Hasil untuk "Colonies and colonization. Emigration and immigration. International migration"

Yuheng Huang, Lei Ma, Keizaburo Nishikino et al.

The pre-training paradigm plays a key role in the success of Large Language Models (LLMs), which have been recognized as one of the most significant advancements of AI recently. Building on these breakthroughs, code LLMs with advanced coding capabilities bring huge impacts on software engineering, showing the tendency to become an essential part of developers' daily routines. However, the current code LLMs still face serious challenges related to trustworthiness, as they can generate incorrect, insecure, or unreliable code. Recent exploratory studies find that it can be promising to detect such risky outputs by analyzing LLMs' internal states, akin to how the human brain unconsciously recognizes its own mistakes. Yet, most of these approaches are limited to narrow sub-domains of LLM operations and fall short of achieving industry-level scalability and practicability. To address these challenges, in this paper, we propose PtTrust, a two-stage risk assessment framework for code LLM based on internal state pre-training, designed to integrate seamlessly with the existing infrastructure of software companies. The core idea is that the risk assessment framework could also undergo a pre-training process similar to LLMs. Specifically, PtTrust first performs unsupervised pre-training on large-scale unlabeled source code to learn general representations of LLM states. Then, it uses a small, labeled dataset to train a risk predictor. We demonstrate the effectiveness of PtTrust through fine-grained, code line-level risk assessment and demonstrate that it generalizes across tasks and different programming languages. Further experiments also reveal that PtTrust provides highly intuitive and interpretable features, fostering greater user trust. We believe PtTrust makes a promising step toward scalable and trustworthy assurance for code LLMs.

Yonatan L. Ashenafi, Peter R. Kramer

Protozoan colonies undergo stimulus driven motion for purposes such as nutrient acquisition. Colonial response to a stimulus is mediated through a mechanical aggregation of the response properties of members of the colony. We develop and apply asymptotic analysis to a stochastic model for the integration of two classes of stimulus responses of the constituent cells -- taxis and kinesis. We investigate in particular the maintenance of effectiveness of taxis and kinesis in the transition from unicellular to multicellular organisms, using experimental observations of chemotaxis and aerotaxis of protozoa as a reference. Our taxis model based on a steering response of individual cells actually leads to a counterproductive drift of the colony down the stimulus gradient, together with a constructive drift up the gradient which is proportional to a measure of asymmetry of the flagellar placement. The strength of taxis drift up the stimulus gradient decreases with colony size while the counterproductive term does not, indicating a failure for colonial taxis based on a steering response of individual cells. Under a kinesis response of the cellular flagellar motion, enhancing the noise as the cell is facing away from the stimulus gradient, the colony does drift up the gradient with a speed independent of colony size, even under a completely symmetric placement of flagella.

Julia Mendelsohn, Ceren Budak

Metaphor, discussing one concept in terms of another, is abundant in politics and can shape how people understand important issues. We develop a computational approach to measure metaphorical language, focusing on immigration discourse on social media. Grounded in qualitative social science research, we identify seven concepts evoked in immigration discourse (e.g. "water" or "vermin"). We propose and evaluate a novel technique that leverages both word-level and document-level signals to measure metaphor with respect to these concepts. We then study the relationship between metaphor, political ideology, and user engagement in 400K US tweets about immigration. While conservatives tend to use dehumanizing metaphors more than liberals, this effect varies widely across concepts. Moreover, creature-related metaphor is associated with more retweets, especially for liberal authors. Our work highlights the potential for computational methods to complement qualitative approaches in understanding subtle and implicit language in political discourse.

Yasutoshi Makino, Hsin-Ni Ho, Seokhee Jeon

The sixth international conference AsiaHaptics 2024 took place at Sunway University, Malaysia on 28-30 October 2024. AsiaHaptics is an exhibition type of international conference dedicated to the haptics domain, engaging presentations accompanied by hands-on demonstrations. It presents the state-of-the-art of the diverse haptics (touch)-related research, including perception and illusion, development of haptics devices, and applications to a wide variety of fields such as education, medicine, telecommunication, navigation and entertainment. This proceedings volume is a valuable resource not only for active haptics researchers, but also for general readers wishing to understand the status quo in this interdisciplinary area of science and technology.

Olga Tkach

Ángel Leonardo Maggio

Agnieszka Fihel, Anna Janicka, Marek Okólski

Poland, traditionally a country of emigration, started to record a positive migration balance in recent years. However, thus far, no forecast has indicated the possibility of Poland’s transition from a net sending to a net receiving regime. This study indicates the theoretical underpinnings of such a change and provides an international migration projection. To this end, we refer to the historical experiences of other European countries, more advanced in terms of the Demographic Transition (DT), Second Demographic Transition (SDT) and Migration Transition. We develop a deterministic migration projection of four types of flow (the in- and out-migration of nationals and foreign citizens) up until 2060, combined with the United Nations’ Bayesian probabilistic models of fertility and mortality projections. The results show that Poland will evolve from having a net sending to having a net receiving status around 2030–2034. The combined effect of migration flows on population ageing will not be significant but, in the long run, when considered separately, the four types of flow will have non-negligible, though opposite, effects: the outflows will contribute to population rejuvenation, while the inflows will accelerate population ageing.

Felipe Cardoso de Souza, José Otávio Aguiar

Este artigo tem por objetivo analisar os impactos socioambientais provocados pelo processo de verticalização urbana movido na cidade de Campina Grande/PB, no recorte compreendido entre a década de 1960 até o ano de 2012, período em que se tem a construção dos três primeiros edifícios da cidade até o momento auge da verticalização urbana do município. Para tanto, as fontes utilizadas constituem-se de entrevistas obtidas por meio da metodologia em História Oral, fontes fotográficas, jornalísticas e o Plano Diretor Municipal, publicado em 1996 e atualizado em 2006. O campo teórico-metodológico utilizado baseia-se nos expoentes da História Ambiental. Buscamos a partir deste trabalho fomentar uma discussão acerca das transformações urbanas que nos cercam e os seus impactos ao meio ambiente, problematizando, assim, o ideário de “desenvolvimento” e “progresso” que justificam projetos de urbanização.

Roberto Marinucci

Delmon Arous, Stefan Schrunner, Ingunn Hanson et al.

The in vitro clonogenic assay is a technique to study the ability of a cell to form a colony in a culture dish. By optical imaging, dishes with stained colonies can be scanned and assessed digitally. Identification, segmentation and counting of stained colonies play a vital part in high-throughput screening and quantitative assessment of biological assays. Image processing of such pictured/scanned assays can be affected by image/scan acquisition artifacts like background noise and spatially varying illumination, and contaminants in the suspension medium. Although existing approaches tackle these issues, the segmentation quality requires further improvement, particularly on noisy and low contrast images. In this work, we present an objective and versatile machine learning procedure to amend these issues by characterizing, extracting and segmenting inquired colonies using principal component analysis, k-means clustering and a modified watershed segmentation algorithm. The intention is to automatically identify visible colonies through spatial texture assessment and accordingly discriminate them from background in preparation for successive segmentation. The proposed segmentation algorithm yielded a similar quality as manual counting by human observers. High F1 scores (>0.9) and low root-mean-square errors (around 14%) underlined good agreement with ground truth data. Moreover, it outperformed a recent state-of-the-art method. The methodology will be an important tool in future cancer research applications.

Alice Maria de Souza

Caio Salústio Crispo foi um homem novo que atuou politicamente no final do governo republicano e testemunhou profundas mudanças na política romana. Em suas obras, percebemos a sua atitude crítica em relação à essas mudanças e seu discurso moralizante que evidencia os aspectos que contribuíram para a degradação moral característica de seu tempo. O presente trabalho tem como objeto uma de suas obras, a Guerra de Jugurta, em que buscamos analisar os elementos que refletem a sua teoria sobre a prevalência dos vícios sobre as virtudes ao final da República romana. Para tanto consideramos, também, os elementos exteriores ao texto em si –tais como contexto, objetivos do autor e gênero –e interpretamos esse documento não somente como produto de apropriações do passado, mas, também como produtor de novas representações dele, servindo como veículo de transmissão e ressignificação da memória.

F. Thomas Bruss

This article studies the stability of solutions of equilibrium equations arising in so-called resource dependent branching processes. We argue that these new models, building on the model already presented by Bruss (1984 a), refined and elaborated in Bruss and Duerinckx (2015) and now extended to allow immigration, are suitable to cope with specific properties of human populations. Our main interest is here to understand under which conditions immigration may lead to an equilibrium. At the same time, we would like to advertize resource dependent branching processes as possibly the best models to study such questions. The equilibrium equations for the new models we obtain are clear and informative for several important stability questions. The goal of the study of the specific examples we provide is to see where the impact of immigration is most visible, and in how far increased efforts of integration can cope with dangers of instability. Moreover we discuss the advantages and a weaker point of our model, and also include a brief look at continuous-state, continuous-time branching processes as an alternative.

Fianco, Fabiana

At length stripped of any free and independent voice by male writers, Haitian and African novelists shattered the taboos surrounding sex and a liberated sexual expression during the second half of the 20th century. By exploring sexuality and sensuality in their work, these writers courageously managed to break free from the outskirts of society and reshape the inferior identity unjustly attributed to them by the literary canons. As there is a gap in in-depth research on this subject, our study aims to explore the different ways in which female sexuality is constructed on paper. The novels by Calixthe Beyala, Frieda Ekotto, Ken Bugul, Margaret Papillon, Yanick Lahens and Kettly Mars will allow us to focus on three themes often recurring in the female universe: violence, madness and prostitution. Particularly, the research will take into consideration the enunciative and discursive modalities, as well as the stylistic techniques that enabled these authors to enhance a strong female subjectivity through their bodies.

Nicolas A Menzies

Detailed estimates of migration stocks and flows provides evidence for understanding population dynamics, and the impact of economic and political changes that influence migration. Using data from the 2000 decennial census and 2001-2016 American Community Survey (ACS), this study derives highly-disaggregated estimates of the foreign-born population residing in the United States for the period 2000-2018, and annual foreign-born entries to the ACS population as a measure of immigration volume. These estimates are derived from an evidence synthesis combining pooled survey data with auxiliary data on potential biases in raw survey estimates and other trends affecting the foreign-born population. For an individual population stratum (defined by current age, entry year, country of origin, and calendar year) direct estimates using survey data can have substantial sampling uncertainty. By imposing logical and probabilistic constraints, data are pooled across survey years to produce more precise estimates. Corrections are implemented for respondent misreporting of demographic information, and undercount of the foreign-born population in the ACS. This paper describes the statistical approach used to model population change, demonstrates the validity of the approach via in- and out-of-sample predictive performance, provides the population estimates, and highlights potential applications.

Soeli Regina Lima

O presente artigo procura estudar a concepção do indigena criada a partir de narrativas produzidas nos discursos governamentais. Delimitamos a região de Rio Negro- PR, no período de 1853 a 1890. Como fonte de pesquisa, nos pautamos nos relatórios do governo, no Catálogo Seletivo de Documentos referentes aos indígenas no Paraná Provincial (1853-1892), em pesquisas bibliográficas e na história oral. Constatou-se que a narrativa adotada pelos órgãos governamentais em relação aos indigenas nos primeiros contatos entre colonizadores e índios, do trabalho realizado nos aldeamentos, contribuiu para a formação do imaginário coletivo sobre o indígena na região de Rio Negro-PR. Palavras-chave: imaginário coletivo, índios, narrativas.

Sergey Foss, Masakiyo Miyazawa

We consider a fixed-point equation for a non-negative integer-valued random variable, that appears in branching processes with state-independent immigration. A similar equation appears in the analysis of a single-server queue with a homogeneous Poisson input, feedback and permanent customer(s). It is known that the solution to this equation uniquely exists under mild first and logarithmic moments conditions. We find further the tail asymptotics of the distribution of the solution when the immigration size and branch size distributions are heavy-tailed. We assume that the distributions of interest are dominantly varying and have a long tail. This class includes, in particular, (intermediate, extended) regularly varying distributions. We consider also a number of generalisations of the model.

María Ángeles Casado Díaz

Universidad de Murcia, 2001.

Mercedes Fernández García

Bart Smeets, Ricard Alert, Jiri Pesek et al.

Cells in tissues can organize into a broad spectrum of structures according to their function. Drastic changes of organization, such as epithelial-mesenchymal transitions or the formation of spheroidal aggregates, are often associated either to tissue morphogenesis or to cancer progression. Here, we study the organization of cell colonies by means of simulations of self-propelled particles with generic cell-like interactions. The interplay between cell softness, cell-cell adhesion, and contact inhibition of locomotion (CIL) yields structures and collective dynamics observed in several existing tissue phenotypes. These include regular distributions of cells, dynamic cell clusters, gel-like networks, collectively migrating monolayers, and 3D aggregates. We give analytical predictions for transitions between noncohesive, cohesive, and 3D cell arrangements. We explicitly show how CIL yields an effective repulsion that promotes cell dispersal, thereby hindering the formation of cohesive tissues. Yet, in continuous monolayers, CIL leads to collective cell motion, ensures tensile intercellular stresses, and opposes cell extrusion. Thus, our work highlights the prominent role of CIL in determining the emergent structures and dynamics of cell colonies.

Martin Pogačar

The author discusses digital practices of preserving and representing multicultural heritage, first against the backdrop of dominant, official and often (nationally) exclusivist practices of “doing heritage”. The former are understood as tools for preserving, developing and embedding cultural heritage in wider experiential spaces, while the latter often serve as the tool for homogenisation and sanitisation of na- tional cultural and social spaces. To do this, the author focuses on presences and absences of WWII, socialist Yugoslav and post-Yugoslav migrant heritages in contemporary Slovenian digital spaces, i.e. how digital media are used to present and preserve these variegated heritages. In order to interrogate the practices and strategies of defining and managing heritage in the digital media environment, the author discusses several vernacular interventions as re-presences of the Yugoslav past. With respect to the specificities of the techno-cultural environment in which the topic “lives”, the author introduces the concept of“co-historicity” to denote the ways affective media practices facilitate contemporaneous “be- ing” in different, individualised, mediated and mediatised re-presences of the past.