Production of iron and steel releases seven percent of the global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Incremental changes in present primary steel production technologies would not be sufficient to meet the emission reduction targets. Replacing coke, used in the blast furnaces as a reducing agent, with hydrogen produced from water electrolysis has the potential to reduce emissions from iron and steel production substantially. Mass and energy flow model based on an open-source software (Python) has been developed in this work to explore the feasibility of using hydrogen direct reduction of iron ore (HDRI) coupled with electric arc furnace (EAF) for carbon-free steel production. Modeling results show that HDRI-EAF technology could reduce specific emissions from steel production in the EU by more than 35 % , at present grid emission levels (295 kgCO2/MWh). The energy consumption for 1 ton of liquid steel (tls) production through the HDRI-EAF route was found to be 3.72 MWh, which is slightly more than the 3.48 MWh required for steel production through the blast furnace (BF) basic oxygen furnace route (BOF). Pellet making and steel finishing processes have not been considered. Sensitivity analysis revealed that electrolyzer efficiency is the most important factor affecting the system energy consumption, while the grid emission factor is strongly correlated with the overall system emissions.
Concrete is the second most used material after water and the production of cement is responsible for 5–8% of global carbon dioxide emissions. The development of low-carbon concretes is pursued worldwide to help the construction industry make its contribution to decarbonising the built environment and achieving carbon reduction targets agreed under the Paris Climate Agreement. However, there is uncertainty around the actual amount of greenhouse gas emissions that can be avoided by employing alternative types of concrete. This study quantifies the carbon footprint intensities of Australian cement and concrete production, including ordinary Portland cement, standard ordinary Portland cement concrete, blended cement-based concrete and geopolymer concrete production. For the first time, an input-output based hybrid life-cycle assessment method is used for these products. The main goal of this paper is therefore to make a methodological comparison between process-based and hybrid life cycle assessment using the Australian cement and concrete production as a case study. A comparison with published results from process-based life-cycle inventories as well as a decomposition of results into product categories is provided. The hybrid life cycle assessment resulted in higher greenhouse gas emissions for ordinary Portland cement and all types of concrete due to the methodology incorporating an economy-wide system boundary, which includes the emissions from upstream processes. For geopolymer concrete in particular, the results were also dependent on the method applied for allocating greenhouse gas emissions from fly ash and slag. The findings from this study are likely to inform the development of strategies and policies aimed at greenhouse gas reduction in the cement and concrete industries.
Abstract The most abundant natural biopolymer on earth, cellulose fiber, may offer a highly efficient, low-cost, and chemical-free option for wastewater treatment. Cellulose is widely distributed in plants and several marine animals. It is a carbohydrate polymer consisting of β-1,4-linked anhydro-D-glucose units with three hydroxyl groups per anhydroglucose unit (AGU). Cellulose-based materials have been used in food, industrial, pharmaceutical, paper, textile production, and in wastewater treatment applications due to their low cost, renewability, biodegradability, and non-toxicity. For water treatment in the oil and gas industry, cellulose-based materials can be used as adsorbents, flocculants, and oil/water separation membranes. In this review, the uses of cellulose-based materials for wastewater treatment in the oil & gas industry are summarized, and recent research progress in the following aspects are highlighted: crude oil spill cleaning, flocculation of solid suspended matter in drilling or oil recovery in the upstream oil industry, adsorption of heavy metal or chemicals, and separation of oil/water by cellulosic membrane in the downstream water treatment.
Fadhil Y. Al-Aboosi, M. El‐Halwagi, M. Moore
et al.
Decarbonization of the maritime transportation fuels is a primary objective of the shipping industry. Ammonia is an attractive option because of its relatively low greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, high energy density, competitive cost, and ubiquitous infrastructure for manufacturing, storage, and distribution. The environmental benefits are enhanced when the manufacture of ammonia is assisted by renewable energy and feedstocks. This paper evaluates the potential usage of ammonia, especially renewable ammonia, as a maritime transportation fuel. The assessment covers manufacturing approaches, energy and feedstock sources, economics, and environmental impact based on well-to-tank and tank-to-propeller bases. Comparison is also made with conventional fuels that are currently used in the shipping industry. Finally, the paper discusses future directions and impact of technological advances on the potential use of renewable ammonia as a transportation fuel.
Joseph Bak-Coleman, Jevin West, Cailin O'Connor
et al.
To what extent is social media research independent from industry influence? Leveraging openly available data, we show that half of the research published in top journals has disclosable ties to industry in the form of prior funding, collaboration, or employment. However, the majority of these ties go undisclosed in the published research. These trends do not arise from broad scientific engagement with industry, but rather from a select group of scientists who maintain long-lasting relationships with industry. Undisclosed ties to industry are common not just among authors, but among reviewers and academic editors during manuscript evaluation. Further, industry-tied research garners more attention within the academy, among policymakers, on social media, and in the news. Finally, we find evidence that industry ties are associated with a topical focus away from impacts of platform-scale features. Together, these findings suggest industry influence in social media research is extensive, impactful, and often opaque. Going forward there is a need to strengthen disclosure norms and implement policies to ensure the visibility of independent research, and the integrity of industry supported research.
The CO2 reduction reactions present a viable approach to addressing the challenges of energy scarcity and the pressing concerns of global warming. To enhance their kinetically sluggish processes, developing highly stable, cost-effective, selective, and energy-efficient catalysts is essential. Graphene-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) composite exhibits characteristics such as outstanding conductivity, structural tunability, and excellent surface chemistry and sustainability, positioning them as innovative competitors for both CO2 conversion to fuels and chemicals. In this study, we present recent developments in graphene-based MOF catalysts for CO2 reduction reactions (CO2RR). Before discussing the evaluation of the approaches for graphene-based MOFs, rational, structural, and electronic synergies of graphene/MOF nanocomposites were addressed. Various synthetic techniques, a comprehensive review of characterization techniques, associated challenges, and the relation between graphene-based MOF structures and their conductivity are examined. A detailed breakthrough in both photocatalytic and electrocatalytic performance for CO2RR is examined. The concluding remarks emphasized the knowledge gaps, related deficiencies, and strengths, with significant viewpoints and concepts for enhancing graphene-based MOFs for CO2RR in accordance with pragmatic industry expectations. This study offers the scientific community a thorough insight into the present research emphasis and the significance of creating more efficient and environmentally sustainable graphene-based MOFs for clean energy conversion. This is essential for tackling the difficulties of reducing greenhouse gas emissions and alleviating the global energy deficit.
Accurate interpretation of well logging data is crucial for the evaluation of reservoir fluid properties in oil and gas exploration. Conventional well logging methods rely on petrophysical models that correlate parameters such as porosity, permeability, and oil and gas saturation with reservoir fluid properties to achieve reservoir classification. However, complex geological conditions often lead to issues such as anomalies, multi-factor coupling, and ambiguous fluid boundaries in well logging data. These challenges limit the adaptability of conventional methods and bring uncertainties in interpretation results. To improve the accuracy of reservoir fluid evaluation, this study incorporated cloud model theory into conventional well logging evaluation and proposed an evaluation method for reservoir fluid based on a 2D cloud model. The method selected porosity and gas saturation as key logging parameters and utilized cloud models to process the fuzziness and randomness in well logging data, thereby establishing a mathematical model for reservoir fluid classification. First, a 2D cloud model for well logging evaluation was derived based on cloud model theory, with clarified geophysical significance assigned to its mathematical parameters (expectation, entropy, and hyper-entropy). 2D cloud diagrams of the reservoir were generated using a cloud generator. Subsequently, similarity analysis was applied to quantitatively classify reservoir types, enhancing interpretation accuracy. To validate the effectiveness of this method, well logging data from the Kuqa Depression in the Tarim Basin were used for application analysis, with results compared with those obtained from conventional methods, cloud model evaluation, and well testing. The results showed that the proposed method accurately characterized reservoir fluid properties in complex reservoirs. Compared with conventional methods, the 2D cloud model not only provided qualitative classification of reservoir types but also quantified uncertainties in fluid properties, thus improving the stability and reliability of evaluation results. The findings indicate that the reservoir fluid evaluation method based on 2D cloud model effectively reflects reservoir fluid characteristics and exhibits strong adaptability in complex reservoir environments. The final evaluation results demonstrate strong consistency with well testing results, verifying the method’s feasibility and effectiveness. As a valuable supplement to conventional well logging interpretation, this method provides a new approach for improving the accuracy of well logging data interpretation and optimizing fluid property identification in complex reservoirs.
Petroleum refining. Petroleum products, Gas industry
Toni Seibold, Fabian Neumann, Falko Ueckerdt
et al.
Greenhouse gas emissions from the steel, fertiliser and plastic industries can be mitigated by producing their precursors with green hydrogen. In Germany, green production may be economically unviable due to high energy costs. This study quantifies the 'renewables pull' of cheaper production abroad and high-lights trade-offs between cost savings and import dependence. Using a detailed European energy system model coupled to global supply curves for hydrogen and industry precursors (hot briquetted iron, ammonia and methanol), we assess five scenarios with increasing degrees of freedom with respect to imports. We find that precursor import is preferred over hydrogen import because there are significant savings in hydrogen infrastructure. Cost savings in the German industry sector from shifting precursor production to European partners compared to domestic production are at 4.1 bnEUR/a or 11.2 %. This strategy captures 47.7 % of the cost savings achievable by precursor import from non-European countries, which lowers industry costs by 8.6 bnEUR/a (23.3 %). Moving energy-intensive precursor production abroad allows Germany to save costs while still retaining a substantial share of subsequent value-creating industry. However, cost savings must be weighed against the risks of import dependence, which can be mitigated by sourcing exclusively from regional partners.
Lanxuan Gao, Koki Takayama, Hiroyuki Tajima
et al.
We theoretically investigate thermodynamic properties in a quasi-one-dimensional single-component dipolar Fermi gas at finite temperatures. The self-bound fermionic droplet can be achieved by exchange correlations with the long-range dipole-dipole interactions under the quasi-one-dimensional confinement, where the interaction can be tuned by tilting the dipoles along the system coordinate. Using the Hartree-Fock approximation, we show how the liquid-gas phase transition occurs in this system, and elucidate the finite-temperature phase structure consisting of the gas phase, liquid phase, their coexistence, and the spinodal phase. We also discuss its similarity with the liquid-gas phase transition in nuclear matter through the comparison with phenomenological models. Our results would be useful for an interdisciplinary understanding of self-bound fermionic matter as well as an analog quantum simulation of nuclear systems.
Anika Kumar, David J. Setton, Rachel Bezanson
et al.
In this work, we characterize the environments of massive ($\log(M_\odot/M_\star)\sim11.2$) $z\sim0.7$ post-starburst galaxies (PSBs) by studying serendipitously-detected CO(2-1) emitters found in targeted observations of the SQuIGG$\vec{L}$E sample. We report $31\pm6\%$ of the galaxies from this survey host nearby gas-rich ``buddies'' with stellar masses $\geq 10^{10},M_\odot$ and molecular gas comparable to their central PSBs ($M_{H_{2}} \sim 10^{10} M_\odot$), but $\sim0.8$ dex lower stellar mass ($\sim 10^{10.4} M_\odot$). Based on their location in position-velocity space, each buddy is consistent with being bound to the haloes of their SQuIGG$\vec{L}$E host galaxies. We compare to the UniverseMachine model and find that SQuIGG$\vec{L}$E galaxies host a typical number of neighbors for their stellar mass, suggesting that PSBs live in environments typical of co-eval similarly-massive galaxies.
Mukhamedzhan Zh. Seksenbay, Yuldashbay A. Daribayev
Background: Since commencement of the operations at the Amangeldу gas condensate field, fully separating the moisture from the condensate has proven challenging. Achieving complete moisture separation in gas condensate is essential for enhancing the technological process and preventing potential complications. To address this issue, current methods involve lowering the hydrate formation temperature in the internal gas transport pipes across various gas and gas condensate fields. In gas treatment, antihydrate inhibitors such as methanol and diethylene glycol are commonly used in flowlines, reservoirs, and various equipment. If precautions are not taken to prevent hydrate formation (inhibitors) during the production and treatment of oil, several challenges may occur. For instance, during production, the internal diameter of the flowline can diminish due to the of hydrate buildup, and in some cases, gas condensate may not flow properly due to the hydrate blockages. This can result in a reduction in the amount of products produced, or may lead to a complete shutdown of the well. Consequently, a portion of the produced products, such as gas and condensate, is sent to a flare. These production complications negatively affect the overall performance of the field. Aim: To develop measures to prevent hydrate formation and address complications at the Amangeldу gas condensate field that may arise during production and treatment of well effluents and the transportation of these products through pipelines and plant equipment to the integrated gas treatment unit. Materials and methods: To prevent the formation of hydrate from wells to the Central Processing Facility (CPF), it is proposed to introduce methanol (technical grade) into the gas stream using inhibitor dosing pumps. Additionally, diethylene glycol will be sprayed as a mist into the gas stream as it passes through the CPF equipment. Results: When producing gas condensate from wells without the use of methanol and diethylene glycol, the volume of gas directed to the flare and vent stack amounts to 4.95 million m3, with a total cost of 128.7 million tenge. In contrast, if hydrate inhibitors are employed, it will be necessary to procure 180 tons and 10 tonnes of diethylene glycol, resulting total expenditure of 28 million tenge. Utilizing these hydration inhibitors has led to an estimated product savings of 100.7 million tonnes. Conclusion: To date, the operation at the Amangelу gas condensate field have not fully addressed the separation of moisture from the gas. As a result, several issues arise during the winter month: excess moisture leads to the formation of hydrate blockage in the piplines, obstructing the flow of gas and condensate. To mitigate this issue, we propose implementing measures that involve adding methanol (methanol technical grade) to the gas stream with metering pumps of inhibitors, and diethylene glycol sprayed as a mist into the gas stream passing through the CPF equipment. These measures could also be widely applied to other gas condensate fields. By adopting these measures, it is possible not only to alleviate operational challenges but also to reduce the volume gas and condensate that is wasted and flared.
Abstract Pipelines are used throughout the world for oil & gas transportation purposes. This method of transport is reasonably safe, yet accidents keep occurring nowadays. It is important, for the safety of the oil & gas pipeline network, to remember the history that has led the industry to the actual development point. This research compiles the most fatal oil and gas pipeline accidents through history. Of the compiled accidents, the 10 most fatal are selected for a brief but precise review of their root causes and the lessons learned from them. The core objective of this paper is to learn from the experience of the documented pipeline failures, with the purpose of building a safer and better future for the oil & gas pipeline transportation network.
Kurmet G. Satenov, Sultan M. Tkenbayev, Zholaman A. Tashenov
et al.
In oil and gas production, treatment and transportation technologies, gas hydrates cause serious problems associated with disruption of these technological processes. The traditional and most common method of combating gas hydrates in the oil and gas industry is the use of methanol as a hydrate inhibitor. The specific consumption indicators of methanol consumption as an inhibitor of the formation of gas hydrates directly depend on the composition of the extracted products, as well as on the technology for preparing the extracted products for transportation. Gas hydrates represent one of the major economic and safety problems in the oil and gas industry in the exploration, production, processing and transportation of gas and hydrocarbons. This article analyzes modern methods for methanol regeneration at oil and gas industry enterprises, and describes in detail the methods and parameters of processing plants that are used for the regeneration of water-methanol solutions. The advantages and disadvantages of advanced methods of water-methanol solutions regeneration are described. As a result of the review of existing technologies, the distillation method was determined to be the most preferable, as the most proven and widely used method today.
In the context of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality as well as the construction of a new energy system, the integrated development and intelligent regulation of fossil energy with new energy resources such as wind, solar, and geothermal energy has become a new pattern for the future energy system. The oil and gas industry is undergoing digital and intelligent transformation, and the development of smart oil and gas fields will reduce exploration and development costs and increase social and economic benefits. This study elucidates the concept and implications of smart oil and gas fields with multi-energy synergy and the critical role of new smart oil and gas fields in enhancing oil and gas reserves and production and in promoting the green, low-carbon, and intelligent transformation of the oil and gas industry. It reviews the current development status of the wind-solar-geothermal-energy storage multi-energy synergy system, the integration of oil and gas fields with the multi-energy synergy system, and the smart oil and gas fields. The study also identifies the challenges and key issues faced by the development of smart oil and gas fields in China. It summarizes future scenarios for smart oil and gas fields with multi-energy synergy: (1) utilization of green electricity, (2) new geothermal systems for thermal recovery of abandoned heavy oil reservoirs, (3) production optimization of oil well clusters based on wind/solar power microgrids, (4) in-situ conversion of natural gas and utilization of associated gas for power generation, (5) comprehensive energy management systems for efficient and low-carbon oil and gas production, and (6) intelligent collaboration and optimization of electricity, geothermal energy, and hydrogen energy storage. The core output of the construction of smart oil and gas fields with multi-energy synergy is low-carbon oil fields and super energy basins. Under the premise of ensuring oil and gas production, future development should focus on supplementing fundamental shortcomings, increasing technological advantages, strengthening application capabilities, and achieving independence, thereby achieving breakthroughs in key core technologies to form practical development solutions.
With the continuous development of China’s power industry in recent years, the construction of China’s power grid has developed rapidly in the context of modern society. In the process of building modern transformer substation in China, Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS) has been widely used. The faults caused by poor contact in GIS account for 29% of all faults, making it the highest occurrence rate among all faults. Poor contact leads to abnormal temperature rise of the contacts, so it is necessary to conduct research of temperature rise. This article takes the 110kV three-phase co-box type GIS disconnect switch as the research object, establishes a simplified model, conducts simulation calculation of multi-field coupling, and achieves the goal of inverting the contact temperature with the temperature of monitoring points on the shell. In order to achieve this goal, this article further conduct temperature research. Selecting monitoring points on the surface of the shell and optimizing the selection of monitoring points using genetic algorithm, then analyzing the relationship between the temperature of the monitoring points and the contact temperature, a contact temperature inversion model based on the temperature of the monitoring points is established. The results show that the inversion model of contact temperature of GIS disconnect switch has high accuracy, with an error of less than 3%, and can be used for non-invasive monitoring of contact temperature.
Natural gas hydrates (NGH) are prone to causing pipeline blockage in flow assurance, attracting considerable attention in the petroleum industry. This work reviews the significant progress in hydra...
Yadong trout (Salmo trutta fario), the only salmonid fish in the Tibetan Plateau, is a national agricultural product with geographical indications in Yadong. The development of Yadong trout aquaculture has significant implications for local farmers. However, no study has yet investigated the nutrient requirements of this fish. This study aimed to analyze the proximate amino acid, and fatty acid composition of various tissues of wild and farmed Yadong trout, in order to provide a reference for the evaluation of fish fillets and the formulation of optimal feed. Ten wild fish captured in the Yadong River, and 10 fish farmed with formulated feed in Yadong Industry Park were used in this study. The farmed fish were F1 generation wild broodstock captured in the Yadong River and fed formulated feeds throughout their lifetime. The body length of wild Yadong trout was in the range of 13.4~28.7 cm, and the body weight was in the range of 38.48~346.85 g. The body length and body weight of farmed Yadong trout were in the range of 16.4~24.5 cm and 78.39~275.29 g, respectively. Frozen samples were transported to the laboratory by flight. The proximate composition of whole fish, muscle, and liver; fatty acid composition of whole fish and various tissues including muscle, liver, intestine, brain, and eye; as well as amino acid composition of whole fish, muscle, and liver were analyzed. The fatty acid composition (expressed as % total fatty acids) and amino acid composition (expressed as % dry matter basis) were assayed using gas chromatography and an automatic amino acid analyzer, respectively. In addition, t-tests were performed for independent samples; results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. The results showed that wild fish had lower condition factors but higher moisture and ash content than farmed fish. Wild fish muscle had lower crude lipid content but higher moisture content than farmed fish. The whole-body protein and lipid contents, as well as the proximate composition of the liver, were not significantly different between wild and farmed fish (P > 0.05). The contents of saturated fatty acids (mainly C16:0 and C18:0) and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) in whole fish, muscle, and liver were significantly higher (P < 0.05), whereas contents of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) (mainly C16:1n-7 and C18:1n-9) and n-6 PUFA (mainly C18:2n-6) were significantly lower in wild Yadong trout than in farmed Yadong trout (P < 0.05). EPA and C20:4n-6 in whole fish, muscle, and liver, as well as DHA in the muscle of wild Yadong trout were significantly higher than those in farmed Yadong trout (P < 0.05). In the intestine of wild Yadong trout, the contents of C14:0, C16:0, C18:0, C16:1n-7, C20:5n-3, and C22:5n-3 were significantly higher (P < 0.05), while those of C18:1n-9 and C18:2n-6 were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than in the farmed fish. In the brain of wild Yadong trout, the contents of C16:1n-7, C20:5n-3, and C22:5n-3 were significantly higher (P < 0.05), while the contents of C18:1n-9 and C20:2n-6 were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than those of farmed fish. In the eyes of wild Yadong trout, the contents of C14:0, C16:0, and C18:0, C16:1n-7, C20:1n-9, C20:2n-6, C20:4n-6, C20:5n-3, and C22:5n-3 were significantly higher (P < 0.05), while the contents of C18:1n-9, C22:1n-9, C24:1n-9, C18:2n-6, and C18:3n-3 were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than those of farmed Yadong trout. The total essential amino acid content in wild fish was significantly higher than that in farmed fish. The contents of threonine, valine, phenylalanine, lysine, and glycine in the muscle of wild fish were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those in farmed fish, while no significant difference (P > 0.05) was observed in other amino acids. These results indicate that wild Yadong trout were leaner than farmed trout in terms of muscle lipid content. For trout, which are mainly consumed fresh, this trait may make farmed Yadong trout more acceptable than wild trout. However, in terms of fatty acid composition and amino acids, the wild Yadong trout seemed to be more acceptable than farmed trout. In particular, n-3 PUFA content is an important nutritional trait in fish fillets. The wild Yadong trout had higher n-3 PUFA contents than the farmed trout. Thus, the fish oil in the feeds of Yadong trout should not be omitted, considering that fish chemical composition generally reflects that of their diets. In addition, the price of alternative oils such as soybean oil is no longer low; the use of lipid sources in the diets of Yadong trout should be reviewed. Similarly, the essential amino acid content in wild Yadong trout was higher than that in the farmed trout, suggesting that the protein sources should be reviewed, and a certain level of fish meal should be guaranteed. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that the formulated feeds of Yadong trout need to be further optimized.