Hasil untuk "Economic geography of the oceans (General)"

Zbigniew Dokurno

Purpose: This paper explores the challenges of transitioning to well-being economy the problem of cancer diseases from the perspective of public health and human capital theory. The research question is how to achieve the standard of public health according to DET requirements, decreasing the level of cancer diseases. Methodology/Approach: The research utilises the concept of doughnut economics theory (DET) and neoclassical model consumer optimisation connected with New Public Health Theory (NPHT) and selected elements of human capital approach. Findings: Optimization of public health policy, taking into account cancer diseases, implies the optimum in accordance with Gossen's second law and requires determining the opportunity cost of expenditure on treatment and prevention in comparison with lost benefits in the form of wages and other indirect costs. Research Limitations/Implications: Due to the limited volume of the article, the American market was only analysed as the most developed one. Practical Implications: An optimisation model was created for the use in a developed public health system. Social Implications: The possibility of using the model in public health policy in the well-being economy. Originality/Value: An original calculation of the costs of cancer diseases was made based on the cost of lost wages and behavioural factors shaping their prevention and treatment costs were identified.

Mariola Grzebyk, Małgorzata Stec, Wiesława Caputa

The essence of Sustainable Development Goal 7 is to: "Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all." Its implementation, given the current geopolitical situation in the world, presents a significant challenge for many countries, including members of the European Union. The aim of this article is to conduct a multidimensional comparative analysis of European Union countries in terms of their progress towards achieving Sustainable Development Goal 7. The research is based on statistical data sourced from the Eurostat database for 2013, 2018 and 2022. The research methods used include Hellwig’s Synthetic Measure of Development, the TOPSIS method, and the Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) method. The results of the study confirm that in the years studied, European Union countries varied in their achievement of Sustainable Development Goal 7. The best situation was in Denmark, Sweden, Ireland and Romania. The worst situation was in Malta, Germany, Bulgaria and Belgium.

Dariusz Tłoczyński, Magdalena Mosionek-Schweda , Anna Zamojska et al.

The COVID-19 pandemic severely disrupted airport operations worldwide, prompting governments to introduce extensive state aid programs to safeguard the continuity of essential transport infrastructure. This study investigates the effectiveness of COVID-19-related state aid granted to Polish airports and its impact on their financial and operational recovery between 2016 and 2022. The analysis is grounded in the theory of public intervention, which posits that targeted government support can correct market failures and sustain critical services during systemic shocks. It also draws on organisational resilience theory, emphasising the role of adaptive capacity and institutional response in post-crisis recovery. The empirical framework employs financial indicators such as the operating profitability ratio, dynamic and structural measures, and an original indicator of uncovered loss per passenger. Data were obtained from airports’ financial statements and official government sources. The results demonstrate that state aid mitigated uncovered losses and supported the continuation of operations, though the effectiveness varied across airports. Larger airports with diversified revenue structures recovered more rapidly, whereas smaller regional airports remained more vulnerable. The analysis also highlights data limitations and the restricted generalizability of the findings beyond Poland. The study recommends aligning aid mechanisms with actual recovery rates, enhancing the resilience of regional airports, and integrating financial support with broader transport and sustainability policies.

Yuichi Ito, Tadahiro Kimura, Kazumasa Ohno et al.

High-precision infrared spectroscopic measurements now enable detailed characterization of sub-Neptune atmospheres, potentially providing constraints on their interiors. Motivated by this, atmospheric models have been developed to explore chemical interactions between hydrogen-dominated atmospheres and possibly underlying magma oceans with various redox states. Recent models have predicted monosilane (SiH$_4$) as a potential atmospheric species derived from magma oceans in sub-Neptunes, but suggested that it is highly depleted in the observable atmospheric layers. Here, we propose that SiH$_4$ can persist throughout the atmospheres of sub-Neptunes with FeO-free reduced magma oceans by considering the dissolution of H$_2$O into the magma oceans, a factor not accounted for in previous models. We construct a one-dimensional atmospheric model to simulate the chemical equilibrium composition of hydrogen-dominated atmospheres overlying FeO-free magma oceans, incorporating H-O-Si chemistry. Our results show that the dissolution of H$_2$O enhances the SiH$_4$ molar fraction to levels of 0.1--10~\%, preventing it from reverting to silicates in the upper atmospheric layers. We find that SiH$_4$-rich atmospheres can exist across a broad parameter space with ground temperatures of 2000--6000~K and hydrogen pressures of 10$^2$--10$^5$~bar. We discuss that SiH$_4$-rich atmospheres could contain the other silanes but lack C-/N-/O-bearing species. The detection of SiH$_4$ in future observations of sub-Neptunes would provide compelling evidence for the presence of a rocky core with a reduced magma ocean. However, the accuracy of our model is limited by the lack of data on the non-ideal behavior and radiative properties of SiH$_4$, highlighting the need for further numerical and laboratory investigations.

Qing Ke, Tianxing Pan, Jin Mao

The production of knowledge has become increasingly a global endeavor. Yet, location related factors, such as local working environment and national policy designs, may continue to affect what kind of science is being pursued. Here we examine the geography of the production of creative science by country, through the lens of novelty and atypicality proposed in Uzzi et al. (2013). We quantify a country's representativeness in novel and atypical science, finding persistent differences in propensity to generate creative works, even among developed countries that are large producers in science. We further cluster countries based on how their tendency to publish novel science changes over time, identifying one group of emerging countries. Our analyses point out the recent emergence of China not only as a large producer in science but also as a leader that disproportionately produces more novel and atypical research. Discipline specific analysis indicates that China's over-production of atypical science is limited to a few disciplines, especially its most prolific ones like materials science and chemistry.

Małgorzata Wysocka

Selecting a site for a landfill should minimise the inevitable ecological effects. The Regulation of the Minister of the Environment (2013) on waste landfills specifies, among others, that it is best to locate a landfill in a place with a natural geological barrier. For landfills other than hazardous and neutral waste, the minimum thickness of the barrier should be ≥1.0 m, and the value of its filtration coefficient k≤1.0·10– 9 m/s. Another criterion for the location of landfills is the expected piezometric table of groundwater, at least 1 m below the level of the planned excavation. In the paper, the last criterion is subjected to a critical analysis based on the results of my own research. It analyses what the piezometric table of groundwater is and what impact it has on the possible penetration of potential pollutants. The considerations are carried out on the example of the ground predicted for a waste landfill, for which tests necessary to determine the hydrogeological conditions were carried out.

Maciej Bielecki, Barbara Galińska, Daniel Tokarski

Undoubtedly, fundamental technological, economic, social and cultural changes, i.e., industrial revolutions (IR), have an impact on the determinants of industrial operations, including logistics. The purpose of this article is to identify logistics paradigms (LP) in the context of IR and current trends in the literature. The method used to achieve this goal is a systematic literature review (SLR). The research problem was encapsulated in the finding that there are no clearly defined LPs in the literature. To solve the research problem, the authors conducted SLR by searching the bibliometric-abstract databases for articles with the LP phrase in the title, abstracts, and keywords. An attempt was then made to systematise the content of the articles. A major limitation of the research conducted was the lack of previous research work on LPs. The article discusses the concept of systematising LP according to IR and current trends in logistics. 

Enric García-Domingo

Un dels errors més habituals dels aficionats a la Historia és interpretar que l’arqueologia és una cosa diferent, amb entitat pròpia i diferent dins de les Ciències Socials. En realitat, l’arqueologia és una tècnica, una eina, per aprofundir en el coneixement històric, com ho són l’epigrafia o la paleografia, per citar-ne només un parell. L’arqueòleg fa història a l’excavació, però també als arxius o al laboratori. Per tant, l’arqueologia submarina o subaquàtica es una tècnica multi-disciplinar que té per objecte la investigació històrica a partir de l’excavació de restes arqueològiques trobats sota les aigües o en espais humits. El nord-americà George Bass, l’home que va donar l’impuls al reconeixement científic d’aquesta activitat, afirmava que no existia l’arqueologia submarina, de la mateixa manera que  no existia l’arqueologia de la muntanya o de la selva. Només hi ha arqueòlegs que, incidentalment, treballen sota les aigües. Si anem una mica més enllà, cal recordar que quan parlem d’Història Marítima com a disciplina, l’arqueologia hi té el seu lloc, fins i tot diria que preferent, ja que és indispensable per documentar i interpretar certs períodes i certs fenòmens. Una diferencia substancial és que l’arqueòleg destrueix les seves fonts quan treballa un derelicte. Però abans i desprès també haurà trepitjat arxius, fons fotogràfics, qui sap quin altre font, i el seu objectiu anirà en la mateixa línia que qualsevol altre historiador. És per això que una revista com Drassana, abocada a l’estudi de la història i la cultura marítima en un sentit ampli i amb una visió oberta i receptiva, és un lloc adient per recollir un monogràfic sobre arqueologia subaquàtica. Per un altra banda, el museu té en cartera diferents projecte relacionats amb la història marítima contemporània (arqueologia industrial, derelictes vinculats a conflictes bèl·lics, etc.), i la porta oberta a futures col·laboracions amb el Museu d’Arqueologia de Catalunya i amb el Centre d’Arqueologia Subaquàtica de Catalunya. A la revista hi trobareu articles sobre temes molt variats: las patents de sanitat marítima del Museu Marítim de Barcelona, el naixement del consignatari modern en el port de Barcelona, una documentació sobre la vigilància costanera a Eivissa al segle XVI o la presència de sindicalistes marítims espanyols a l’Amèrica atlàntica entre finals del segle XIX i el primer terç del segle XX, etc. Finalment cal destacar que el museu marítim convidat enguany és el Museu Marítimo de Sesimbra, a Portugal, institució que acollirà el 29é Fòrum del Patrimoni de la Mediterrània entre el 3 i el 6 d’octubre de 2024.

Muhammad Hassan Bin Afzal

Economic hardships significantly affect public perception and voting intentions in general elections. The primary focus of my study is to capture the degree of influence that individual economic hardships have on their voting. I utilize the ANES 2024 Pilot Study1 Survey dataset and introduce a novel composite Inflation Behavior Index (IBR) that captures individuals' cumulative economic and cost of living experience. To that effect, the primary objectives of the current study are threefold: first, to develop a composite economic behavior index from available data and variables to capture the overall economic experience of U.S. individuals due to ongoing inflation; second, to examine how this economic behavior impacts political engagement and voting behavior utilizing appropriate and fitting mathematical models; and finally which specific personal experiences and perceptions about economy and cost of living likely to revoke party loyalty in upcoming U.S. presidential election. My study finds that increased personal economic struggles (pocketbook voting) due to inflation make it more likely for individuals to express an intention to vote against the Incumbent even if the Incumbent is from their self-identified political party. Conversely, having a negative perception of the national economy (sociotropic voting) is less likely to revoke party loyalty in the upcoming General election. In simpler terms, voters are more likely to vote along party lines even if they perceive their party (the Incumbent) is not handling the economy and cost of living well.

Marek Nowacki, Agnieszka Niezgoda

The article aims to analyse and compare experiences gained by tourists visiting three national parks in Poland. The authors focused on the following questions: What are people's experiences visiting national parks in Poland? Do the natural assets of the national parks affect visitors' unique experiences, or are environmentally valuable areas not crucial for their experiences? The authors used mixed quantitative (text mining, correspondence analysis) and qualitative (content analysis) methods. The data for analysis were opinions written by TripAdvisor users. Reviews on TripAdvisor indicate that the most important experiences for tourists in the National Parks studied were Nature appreciation and Physical activity. The other groups of experiences reflected in the reviews were: Aesthetic, Connection, Tension and Excitement. This confirms that nature is the most important feature of national parks for tourists, but it also indicates a trend to maintain good health and the desire to regenerate physical strength in areas of natural beauty.

Benjamin Idini, Francis Nimmo

Titan's ice shell floats on top of a global ocean revealed by the large tidal Love number $k_2 = 0.616\pm0.067$ registered by Cassini. The Cassini observation exceeds the predicted $k_2$ by one order of magnitude in the absence of an ocean, and is 3-$σ$ away from the predicted $k_2$ if the ocean is pure water resting on top of a rigid ocean floor. Previous studies demonstrate that an ocean heavily enriched in salts (salinity $S\gtrsim200$ g/kg) can explain the 3-$σ$ signal in $k_2$. Here we revisit previous interpretations of Titan's large $k_2$ using simple physical arguments and propose a new interpretation based on the dynamic tidal response of a stably stratified ocean in resonance with eccentricity tides raised by Saturn. Our models include inertial effects from a full consideration of the Coriolis force and the radial stratification of the ocean, typically neglected or approximated elsewhere. The stratification of the ocean emerges from a salinity profile where salt concentration linearly increases with depth. We find multiple salinity profiles that lead to the $k_2$ required by Cassini. In contrast with previous interpretations that neglect stratification, resonant stratification reduces the bulk salinity required by observations by an order of magnitude, reaching a salinity for Titan's ocean that is compatible with that of Earth's oceans and close to Enceladus' plumes. Consequently, no special process is required to enrich Titan's ocean to a high salinity as previously suggested.

William J. Wolf, James Read, Quentin Vigneron

The geometric trinity of gravity comprises three distinct formulations of general relativity: (i) the standard formulation describing gravity in terms of spacetime curvature, (ii) the teleparallel equivalent of general relativity describing gravity in terms of spacetime torsion, and (iii) the symmetric teleparallel equivalent of general relativity (STEGR) describing gravity in terms of spacetime non-metricity. In this article, we complete a geometric trinity of non-relativistic gravity, by (a) taking the non-relativistic limit of STEGR to determine its non-relativistic analogue, and (b) demonstrating that this non-metric theory is equivalent to the Newton--Cartan theory and its teleparallel equivalent, i.e., the curvature and the torsion based non-relativistic theories that are both geometrised versions of classical Newtonian gravity.

Yaokun Li

The spatiotemporal variation in tropical air-sea interaction is investigated by applying a simple model that considers the fundamental dynamics in tropical oceans. The model decomposes sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) variation into a series of spatial modes that oscillates with their natural frequencies. The results suggest that the first mode associates with the dipole-like SSTA variation between the western and the eastern coast, such as EP El Niño, the Atlantic Niño, and IOD; whereas the second mode associates with the tripole-like SSTA pattern among the central and eastern, western coast, such as CP El Niño and minor SSTA variations in the tropical Atlantic and Indian Ocean. Each mode oscillates with its natural frequency that depends on the strength of air-sea coupling and the basin size. The model provides a systematic framework for the comprehensive understanding of the complex air-sea interaction in tropical oceans.

Saikat Nandy, Scott H. Holan, Michael Schweinberger

Many models for spatial and spatio-temporal data assume that "near things are more related than distant things," which is known as the first law of geography. While geography may be important, it may not be all-important, for at least two reasons. First, technology helps bridge distance, so that regions separated by large distances may be more similar than would be expected based on geographical distance. Second, geographical, political, and social divisions can make neighboring regions dissimilar. We develop a flexible Bayesian approach for learning from spatial data which units are close in an unobserved socio-demographic space and hence which units are similar. As a by-product, the Bayesian approach helps quantify the relative importance of socio-demographic space relative to geographical space. To demonstrate the proposed approach, we present simulations along with an application to county-level data on median household income in the U.S. state of Florida.

John O. Dabiri

The world's oceans are in constant motion, transporting the sun's heat from the equator to the poles, bringing marine life fresh supplies of oxygen and nutrients, and sequestering nearly half of our carbon dioxide emissions since the Industrial Revolution. Within this dynamic aquatic milieu exists another type of motion: the perpetual teeming of trillions of swimming animals. Are these organisms simply along for the ride, carried by the prevailing ocean currents and occasionally using their powers of locomotion to explore their surroundings; or could their propulsion result in dynamical feedbacks that influence the physical and biogeochemical structure of the ocean itself?

Jiaxiang Yang, Hanyuan Deng, Zikai Tang et al.

The zeroth-order general Randić index $R^{0}_{a+1}$ of an $n$-vertices oriented graph $D$ is equal to the sum of $(d^{+}_{u_i})^{a}+(d^{-}_{u_j})^{a}$ over all arcs $u_iu_j$ of $D$, where we denote by $d^{+}_{u_i}$ the out-degree of the vertex $u_i$ and $d^{-}_{u_j}$ the in-degree of the vertex $u_j$, $a$ is an arbitrary real number. In the paper, we determine the orientations of cacti with the maximum value of the zeroth-order general Randić index for $a\geq 1$.

Demetrio Miloslavo Bova, Jerzy Śleszyński

The aim of this article is to present both the methods through which sustainable wellbeing is measured on a local level and to improve its adherence to the subjective well-being of the community under study. The fi rst part of the paper introduces the features and the assumptions generally adopted in literature to measure the progress towards sustainable development on a local level with special regards to the role of subjective perception. These assumptions are the basis of the Italian equitable, and sustainable well-being indicators framework (B-BES) used to measure the progress of communities. It was applied to a small Italian town, Ceccano, and was supported by a further innovative survey, the virtual budget, directed to measure the subjective  references. Thanks to the virtual budget, it was possible to identify differences between the subjective preferences of respondents and the ex-ante results of the B-BES model. The approach used allows for better implementation of indicators on a local level by improving the  indicators framework’s consistency with the local specifi city, preferences and aspirations.

Jonathan Rodden, Thomas Weighill

This preprint offers a detailed look, both qualitative and quantitative, at districting with respect to recent voting patterns in one state: Pennsylvania. We investigate how much the partisan playing field is tilted by political geography. In particular we closely examine the role of scale. We find that partisan-neutral maps rarely give seats proportional to votes, and that making the district size smaller tends to make it even harder to find a proportional map. This preprint was prepared as a chapter in the forthcoming edited volume Political Geometry, an interdisciplinary collection of essays on redistricting. (mggg.org/gerrybook)

Justyna Dyduch, Katarzyna Stabryła-Chudzio

The purpose of the article is to analyse if – according to environmental tax reform assumptions – there occurs an increase in environmental taxes and a concurrent reduction of other taxes (especially personal and corporate income taxes) in the selected EU member states. The group of countries was chosen basing on more significant changes in the tax structure as well as “old” and “new” EU membership. The research is based on the European Commission data and covers the period 2003 to 2015 due to the data availability. The significance of changes in taxation structure has been analysed by means of structural change degree measure. The direction of these changes has been examined using structural changes monotonicity measure. A weak trend to shift slightly from income taxes to the environmental ones has been observed only in three out of ten analysed member states.

Joan Lluís Alegret Tejero, Alfons Garrido Escobar

L’article examina el procés de patrimonialització del peix fresc i de la gastronomia marinera a Palamós que va dur a crear l’Espai del Peix. Les noves estratègies de difusió de la cultura dels pescadors a Palamós van acompañyades dels mecanismes per fer sostenible el sector pesquer i incrementarne el valor dels productes. S’explica la patrimonialització dels peixos de poc valor comercial (LCVF) a través de la cuina tradicional dels pescadors. Més enllà, l’interès per la promoció del peix fresc a Palamós ha dut a gestar un nou projecte transversal: el Palamós Peix.