Hasil untuk "Civil law"

Morgan D. Sanger, Brett W. Maurer

Large language models (LLMs) have rapidly emerged in civil and environmental engineering (CEE) research, education, and practice as tools for project ideation, execution, and communication. However, it is unknown how prevalent LLM adoption is across CEE scholarship and whether it measurably alters research prose. Inspired by recent analyses of biomedical research, this study uses a vocabulary-based frequency-shift methodology to detect linguistic signals of LLM-assisted writing in a large corpus of CEE literature. A total of 149,452 abstracts published by the American Society of Civil Engineers from 2000 through 2025 are analyzed to quantify deviations from long-term vocabulary trends. Prior to the introduction of LLMs in 2022, CEE publications exhibit long-term trends toward longer abstracts and sentences, greater use of segmenting punctuation, higher required reading levels, and a shift toward active, first-person verb constructions. Beginning around 2023, however, the frequencies of many stylistic marker words (e.g., enhance) sharply depart from historical trajectories, accompanied by deviations in multiple semantic properties. Abstracts classified as likely LLM-assisted exhibit increased lexical diversity, comma use, and complexity, with reduced passive voice and hedging language, producing prose that is more segmented, complex, and confident. The AI contribution of this study lies in the use of natural language processing to identify population-level linguistic signals of LLM-assisted text, applied to quantify the prevalence of LLM use and its influence on the vocabulary, structure, and tone of engineering scholarly writing. Together, these findings provide the first large-scale, data-driven assessment of how LLMs are beginning to reshape scholarly communication in CEE.

Roberta Mauro Medina Maia

O presente estudo busca analisar os non fungible tokens em uma perspectiva jurídica, analisando, prioritariamente, suas possíveis interações com o direito de propriedade. Para tanto, a blockchain, na qual os NFTs são emitidos, será exposta como resposta tecnológica à escassez em ambiente virtual, o que tornava questionável a necessidade de tutela proprietária em tal contexto. Na sequência, será proposta, aos NFTs, a natureza de título atributivo multipropósito, expondo-se, também suas possíveis aplicações no mercado imobiliário.

Wenlu Fan, Wentao Xu

As large language models (LLMs) become increasingly integrated into online platforms and digital communication spaces, their potential to influence public discourse - particularly in contentious areas like climate change - requires systematic investigation. This study examines how LLMs naturally moderate climate change conversations through their distinct communicative behaviors. We conduct a comparative analysis of conversations between LLMs and human users on social media platforms, using five advanced models: three open-source LLMs (Gemma, Llama 3, and Llama 3.3) and two commercial systems (GPT-4o by OpenAI and Claude 3.5 by Anthropic). Through sentiment analysis, we assess the emotional characteristics of responses from both LLMs and humans. The results reveal two key mechanisms through which LLMs moderate discourse: first, LLMs consistently display emotional neutrality, showing far less polarized sentiment than human users. Second, LLMs maintain lower emotional intensity across contexts, creating a stabilizing effect in conversations. These findings suggest that LLMs possess inherent moderating capacities that could improve the quality of public discourse on controversial topics. This research enhances our understanding of how AI might support more civil and constructive climate change discussions and informs the design of AI-assisted communication tools.

Jonathan H. Jiang, Prithwis Das

Humanity is at a critical juncture, marked by rapid technological advances and the pursuit of higher civilization stages on the Kardashev scale. This study explores humanity's potential progression toward Type I and Type II civilizations, defined by planetary and stellar-scale energy utilization. Building on Kardashev's framework, we propose refinements that integrate energy consumption, information processing, construction mass, and population dynamics. Using machine learning, we analyze global energy data to project humanity's energy future, emphasizing exponential growth in renewable and nuclear sources, and incorporate stellar classifications and insolation flux data from the Planetary Habitability Laboratory to establish benchmarks for habitable exoplanets orbiting G, K, and M stars. Our simulations suggest humanity could plausibly reach Type I status by 2271 CE through planetary-scale energy harnessing, advanced computation, and sustainable population management. Under optimistic assumptions of technological progress and resource use, Type II status may emerge between 3200-3500 CE, contingent on breakthroughs in stellar-scale infrastructures such as Dyson swarms or Matrioshka Brains and sustained interplanetary integration. To better track these trajectories, we introduce the Civilization Development Index (CDI), a modified Kardashev metric balancing contributions from energy, information, construction, and population, and demonstrate its robustness under varying assumptions. This study presents an interdisciplinary framework for understanding humanity's long-term trajectory as a multiplanetary civilization, while highlighting both promise and uncertainty. Recognizable existential risks, the so-called "Great Filters", may delay or prevent this pathway, underscoring the urgency of global sustainability and resilience today.

Luiza Schiavon Girolimetto, Cleber Sanfelici Otero

A proteção de dados pessoais e sensíveis da pessoa idosa, bem como a segurança digital são importantes para a efetividade dos direitos da personalidade. Por meio da pesquisa, serão evidenciados os resultados acerca da aplicabilidade de um ambiente digital seguro e como essa atividade auxilia na preservação de direitos intrínsecos desse grupo vulnerável, como o direito à vida privada, à intimidade e à imagem. O método dedutivo é utilizado, com pesquisa qualitativa e bibliográfica, com a análise da doutrina e legislação atual. Há o objetivo de construir uma visão jurídica diferenciada sobre a temática apresentada, tipificando e caracterizando quais são os maiores desafios enfrentados pela pessoa idosa em sua atividade na internet e como os seus dados são gerenciados e tratados, principalmente diante dos sites e aplicativos governamentais. É evidenciado, de igual forma, como a ingerência de tais dados interfere na efetividade e na proteção dos direitos da personalidade da pessoa idosa. Há pretensão de que o presente estudo possa ser instrumento para difundir cientificamente este tema, de maneira a acrescentar e fortalecer o conhecimento jurídico sobre seus impactos, além de identificar e promover possíveis soluções para a sua aplicabilidade ao efetivo cumprimento do princípio da dignidade da pessoa humana.

Paul Finkelman

This article reconsiders the life and record of Supreme Court Justice Felix Frankfurter. Frankfurter was smart, hardworking, and talented, serving as a great activist lawyer and important law professor in his early career. When nominated to the court, there were high hopes he would follow Holmes and Brandeis in leading a progressive Court that would protect civil liberties and minority rights. However, it was not to be. On the Court Frankfurter became increasingly conservative and ultimately reactionary. In his opinions, he upheld persecution and discrimination of religious and racial minorities, occasionally hindered racial justice and civil liberties efforts, and opposed due process in criminal trials and fairness in elections. Arrogant and dismissive, he constantly fought with his brethren, alienating almost all of them. In the end Frankfurter was far too often on the wrong side of history, liberty and the law, and even legal ethics. The tragedy of Frankfurter is that he abandoned the constitutional rights and protections that he supported from his graduation from law school until he donned his robes. He could have been a great justice. Sadly, he was not.

Zhaoqian Xue, Beichen Wang, Suiyuan Zhu et al.

This study introduces "CosmoAgent," an innovative artificial intelligence system that utilizes Large Language Models (LLMs) to simulate complex interactions between human and extraterrestrial civilizations. This paper introduces a mathematical model for quantifying the levels of civilization development and further employs a state transition matrix approach to evaluate their trajectories. Through this methodology, our study quantitatively analyzes the growth trajectories of civilizations, providing insights into future decision-making at critical points of growth and saturation. Furthermore, this paper acknowledges the vast diversity of potential living conditions across the universe, which could foster unique cosmologies, ethical codes, and worldviews among different civilizations. Recognizing the Earth-centric bias inherent in current LLM designs, we propose the novel concept of using LLM agents with diverse ethical paradigms and simulating interactions between entities with distinct moral principles. This innovative research not only introduces a novel method for comprehending potential inter-civilizational dynamics but also holds practical value in enabling entities with divergent value systems to strategize, prevent conflicts, and engage in games under conditions of asymmetric information. The accompanying code is available at https://github.com/MingyuJ666/Simulating-Alien-Civilizations-with-LLM-based-Agents.

Yiyang Liao, Ziye Jia, Chao Dong et al.

Due to the advantages of high mobility and easy deployment, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are widely applied in both military and civilian fields. In order to strengthen the flight surveillance of UAVs and guarantee the airspace safety, UAVs can be equipped with the automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast (ADS-B) system, which periodically sends flight information to other aircrafts and ground stations (GSs). However, due to the limited resource of channel capacity, UAVs equipped with ADS-B results in the interference between UAVs and civil aircrafts (CAs), which further impacts the accuracy of received information at GSs. In detail, the channel capacity is mainly affected by the density of aircrafts and the transmitting power of ADS-B. Hence, based on the three-dimensional poisson point process, this work leverages the stochastic geometry theory to build a model of the coexistence of UAVs and CAs and analyze the interference performance of ADS-B monitoring system. From simulation results, we reveal the effects of transmitting power, density, threshold and pathloss on the performance of the ADS-B monitoring system. Besides, we provide the suggested transmitting power and density for the safe coexistence of UAVs and CAs.

Pierre Goutagny, Aymeric Fromherz, Raphaël Monat

Many legal computations, including the amount of tax owed by a citizen, whether they are eligible to social benefits, or the wages due to civil state servants, are specified by computational laws. Their application, however, is performed by expert computer programs intended to faithfully transcribe the law into computer code. Bugs in these programs can lead to dramatic societal impact, e.g., paying employees incorrect amounts, or not awarding benefits to families in need. To address this issue, we consider concolic unit testing, a combination of concrete execution with SMT-based symbolic execution, and propose CUTECat, a concolic execution tool targeting implementations of computational laws. Such laws typically follow a pattern where a base case is later refined by many exceptions in following law articles, a pattern that can be formally modeled using default logic. We show how to handle default logic inside a concolic execution tool, and implement our approach in the context of Catala, a recent domain-specific language tailored to implement computational laws. We evaluate CUTECat on several programs, including the Catala implementation of the French housing benefits and Section 132 of the US tax code. We show that CUTECat can successfully generate hundreds of thousands of testcases covering all branches of these bodies of law. Through several heuristics, we improve CUTECat's scalability and usability, making the testcases understandable by lawyers and programmers alike. We believe CUTECat thus paves the way for the use of formal methods during legislative processes.

Kushagra Srivastava, Damodar Datta Kancharla, Rizvi Tahereen et al.

Crack segmentation plays a crucial role in ensuring the structural integrity and seismic safety of civil structures. However, existing crack segmentation algorithms encounter challenges in maintaining accuracy with domain shifts across datasets. To address this issue, we propose a novel deep network that employs incremental training with unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA) using adversarial learning, without a significant drop in accuracy in the source domain. Our approach leverages an encoder-decoder architecture, consisting of both domain-invariant and domain-specific parameters. The encoder learns shared crack features across all domains, ensuring robustness to domain variations. Simultaneously, the decoder's domain-specific parameters capture domain-specific features unique to each domain. By combining these components, our model achieves improved crack segmentation performance. Furthermore, we introduce BuildCrack, a new crack dataset comparable to sub-datasets of the well-established CrackSeg9K dataset in terms of image count and crack percentage. We evaluate our proposed approach against state-of-the-art UDA methods using different sub-datasets of CrackSeg9K and our custom dataset. Our experimental results demonstrate a significant improvement in crack segmentation accuracy and generalization across target domains compared to other UDA methods - specifically, an improvement of 0.65 and 2.7 mIoU on source and target domains respectively.

Angela Salazar López

El presente trabajo desarrolla la figura jurídica de la duplicidad de partidas registrales en el Registro de Predios o también conocida como superposición de predios. La duplicidad de partidas genera un problema cuya solución podría necesitar en última instancia iniciar un proceso judicial que solucione la problemática de la duplicidad de partidas. Es altamente probable que la duplicidad de partidas limite el tráfico jurídico de los predios y, en la mayoría de los casos, limita los acuerdos de transferencia de las propiedades, castigando el precio de venta, pactando obligaciones bajo responsabilidad del vendedor o cláusulas resolutorias. Incluso la duplicidad de partidas puede ser determinante para decidir no  eguir adelante con el acuerdo de transferencia. Por ello, en el presente artículo, se desarrollará cuáles son los mecanismos de solución (privados, administrativos o judiciales) que tiene el propietario para eliminar la duplicidad de partidas registrales.

Kamil Zeidler

Some critical words on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the 1972 UNESCO Convention 2022 marked the 50th anniversary of the adoption of the 1972 UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage. On the occasion of this anniversary, the article uncharacteristically contains criticism of both UNESCO itself and doubts about the 1972 Convention. However, all these remarks flow from concern for the fate and future of this international organisation, whose activities and achievements in the protection of the world cultural heritage ultimately deserve recognition. The problems do not merely arise within UNESCO, but rather with other members of the international community, particularly some states and their actions toward the organisation. Problems also arise from the implementation of and compliance with international law. The allegations against UNESCO are organised and discussed here according to three criteria: formalism, time and costs. On the other hand, the 1972 UNESCO Convention itself is presented from two perspectives – first, in the normative layer as an international legal act, which serves as a sui generis constitution of the world’s protection of cultural and natural heritage; and second, in the empirical layer. In the latter context, attention was paid to the role of the UNESCO World Heritage List. Regardless of the criticisms, as well as the weaknesses and problems highlighted, it is clear from the article that it emphasises the value of both the 1972 UNESCO Convention, one of whose main advantages is that it has resisted the passage of time, and the great role of UNESCO itself, as an important international organisation with considerable achievements and merits. Keywords: cultural heritage, cultural heritage law, UNESCO, 1972 UNESCO Convention, UNESCO List Streszczenie: W 2022 r. przypadało 50-lecie przyjęcia Konwencji UNESCO w sprawie ochrony światowego dziedzictwa kulturalnego i naturalnego z 1972 r. Artykuł – nietypowo jak na jubileuszowy – zawiera słowa krytyki zarówno wobec samego UNESCO, jak i wątpliwości co do Konwencji z 1972 r. Jednak wszelkie te uwagi wypływają z troski o losy i przyszłość tej międzynarodowej organizacji, której działalność i osiągnięcia w zakresie ochrony światowego dziedzictwa kultury finalnie zasługują na uznanie. W ocenie autora problemy nie leżą tylko po stronie UNESCO, lecz często bardziej po stronie innych członków społeczności międzynarodowej, w szczególności niektórych państw i ich działań w stosunku do organizacji. Problemy rodzi także implementowanie oraz przestrzeganie prawa międzynarodowego. Zarzuty wobec UNESCO zostały tu uporządkowane według trzech kryteriów: formalizmu, czasu i kosztów. Natomiast sama Konwencja UNESCO z 1972 r. została przedstawiona z dwóch perspektyw – po pierwsze, w warstwie normatywnej jako międzynarodowy akt prawny, który pełni funkcję sui generis konstytucji światowej ochrony dziedzictwa kultury i natury, po drugie, w warstwie empirycznej. W tym ostatnim kontekście zwrócono uwagę na rolę Listy Światowego Dziedzictwa UNESCO. Niezależnie od uwag krytycznych, a także zaakcentowanych słabych stron i problemów, z artykułu jednoznacznie wynikają znaczenie i wartość zarówno samej Konwencji UNESCO z 1972 r., której jedną z podstawowych zalet jest to, że oparła się upływowi czasu, jak i ogromna rola samego UNESCO jako ważnej i mającej niemałe osiągnięcia i zasługi organizacji międzynarodowej.

N. V. Razuvaev

The article provides a detailed analysis of the monograph V. F. Popondopulo “Human activity: legal forms of implementation and a public organization”. The review author notes the relevance of the monograph, its integrated and comprehensive nature, allowing to deeply explore the phenomenon of human activity as the basis of law enforcement. According to the author, the concept developed by V. F. Popondopulo has a high scientific and practical value, since it lays the foundation of the theory of law that promotes the crisis of the theoretical and methodological foundations of sectoral legal sciences, primarily the science of civil law. Even though in the monograph V. F. Popondopulo present certain discussion provisions, they, according to the author, not only do not reduce the values of the study, but also stimulate an in-depth study of the problems considered in the study.

Irina K. Romanovskaya

I propose the Cosmic Hitchhikers hypothesis as follows. Advanced extraterrestrial civilizations may use free-floating planets as interstellar transportation for space exploration and interstellar colonization. Large groups or populations of their biological species, post-biological species, and technologies may become Cosmic Hitchhikers when they ride free-floating planets to reach, explore and colonize planetary systems. To get an interstellar ride, Cosmic Hitchhikers may travel to free-floating planets passing close by their home worlds. Otherwise, they may use astronomical engineering to steer free-floating planets toward their home planetary systems. Cosmic Hitchhikers may also ride objects native to the outer regions of their planetary systems, which become free-floating planets when ejected by astronomical engineering or by their stars during the asymptotic giant branch evolution. During interstellar travel, Cosmic Hitchhikers may apply astronomical engineering to steer their free-floating planets toward the planetary systems of their choice. Whereas riding free-floating planets may not save travel time, it avoids the technical challenges of interstellar spacecraft transporting large populations. Each civilization of Cosmic Hitchhikers may colonize several planetary systems. Its colonies may grow into autonomous civilizations, changing the number of civilizations in the Galaxy. Over the last 4 billion years, Cosmic Hitchhikers or their artifacts riding free-floating planets might have passed by the Solar System. Therefore, their artifacts might exist in the Solar System or in our stellar neighborhood. SETI and SETA should include the search for Cosmic Hitchhikers and their artifacts. Keywords: SETI, SETA, free-floating planet, extraterrestrial civilization, interstellar travel, interstellar colonization, artifact, Cosmic Hitchhikers

Rodrigo H. Álvarez-Gutiérrez, Amelia M. Stutz, Chi Y. Law et al.

We analyze the gas mass distribution, the gas kinematics, and the young stellar object (YSO) content of the California Molecular Cloud (CMC) L1482 filament. We derive a Gaia DR2 YSO distance of 511$^{+17}_{-16}$ pc. We derive scale-free power-laws for the mean gas line-mass (M/L) profiles; we calculate the gravitational potential and field profiles consistent with these. We present IRAM 30 m C$^{18}$O (1-0) (and other tracers) position-velocity (PV) diagrams that exhibit complex velocity twisting and turning structures. We find a rotational profile in C$^{18}$O perpendicular to the southern filament ridgeline. The profile is regular, confined ($r\lesssim0.4$ pc), anti-symmetric, and to first order linear with a break at $r\sim0.25$ pc. The timescales of the inner (outer) gradients are $\sim$0.7 (6.0) Myr. We show that the centripetal force, compared to gravity, increases toward the break; when the ratio of forces approaches unity, the profile turns over, just before filament breakup is achieved. The timescales and relative roles of gravity to rotation indicate that the structure is stable, long lived ($\sim$ a few times 6 Myr), and undergoing outside-in evolution. Moreover, this filament has practically no star formation, a perpendicular Planck plane-of-the-sky (POS) magnetic field morphology, and POS "zig-zag" morphology, which together with the rotation profile lead to the suggestion that the 3D shape is a corkscrew filament with a helical magnetic field. These results, combined with results in Orion and G035.39-00.33, suggest evolution toward higher densities as rotating filaments shed angular momentum. Thus, magnetic fields may be an essential feature of high-mass (M $\sim10^5$ M$_{\odot}$) cloud filament evolution toward cluster formation.

Romain Dupuis, Jean-Christophe Jouhaud, Pierre Sagaut

Predicting and simulating aerodynamic fields for civil aircraft over wide flight envelopes represent a real challenge mainly due to significant numerical costs and complex flows. Surrogate models and reduced-order models help to estimate aerodynamic fields from a few well-selected simulations. However, their accuracy dramatically decreases when different physical regimes are involved. Therefore, a method of local non-intrusive reduced-order models using machine learning, called Local Decomposition Method, has been developed to mitigate this issue. This paper introduces several enhancements to this method and presents a complex application to an industrial-like three-dimensional aircraft configuration over a full flight envelope. The enhancements of the method cover several aspects: choosing the best number of models, estimating apriori errors, improving the adaptive sampling for parallel issues, and better handling the borders between local models. The application is supported by an analysis of the model behavior, with a focus on the machine learning methods and the local properties. The model achieves strong levels of accuracy, in particular with two sub-models: one for the subsonic regime and one for the transonic regime. These results highlight that local models and machine learning represent very promising solutions to deal with surrogate models for aerodynamics.

Feng Jiang, Huixuan Zhou, Jeffrey J. Rakofsky et al.

Objective: Involuntary admission is one of the most controversial issues in psychiatry in China. This study aimed to examine the implementation of the new risk criteria for involuntary admission, as defined by the new Mental Health Law (MHL), in major psychiatric hospitals; and to explore factors associated with the implementation.Method: We selected 32 psychiatric hospitals in 29 provincial capital cities in mainland China. We included all involuntarily admitted psychiatric inpatients who were discharged from December 25 to 27, 2017. Patients' demographic and clinical data and reasons for admission were retrieved. Hospitals' information was also collected. Multilevel logistic regression was applied to explore factors associated with the implementation.Results: We collected valid data from 814 inpatients. Rates of risk criteria implementation ranged from 7.9 to 88.5% in these hospitals. Only 369 inpatients (45.3%) met the MHL-defined risk criteria. Overall, between 62.2 and 78.5% of the variance in risk criteria implementation was at the patient level, and between 21.5 and 37.8% of the variance was at the hospital level. Patients with higher Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scores at admission were less likely to meet the risk criteria (OR 1.02, 95% CI 1.01–1.03). No statistically significant association was found between risk criteria implementation and other patient level or hospital level factors.Conclusion: Our findings show the implementation rate of the MHL's risk criteria overall was low, with only 45.3% of involuntary admissions meeting the MHL-defined criteria. This suggests that some patients' civil rights might have been violated.

Ram Shankar Siva Kumar, David R. O'Brien, Kendra Albert et al.

When machine learning systems fail because of adversarial manipulation, how should society expect the law to respond? Through scenarios grounded in adversarial ML literature, we explore how some aspects of computer crime, copyright, and tort law interface with perturbation, poisoning, model stealing and model inversion attacks to show how some attacks are more likely to result in liability than others. We end with a call for action to ML researchers to invest in transparent benchmarks of attacks and defenses; architect ML systems with forensics in mind and finally, think more about adversarial machine learning in the context of civil liberties. The paper is targeted towards ML researchers who have no legal background.

Hector Socas-Navarro

This paper puts forward a possible new indicator for the presence of moderately advanced civilizations on transiting exoplanets. The idea is to examine the region of space around a planet where potential geostationary or geosynchronous satellites would orbit (herafter, the Clarke exobelt). Civilizations with a high density of devices and/or space junk in that region, but otherwise similar to ours in terms of space technology (our working definition of "moderately advanced"), may leave a noticeable imprint on the light curve of the parent star. The main contribution to such signature comes from the exobelt edge, where its opacity is maximum due to geometrical projection. Numerical simulations have been conducted for a variety of possible scenarios. In some cases, a Clarke exobelt with a fractional face-on opacity of ~1E-4 would be easily observable with existing instrumentation. Simulations of Clarke exobelts and natural rings are used to quantify how they can be distinguished by their light curve.

elham soleiman dehkordi, Seyed Mansour Mirsaedi

Financial Information has an important role in economic growth and development of trade competition system. It is considered in different sciences such as economics, accounting and so on.  Nevertheless , one of the important challenges in this regard is the recognition of financial Information, because by exploring this concept and its significance, the legislator can foresee civil and criminal arrangements for protecting this information. In relation to the meaning of this information, there are four possibilities. According to the first possibility, financial information is solely one of the instances of trade secret and is concerned with intellectual property law. According to the second possibility, financial information is the information in which any misuse leads to commercial and property loss. According to the third possibility, information that affects three constituent of expense, revenue and investor’s rights, is financial. According to the fourth possibility, information that has financial value is considered to be financial information. Among these possibilities, the fourth possibility is compatible with legal logic, because financial Information conforms with all of the criteria for being property.