Hasil untuk "Comparative law. International uniform law"

Sahibpreet Singh, Saksham Sharma

Integration of AI into environmental regulation represents a significant advancement in data management. It offers promising results in both data protection plus algorithmic fairness. This research addresses the critical need for sustainable data protection in the era of ever evolving cyber threats. Traditional encryption methods face limitations in handling the dynamic nature of environmental data. This necessitates the exploration of advanced cryptographic techniques. The objective of this study is to evaluate how AI can enhance these techniques to ensure robust data protection while facilitating fair algorithmic management. The methodology involves a comprehensive review of current advancements in AI-enhanced homomorphic encryption (HE) and multi-party computation (MPC). It is coupled with an analysis of how these techniques can be applied to environmental data regulation. Key findings indicate that AI-driven dynamic key management, adaptive encryption schemes, and optimized computational efficiency in HE, alongside AI-enhanced protocol optimization and fault mitigation in MPC, significantly improve the security of environmental data processing. These findings highlight a crucial research gap in the intersection of AI, cyber laws, and environmental regulation, particularly in terms of addressing algorithmic bias, transparency, and accountability. The implications of this research underscore the need for stricter cyber laws. Also, the development of comprehensive regulations to safeguard sensitive environmental data. Future efforts should focus on refining AI systems to balance security with privacy and ensuring that regulatory frameworks can adapt to technological advancements. This study provides a foundation for future research aimed at achieving secure sustainable environmental data management through AI innovations.

Mohamad Almohawes

Background: The aims of international law are to uphold global peace, protect human rights, and hold states accountable if violations of international law occur. However, in practice, its implementation and effectiveness are not uniform due to the dynamics of international relations (IR). In Syria, it has been difficult for the global community to hold the regime accountable for human rights violations, largely due to its powerful allies like Russia. Similarly, the Ukrainian conflict raises serious questions about the efficiency of international law when dealing with Russia’s violations of the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine. This study aims to analyse the role of IR in shaping the application of international law in these two conflict zones, with a focus on how external support has enabled the aggressors to persist despite legal challenges. Methods: This research adopts a qualitative research methodology. It relies on desk-based research to collect data by using primary and secondary sources. Primary sources include treaties, UN resolutions, and international legal frameworks. These also include statements from significant actors involved in the Syrian and Ukrainian conflicts, providing insight into the legal frameworks governing international law. Secondary sources include academic articles, reports from international organisations, and expert analyses. This offers context on how international law has been applied or ignored in both cases. Through a comparative analytical approach, the study examines areas of similarity and difference in the implementation of international law in Syria and Ukraine. It highlights shared factors, such as powerful state actor involvement, which includes Russia, and the role of geopolitical interests in hindering effective legal enforcement. It simultaneously points out some differences, such as the international recognition of the Ukrainian government against the fragmented recognition of Syrian opposition groups, and how such differences have shaped responses to both crises. The research emphasises the roles of geopolitical interests and external state actors – Russia, China, and the Western powers – in shaping international responses. The study also examines the themes of sovereignty, humanitarian intervention, and the UN veto power. It highlights how IR impacts the enforcement of international law. Using the case of Ukraine and Syria, the research contributes toward an understanding of the intersection between international law and IR, particularly those challenges emanating from geopolitical interests. Results and Conclusion: The study concludes that international relations significantly shape the enforcement of international law in both Syria and Ukraine, albeit with distinct outcomes. In Syria, the survival of Assad’s regime is due to sustained military, economic, and political support from Russia, China, and Iran. These states have used their influence, particularly in the UN Security Council, to block foreign interventions. This demonstrates how geopolitical interests can paralyse international legal mechanisms. In Ukraine, a more unified international response has resulted in economic sanctions, military support, and legal actions against Russia. However, the geopolitical leverage of Russia, particularly in energy and military strength, has limited the effectiveness of these measures. Russia’s alliance with China further complicates efforts, as China has not clearly condemned or voted against Russia’s war against Ukraine in the UN Security Council. Moreover, China and other Russia’s allies have undermined sanctions by continuing trade and economic relations with Russia, weakening the collective impact of the international Western sanctions. The findings highlight that while international law is influenced by global politics, the degree and type of influence depend on the geopolitical stakes involved, revealing the vulnerability of the system when confronted by powerful states. It calls for reforms to strengthen international legal frameworks, ensuring they are not undermined by the geopolitical interests of key global actors.

Arezoo Ghazanfari, Abbas Sheikholeslami, Ali Akbar Esmaeili

This study aims to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the Iranian and English legalsystems regarding the use of scientific evidence and to propose solutions for overcomingobstacles to its acceptance. The results indicate that within Iranian law, the acceptance ofscientific evidence is highly dependent on the judge’s personal judgment and the principleof “the judge’s personal knowledge,” which can lead to contradictory opinions. By contrast,the English legal system employs stricter criteria, such as the Daubert principles, whichhave enhanced the accuracy of scientific evidence evaluation but have also resulted in morecomplex and costly processes. Both legal systems face challenges, including the potentialmisuse of scientific evidence and a lack of specialized training for judges and experts.The study concludes by suggesting that the Iranian legal system, drawing on the Englishexperience, develop clear criteria for the acceptance of scientific evidence and standardizeits evaluation process. Reforms have also been proposed for the English context to reducecosts and streamline procedures. The study highlights the importance of specialized judicialtraining and international cooperation for improving the efficiency of judicial systems.

Yedong Zhang

Although "climate litigation" is not an indigenous term in China, localizing it is essential to support the development of an independent environmental legal knowledge system in China. Rooted in China's judicial tradition, which emphasizes substantive rationality, traditional legal theories have primarily focused on environmental law. However, the contemporary practices in the rule of law have created an unclear trajectory for climate litigation. Research in this area has long been trapped in a paradigm that relies on lawsuits for ecological environmental damage compensation and environmental public interest litigation, leading to a significant disconnect between theoretical frameworks and practical application. With the advancement of the "dual carbon" strategic goals-carbon peaking and carbon neutrality-it has become imperative to redefine the concept of climate litigation within the Chinese context. We need to establish a theoretical framework that aligns with the "dual carbon" objectives while providing theoretical and institutional support for climate litigation, ultimately contributing to the international discourse on climate justice. Additionally, Hong Kong's proactive climate governance and robust ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) practices provide valuable insights for developing comprehensive climate litigation mechanisms. Based on this analysis, we propose concrete plans for building a climate litigation system in China, establishing a preventive relief system and a multi-source legal framework at the substantive level and developing climate judicial mechanisms for mitigation and adaptation at the procedural level.

Lai Tian, Johannes O. Royset

We provide counterexamples showing that uniform laws of large numbers do not hold for subdifferentials under natural assumptions. Our constructions are univariate random Lipschitz functions and bivariate random convex functions with two smooth pieces. Consequently, they resolve the questions posed by Shapiro and Xu [J. Math. Anal. Appl., 325 (2007), 1390-1399] in the negative. They also demonstrate the failure of certain graphical and pointwise laws for subdifferentials, revealing fundamental barriers to the consistency of sample-average approximation and subdifferential approximation.

Michael B. Law

We establish a symmetry principle for asymptotically cylindrical steady gradient Ricci solitons (GRSs) and asymptotically conical expanding GRSs with homogeneous links. Using this, we show that the Bryant steady soliton is the unique asymptotically cylindrical steady GRS that has a round spherical link and satisfies a particular quantitative rigidity condition. A similar characterization is proved for Bryant's expanding solitons. Finally, we establish a global symmetry result for GRSs which exhibit the aforementioned asymptotics with quotient-Berger sphere asymptotic links.

Madhusmita Ronghangpi, Naveen Kumar

Cross-border insolvency involves complex legal challenges that arise when a debtor's assets and liabilities span multiple jurisdictions. The lack of a comprehensive law to deal with such beyond-borders disputes in insolvency can have an undesirable impact on the enterprise, local or foreign creditors, recognition of law or jurisdictions, enforcement of foreign decisions, and many more. In the global context, the United Nations has adopted the Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency (MLCBI) which has been implemented by various nations like, the United States, the United Kingdom, the Republic of Korea, Japan, Poland, etc. in their domestic laws to create uniformity in administering cross-border insolvency proceedings. This is a guiding document to resolve the legal complexities in cross-border insolvency to the adoptive countries, such as, conflict of laws, determination of assets of debtors, determination of main proceedings, relief provisions and many more. In India, Cross-Border Insolvency proceedings are initiated under the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC), 2016. This paper highlights the MLCBI from an Indian Perspective with reference to the IBC, as India’s regulatory framework for cross-border insolvency. Additionally, the paper examines the paradigm shift after the implementation of this MLCBI in the Indian Insolvency Framework in the IBC concerning the proceedings in resolving such international insolvency cases in India. This paper will contribute to how countries like the other countries that have implemented the MLCBI in their legal realm while handling such transnational insolvency disputes.

Fatimah Zuhrah

This review examines Islamic Law and International Law: Peaceful Resolution of Disputes (Oxford University Press, 2020) by Emilia Justyna Powell, a groundbreaking interdisciplinary study that explores how Islamic legal traditions influence the engagement of Muslim-majority states with international dispute resolution mechanisms. Drawing from original empirical data and classical Islamic jurisprudence, Powell argues that domestic legal structures—whether secular, Islamic, or hybrid—significantly shape states' preferences for international conflict resolution methods. The book highlights both the consonance and dissonance between Islamic law and international law, particularly in the context of peaceful settlement. Powell challenges prevailing assumptions of uniformity among Islamic Law States and demonstrates the importance of legal pluralism in international relations. Through critical analysis, this review assesses the strengths of Powell’s approach—her empirical rigor, legal-philosophical insight, and contribution to debates on global justice—while also noting the limitations, including the need for a more nuanced understanding of hybrid legal systems and broader geopolitical factors. Overall, the book is a significant scholarly contribution that bridges comparative law, Islamic studies, and international legal theory, offering valuable insights into the evolving dynamics of legal identity and interstate conflict management.

N. Vorontsova, A. T. Ganieva

Introduction. The development of international economic cooperation has led to an explosive growth in international trade, which, in turn, has led to the circulation of goods from various manufacturers around the world, as well as the need for States to regulate the turnover and import of these goods in order to protect the interests of trade participants. The article is devoted to the analysis of the legal regulation of parallel imports in the context of unilateral restrictive measures (the so-called "economic sanctions"). In addition, it provides a comparative analysis of certain aspects of the legal regulation of the topic under study in the legislation of Russia and the United States, as well as in WTO law and examples from judicial practice. In addition, the issue of the legality of parallel imports is also conditioned by lengthy discussions regarding the choice of the optimal principle of exhaustion of the exclusive trademark right in the territory of the Eurasian Economic Union. Materials and methods. In the course of writing the work, such methods of scientific knowledge as analysis, synthesis, generalization, analogy, and forecasting were used. Foreign and Russian scientific articles, judicial practice of Russia and the USA were used as research materials. Results of the study. The experience of other countries suggests that legalizing the "parallel import" of all goods without exception is not impossible. In these circumstances, an objective assessment of the economic feasibility of legalizing parallel imports in Russia is necessary. At the same time, the definition of the concept of "parallel import" in international legal documents will serve as a normative understanding of its legal nature and will allow it to be distinguished from such a category as "gray import", as well as ensure a uniform approach to understanding its features and, as a result, prevent its merging with other forms of import. The authors emphasize the need to consolidate the concept of "parallel import" at the international legal level in order to prevent its confusion with "gray imports" and ensure uniformity in legal regulation. Discussion and conclusion. The study showed that in modern conditions of fierce competition between states in the global economic system, unilateral restrictive measures (economic sanctions) that have reached the level of exhaustion of exclusive trademark rights under the terminology of "parallel import" require the consolidation of these concepts at the international legal level. The judicial practice of States and the doctrinal research of scientists can play a key role in this.

V.A. Afgan

This article is devoted to the oversight of AI systems’ activities and the provision of accountability obligations within the framework of international legal norms. The study provides a comparative analysis of existing regulatory mechanisms across various legal systems, examining the legal and normative challenges they present during implementation. The article discusses the oversight and accountability mechanisms of AI systems based on key international legal sources, including the European Union Artificial Intelligence Act, the UNESCO Recommendation on Ethics in Artificial Intelligence, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Principles on Artificial Intelligence, and Council of Europe Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence, Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law (draft). The research examines the methodological foundations of technological and process-oriented types of IT audits, including algorithmic, performance, security, and ethical audits. It also clarifies the responsibilities of various participants in the accountability chain (developers, providers, users, and regulators). The article highlights the practical implications of technological challenges such as the “black box” nature of IT systems, their dynamic and adaptable nature, and information bias, as well as regulatory gaps such as inter-jurisdictional coordination problems and uncertainty about legal liability. In this context, a comparative analysis is conducted of different regulatory practices, such as the European Union’s risk-based model, the United States’ sector-specific approach, and China’s state control model. The analysis demonstrates that these different approaches hinder the establishment of uniform global standards and create legal uncertainty for companies operating across borders. The role of international standards and certification mechanisms, as well as the importance of ensuring human control and transparency in addressing these challenges, is emphasized. The research findings demonstrate that effective auditing and accountability of IT systems within the context of international law requires integrating technology-focused and process-focused approaches and strengthening international legal cooperation. The article offers specific recommendations to address existing regulatory gaps, including the adoption of a national legal framework, the implementation of mandatory human rights impact assessments, strengthening transparency and accountability obligations, ensuring human oversight, and the establishment of independent oversight bodies. These steps will ensure the fair and safe development and implementation of AI technologies that respect human rights.

Weikang Wang, Yue Sun, G. Xue

During the formulation of domestic legislation, States shall duly consider the obligations stipulated in the international treaties to which they are parties. This ensures the conformity of their municipal legal frameworks with international laws and regulations, and refrains from enacting domestic laws incompatible with treaty obligations. Notwithstanding this imperative, discrepancies persist between the provisions of China’s domestic legal regime regulating the scope of compensation for vessel-sourced oil pollution and the stipulations of pertinent international treaties and relevant state practices. Such legal inconsistencies may engender potential gaps in application, undermining the operational efficacy of international maritime regulatory instruments in this domain. To bridge such gaps, this paper synthesizes contemporary international maritime regulatory regime and comparative extraterritorial legislative precedents, endeavoring to from a coherent interpretative framework through which China’s domestic laws on oil pollution compensation scopes may achieve synergistic alignment, thereby securing uniformity in the rules and standards governing environmental obligations of States for marine ecological endangerment.

D. Galushko

The effectiveness of regional integration within the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) increasingly depends on the coherence and adaptability of its member states’ national legal policies. This study examines the extent to which the legal systems of Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Armenia are adapting to the supranational legal order of the EAEU. The central problem lies in the inherent tension between national sovereignty and integration commitments, which manifests differently across member states, potentially hindering the Union’s deeper integration and uniform application of its law. Methodologically, the article employs a comparative legal analysis, focusing on primary strategic documents — national legal policy concepts — as well as constitutional provisions and legislative mechanisms governing the implementation of EAEU law. This approach allows for a systematic identification of convergences and divergences in how each state conceptualizes its integration path. The analysis reveals a spectrum of adaptation strategies. Belarus demonstrates a committed yet sovereignty-conscious approach within its legal policy framework. In contrast, recent legal policy concepts of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan show a diminishing explicit focus on EAEU integration, prioritizing internal reforms and global standards instead. The most complex case is Armenia, characterized by the absence of a unified legal policy concept, constitutional ambiguities regarding the transfer of sovereign powers, and a declared policy of pursuing closer ties with the European Union alongside its EAEU membership. This “parallel integration” creates significant systemic legal risks, contradictions, and challenges to the principle of uniform application of Union law. The study concludes that the successful implementation of EAEU law requires moving beyond formal recognition of international treaty supremacy. It necessitates the development of sophisticated national mechanisms for proper implementation, which creatively transpose supranational norms while respecting national legal traditions and specificities. The findings highlight the critical role of strategic legal planning documents in guiding this process and underscore the potential legal fragmentation risks arising from inconsistent national approaches. This research contributes to forecasting areas of legal conflict within the EAEU and suggests pathways for better harmonization of member states’ legal policies to strengthen the Eurasian integration project.

S. Boranbay

This paper presents a comprehensive comparative study of the legal regulation of smart contracts in the United States and the People’s Republic of China, taking into account both theoretical frameworks and practical applications. Smart contracts are examined as both technological and legal instruments that facilitate the automation of contractual obligations, enhance transactional transparency, and streamline the management of digital assets within the digital economy. The relevance of this research arises from the rapid integration of blockchain technology into the financial sector, public services, international trade, logistics, and insurance. Nevertheless, despite the widespread use of the technology, the legal status of smart contracts and their recognition by national and international courts remain subjects of academic and professional debate. The methodological basis of this study combines comparative legal analysis, a systematic review of regulatory acts and judicial practice, an examination of academic literature, and the synthesis of information from diverse sources. This research highlights the key features of the Chinese and American regulatory models. The Chinese model is characterized by centralized control, where smart contracts are integrated into state-backed digital platforms, including the Blockchain-based Service Network (BSN) and the digital yuan. This approach ensures standardization and security, however constrains the pace of innovative adoption. By contrast, the American model demonstrates flexibility and fosters innovation by recognizing program code as a legally significant instrument under digital transactions and contract law (e.g., the E-SIGN Act of 2000 and various state laws). However, it lacks clear standards and uniform security protocols.

Atika Rani Dyah Safitri, Antiko Wati, Warah Atikah

Abstract: A land title certificate is legal and concrete evidence of ownership and control of land. Its permanent nature and high value make land a stable and safe collateral for banks to disburse credit. However, this is an obstacle for land owners who do not yet have a certificate for the land they own and control, have complete proof of ownership of the land or rights, or do not even have proof of ownership. In the Pagar Alam District Court Decision Numbers: 6/Pdt.G.S/2021/PN Pga Using collateral in the form of land and buildings with proof of ownership SPPFBT No. 593/06/MS.Dp.U/2018. This obstacle makes it an option for that land that does not have a land title certificate as stated in Article 4 UUHT, to make an Ownership Statement of Land Parcel (SPPFBT) as an option for the community to use as collateral for bank credit. However, SPPFBT is a statement letter made unilaterally by the applicant that contains juridical data related to land control based on good faith, the authority is not as perfect as an authentic deed. Bearing in mind that, if there is bad credit in the credit agreement, the funds can be auctioned to fulfill the rights and obligations of the credit agreement between the debtor and creditor. In an implementation, banks must be careful in assessing the character, capabilities, capital, collateral, and business prospect funds of debtors, as well as formulating regulations regarding the use of SPPFBT as bank collateral for uncertified land to protect the rights and obligations of the Bank and credit applicants. Clearly, to provide legal certainty and protection. Keywords: SPPFBT, Uncertificated, Collateral, Bad Credit, KPKNL.   Abstrak: Sertifikat hak atas tanah merupakan bukti yang sah, konkret atas kepemilikan dan penguasaan atas tanah. Namun, merupakan kendala bagi pemilik tanah yang belum memiliki sertifikat atas tanah yang dimiliki dan dikuasainya, kepemilikan bukti tanah atau alas hak secara lengkap bahkan sama sekali tidak memiliki bukti kepemilikan. Dalam Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Pagar Alam Nomor: 6/Pdt.G.S/2021/PN Pga menggunakan agunan berupa tanah dan/atau bangunan dengan bukti kepemilikan SPPFBT Nomor: 593/06/MS.Dp.U/2018. Hal tersebut menjadikan sebuah opsi bahwasanya tanah yang tidak memiliki sertifikat sebagaimana disebutkan dalam Pasal 4 UUHT, dapat menjadikan Surat Pernyataan Penguasaan Fisik Bidang (SPPFBT) sebagai opsi bagi masyarakat sebagai agunan kredit bank. Namun, SPPFBT merupakan surat pernyataan yang dibuat sepihak oleh pemohon berisikan data yuridis terkait penguasaan tanah berdasarkan itikad baik, sehingga kekuatannya tidak sesempurna akta autentik. Mengingat bahwa, apabila terdapat kredit macet dalam perjanjian kredit, agunan tersebut dapat dilakukan lelang guna memenuhi hak dan kewajiban atas perjanjian kredit antara debitur dan kreditur. Sehingga, dalam pelaksanaannya bank haruslah seksama menilai terhadap watak, kemampuan, modal, agunan, dana prospek usaha dari debitur, pula perumusan pengaturan mengenai penggunaan SPPFBT sebagai agunan bank atas tanah yang belum bersertifikat untuk melindungi hak dan kewajiban Bank dan Pemohon kredit haruslah jelas, guna upaya memberikan kepastian dan perlindungan hukum. Kata Kunci: SPPFBT, Agunan, Tanah Tidak Bersertifikat, Kredit Macet, KPKNL.

Jakub Kępiński, Katarzyna Klafkowska-Waśniowska, Agnieszka Pyrzyńska

Sprawozdanie z konferencji poświęconej pamięci Profesor Aurelii Nowickiej „Koncepcja prawa podmiotowego a potrzeby współczesnego obrotu prawnego”, Wydział Prawa i Administracji Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu, 18 października 2024 r.

Dr. Luiz Henrique Eloy Amado, Victor Hugo Streit Vieira

Mesmo após o advento da Constituição Federal de 1988, o tratamento jurídico-penal reservado a réus, acusados e condenados indígenas continuou invisibilizando as diferenças étnico-culturais, predominando uma interpretação etnocêntrica e eurocêntrica no ato de responsabilização penal do indígena. O presente artigo prima por uma abordagem intercultural e decolonial à matéria, consolidada na Resolução 287 do Conselho Nacional de Justiça.

Y. B. Akhmetov

Cоздание и развитие региональных и межрегиональных объединений (организаций, союзов, групп), стало общей тенденцией в международных отношениях. Региональное сотрудничество создает условия и механизмы для глобального взаимодействия. Происходит значительный рост числа региональных межгосударственных объединений, и на текущий момент практически каждое государство входит хотя бы в одно региональное объединение. Данная тенденция не обошла и Евразийское пространство, где после прекращения существования СССР и получения независимости новыми государствами, входившими ранее в состав СССР начали формироваться объединения регионального и межрегионального сотрудничества (СНГ, ОДКБ, ЕАЭС и др.). Региональные тенденции ожидаемо привели к созданию ШОС. Организация создавалась для обеспечения региональной безопасности и стабильности, и стала крупнейшей региональной организацией в мире с точки зрения географического охвата и численности населения. В связи с этим выход в свет коллективной монографии является важным вкладом в изучении деятельности Организации, направлений и сфер сотрудничества государств-членов ШОС, а также концептуальных вопросов, с которыми сталкивается ШОС. Ключевые слова: Шанхайская Организация Сотрудничества, гуманитарное сотрудничество, взаимная торговля, права человека, безопасность, борьба с терроризмом и экстремизмом, региональное сотрудничество

Yann-Meing Law, Daniel Appelö, Thomas Hagstrom

We propose a novel Hermite-Taylor correction function method to handle embedded boundary and interface conditions for Maxwell's equations. The Hermite-Taylor method evolves the electromagnetic fields and their derivatives through order $m$ in each Cartesian coordinate. This makes the development of a systematic approach to enforce boundary and interface conditions difficult. Here we use the correction function method to update the numerical solution where the Hermite-Taylor method cannot be applied directly. Time derivatives of boundary and interface conditions, converted into spatial derivatives, are enforced to obtain a stable method and relax the time-step size restriction of the Hermite-Taylor correction function method. The proposed high-order method offers a flexible systematic approach to handle embedded boundary and interface problems, including problems with discontinuous solutions at the interface. This method is also easily adaptable to other first order hyperbolic systems.

Luiz Antonio Joia, Rodrigo Proença

Abstract This study aims to reveal the social representation of fintech from the perspective of traditional financial sector professionals in Brazil—herein used as a proxy for emerging markets—to interpret and compare it with the scientific literature on the concept of fintech. To achieve this, we applied the social representations theory associated with the word evocation test, similarity analysis, and descending hierarchical classification. After analyzing the results, we perceived a partial misalignment between the existing literature on the concept of fintech and the perspective of traditional financial sector professionals concerning this construct. In contrast to the literature surveyed, the respondents lack perception regarding the potential of fintech to constitute disruptive technology for the traditional financial sector—radically transforming or even eliminating it. In addition, traditional financial sector professionals have little insight into the potential of fintech to financially include the low-income population, owing to their lower costs and greater ease of use. Finally, traditional financial sector professionals failed to appreciate the need to develop a legal and regulatory framework for the performance of fintech in emerging markets. This is a subject that has also been scantly addressed by academia.

Nick Zhang

Moore's Law has been used by semiconductor industry as predicative indicators of the industry and it has become a self-fulfilling prophecy. Now more people tend to agree that the original Moore's Law started to falter. This paper proposes a possible quantitative modification to Moore's Law. It can cover other derivative laws of Moore's Law as well. It intends to more accurately predict the roadmap of chip's performance and energy consumption.