. Therefore, this study explored the methylome dynamics and DNA methylation regulation mechanisms in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) during low-salinity adaption. The methylation level in the gills was notably raised in the S-group (5‰ salinity) compared to C-group (25‰ salinity). A total of 109 differentially methylated promoter target genes and 581 differentially expressed genes were identified via whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) and RNA-seq of gills in the two salinity groups, respectively. Moreover, 23 hypo-methylated/up-regulated differentially methylated genes (DMGs) and 28 hyper-methylated/down-regulated DMGs were identified through integrative analysis, which were mainly enriched in signal transduction, ion exchange, energy metabolism, and cytoskeleton system and other biological processes. Collectively, our findings suggested that low-salinity stress can induce adaptive genome-wide DNA methylation changes, which can in turn affect the transcription of genes in large yellow croaker during low-salinity adaptation. Therefore, our findings provide new insights into the regulatory mechanisms of marine fish in response to rapid environmental changes.

Ling Cai, Ling Cai, Xin Gao et al.

Epibacteria of seaweeds play an important role for the development of hosts and are influenced by the planktonic surrounding seawater bacteria. However, to date, the knowledges related to both epiphytic and surrounding seawater bacterial communities associated with northern farmed Saccharina japonica are very limited. In this study, using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, the shifts of epiphytic and surrounding seawater bacterial communities of the northern farmed S. japonica from mature sporophytes, sporelings (3 time points) to juvenile sporophytes (2 time points) were investigated. The dominant genera of epibacterial communities were Alcanivorax (mature sporophytes and 4-week-old sporelings), Bacillus (7-week-old sporelings and 9-week-old sporelings), Halomonas (4-week-old juvenile sporophytes) and Cobetia (9-week-old juvenile sporophytes). Meanwhile, the Chao1 indexes and beta diversity of epibacterial communities were significantly different with the development of S. japonica (p < 0.05). Furthermore, Alcanivorax, Bacillus and Halomonas were both dominant and core genera, indicating that these taxa may be beneficial to the development of S. japonica. The alpha diversity indexes of both epiphytic and surrounding seawater bacterial communities were significantly different for 9-week-old juvenile sporophytes. Therefore, the epibacterial communities were influenced by both development of S. japonica and the surrounding seawater bacterial communities. This study not only extends the understanding of the bacterial communities associated with the northern farmed S. japonica, but also help to make production management by monitoring the variations in both epiphytic and surrounding seawater bacterial communities.

L. S. Zinevich, D. N. Rozhkova, M.I. Iljin et al.

DNA analysis is a “gold standard” for individual identification and parentage studies as for humans, so for animals (Saks et al., 1991). First forensic testing of the rare animal species DNA occurred in 1991 in Great Britain, when the case of illegal capture of the Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) nestlings was proved by parentage testing using DNA fingerprints of birds in question and other peregrines in captivity (Shorrock, 1998). In Russia, illegal capture for foreign sales is the main threat for Saker (Falco cherrug) and Gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus) populations (Kovács et al., 2014; Lobkov et al., 2020). In 2021, a Comprehensive action plan for creation of Reintroduction and conservation centres for falcons in the Kamchatka region and bustards in the Republic of Kalmykia was signed into law by the Vice-Prime Minister V. Abramchenko. While this statute is primarily addressed to falcon species reproduction and reintroduction, some action items there are coming from falcon species conservation to prevent illegal trade: investigating the orders of marking birds in captivity and tracing them individually from hatching to selling and transferring abroad. Genetic methods were supposed to be the heart of the orders. Accuracy of any DNA identification highly depends on genetic markers used for it. Usually, for humans and farm animals, individual identification and paternity testing are based on nuclear microsatellites (short tandem repeats) panels. These markers are codominant, multiallelic, hypervariable and allow running analyses quickly and automatically. Some studies have already shown their possibilities in forensic DNA testing of falcons (Beasley et al., 2021). We tested different microsatellite panels for genetic identification of Sakers, Gyrfalcons and Peregrines and established a simple and cheap protocol for falcon genotyping using 10 microsatellite loci primarily described for saker natural populations (Hou et al., 2018). Using a first dataset contained of 99 samples (85 Sakers, 12 Gyrfalcons and two hybids), we showed the possibility to estimate the significance of genotyping for these loci and obtained values of probability of identity (PI) less than 10-9 in total and less than 10-3 for siblings. Whereas total population number both for the Saker and Gyrfalcon over the area is estimated by the IUCN in less than 106 individuals, and the offspring of one bird pair can hardly amount to much more than a hundred, the probability of accidental appearance of two birds with same genotypes for these loci may be regarded as negligible. The accuracy of parentage testing was also shown to be sufficient as for the pair and their offspring, so for one parent and the offspring. The microsatellite panel showed specificity for Peregrines, but more investigation is needed to check if these loci are fully convenient also for Peregrine Falcon identification. Basing on these preliminary results we used this test system starting a voluntary programme of breeding stock genotyping for Russian falconries. To the date, five falconries have already provided genetic material and supporting data for their breeding stock, about 380 samples from Sakers, Gyrfalcons, Peregrines and their hybrids. Together with data from natural populations (about 300 samples including museum specimens), this dataset provides opportunities to perform species and population analysis even though our preliminary results like previous data (Nittinger et al., 2007) showed low sensitivity of microsatellites to distinguish Sakers from Gyrfalcons without supporting geographic data. For falconries, full analysis of genetic data, analysis of paternity etc. provided a probability to check the breeding stock and breeding programs and exclude occasional mistakes in identification even for old cases. But the main aim of the program is to obtain a unique genetic identifier for each bird and its offspring to show the legitimacy of rare species keeping. While our microsatellite panel showed genotype uniqueness like CODIS (Budowle et al., 2016) and other forensic test systems for human identification, we propose it as a base of the genetic passport of falcon which can be put into a pedigree sertificate as a plain text or a QR-code. For such purposes, the method should be fully reproducible using any equipment at any laboratory. Together with Russian companies specialized in forensic DNA test systems manufacturing, we plan to develop a ready-to-use kit for genetic passportization of sakers and gyrfalcons in captivity and forensic DNA testing in case these rare species illegal outtake from nature or trafficking is suspected.

Patricia Neira Del Río, Marcos Mateus, Joe Silke et al.

Graphical AbstractEnhanced colour image scanning electron microscope of two harmful phytoplankton (A)Dictyocha sp. and (B)Dinophysis acuminata.