Hasil untuk "Cattle"

F. Roberts, P. J. O'sullivan

Luana D. Felizari, Luke K. Fuerniss, Jonathan L. Beckett et al.

This study evaluates the effects of a proprietary tannin blend (BX), supplemented with or without sodium monensin (MON), on beef cattle performance, carcass traits, and health. Steers (<i>n</i> = 2986; initial shrunk body weight (SBW) 254 ± 9.2 kg) were allocated into 48 pens (61–62 steers/pen; 12 pens/treatment) fed for 230 d. Treatments included: (1) no feed additives (CTL); (2) BX (7.95 g/animal daily); (3) MON + Tylosin phosphate (TYL; 437.52 mg MON/animal daily + 80 mg TYL/animal daily); or (4) MON + BX (437.52 mg MON/animal daily + 7.95 g BX/animal daily). Data were analyzed in R 4.2.1 using a randomized block design with pen as the experimental unit. Dry matter intake was lower (<i>p</i> < 0.001) in MON + TYL and MON + BX than in CTL. Steers fed MON + BX had greater carcass-adjusted final SBW (<i>p</i> = 0.002), average daily gain (<i>p</i> = 0.002), fat thickness (<i>p</i> = 0.035), and marbling score (<i>p</i> = 0.046) than BX. Feed conversion improved in MON + TYL and MON + BX (<i>p</i> < 0.001). CLT and BX had higher (<i>p</i> < 0.001) liver abscess prevalence compared to MON + BX and MON + TYL. The addition of BX did not improve the parameters measured. Steers fed MON + BX showed reduced liver abscesses and similar feed efficiency compared to MON + TYL.

Adela Mora-Gutierrez, Maryuri T. Núñez de González, Selamawit Woldesenbet et al.

Mastitis-causing bacteria can establish persistent infections in the mammary glands of commercially important dairy animals despite the presence of strong specific humoral and cellular immune mechanisms. We investigated the effect of vitamin D₃ in the diet at a set level, but in two different forms (i.e., unencapsulated and encapsulated by complex coacervation with sulfur-saturated bovine lactoferrin-alginate using microbial transglutaminase-catalyzed crosslinking) on the immune response in late-lactating dairy goats. Dairy goats (n = 18) were randomly assigned to three experimental groups (n = 6). Dairy goats were orally administered 0.35 mg of vitamin D₃/day in the unencapsulated form and 0.35 mg of vitamin D₃/day in the encapsulated powder form. Another group received the basal diet. The experimental period lasted 6 weeks. The blood serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D₃ [25-(OH)-D₃], lactoferrin, immunoglobulin A (IgA), and interferon-gamma (INF-γ) were measured. There were major differences in these parameters between dietary groups. However, the delivery of vitamin D₃ in the encapsulated powder form to dairy goats resulted in a marked increase in 25-(OH)-D₃ concentration in serum, while the serum level of lactoferrin also increased. Alternatively, the serum levels of IgA and the immunomodulatory cytokine INF-γ were elevated following supplementation with the encapsulated vitamin D₃. The observed effects suggest that the deliverable form of dietary vitamin D₃ results in differences in the immune response in late-lactating dairy goats.

G.F.M. Leão, S.K. Santos, E.J. Askel et al.

ABSTRACT: Researchers have reported the benefits of feeding rumen-protected methionine (RPM) during the peripartum on the health parameters of dairy cows. Rumen-protected Met has reportedly improved milk yield, milk components, and liver health, but the literature is scarce on its effects in commercial herds. Therefore, we aimed to determine the effects of feeding RPM (Smartamine M, Adisseo Inc., Antony, France) prepartum (8 g/cow per day) and postpartum (15 g/cow per day) on performance, metabolic profile, and culling rate of Holstein cows in a commercial herd. One hundred sixty-six (n = 166) Holstein cows, 58 nulliparous and 108 parous, were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 dietary treatments, consisting of TMR top-dressed with RPM (RPMet; 2.35% and 2.24% Met of MP for close-up and fresh cows, respectively) or without (control [CON] 2.03% and 1.89% Met of MP for close-up and fresh cows, respectively), fed from 21 ± 6 d prepartum until 16 ± 5 d postpartum. From 17 DIM until dry-off, all cows received RPMet. Daily milk yield was recorded, and milk samples were collected in the first and second weeks after calving to determine their composition. Blood samples were collected before the morning feeding on −14, −7, +1, +7, and +14 d relative to calving. Mortality and morbidity were recorded during the first 60 DIM. Cows supplemented with RPMet had greater milk yield during the first 16 DIM (31.76 vs. 30.37 kg/d; SEM = 1.04, respectively), and had greater milk fat content (4.45 vs. 4.10%; SEM = 0.11, respectively), but not milk total protein (3.47 vs. 3.39%; SEM = 0.04, respectively) and casein contents (2.74 vs. 2.66%; SEM = 0.04, respectively) than CON cows. Cows in RPMet had increased plasma Met concentrations than cows in CON (24.9 vs. 21.0 µmol/L; SEM = 1.2, respectively). Although morbidity was similar between treatments, the culling rate from calving until 60 DIM was lower for RPMet cows than for CON cows (2.4% vs. 12.1%; SEM = 0.02). In conclusion, cows receiving RPMet have greater milk yield, improved milk fat content, and a lower culling rate at 60 DIM than CON cows.

Kifayatullah Kakar, Tran Dang Xuan, Tran Dang Khanh

This study determined the influence of cattle manure compost, chemical fertilizers, and mulch on the growth of weeds, sugar content, and growth of sweet sorghum (<i>Sorghum bicolor</i> (L.) Moench). The inhibitory potential of root exudates from two sweet sorghum cultivars (A; K1151 and B; K3351) was also evaluated. Chemical fertilizers increased the plant height, stem weight, biomass production, and sugar content of sweet sorghum. The total phenolic contents in the root exudates were 22.93 mg gallic acid equivalent per g dry weight (GAE/g DW) for cultivar A and 15.66 mg GAE/g DW for cultivar B. The total flavonoid contents in the root exudates were 14.77 mg rutin equivalent per g dry weight (RE/g DW) for cultivar A and 12.44 mg RE/g DW for cultivar B. The leaf extracts contained a higher amount of total phenolics and flavonoids than that of the stem and root. The inhibitory level of the root exudates from cultivar A on the seed germination and shoot growth of lettuce was greater than for cultivar B. Six phenolic acids, including protocatechuic, <i>p</i>-hydroxybenzoic, syringic, sinapic, <i>p</i>-coumaric, and benzoic acids, were detected from root exudates, root, stem, and leaf of both cultivars. The amount of <i>p</i>-coumaric acid in root exudates was greater than the other plant parts; however, protocatechuic acid was only found in the root exudates. <i>p</i>-Coumaric and protocatechuic acids may play an important role in the allelopathy of sweet sorghum to help reduce the dependence on synthetic herbicides in agricultural practice. This study indicates that cultivation methods and fertilization are important to increase both agronomic and economic values of sweet sorghum in agricultural production.

EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP), Vasileios Bampidis, Giovanna Azimonti et al.

Abstract Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety of 27 compounds to provide a milky‐vanilla flavour belonging to different chemical groups, when used as sensory additives in feed for all animal species. Fifteen of the 27 compounds were tested in tolerance studies in chickens for fattening, piglets and cattle for fattening. No adverse effects were observed in the tolerance studies at 10‐fold the intended level. The Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) concluded that the 15 tested compounds were safe for these species at the proposed use level and conclusions were extrapolated to all animal species. For the remaining 12 compounds, read‐across from structurally similar compounds tested in tolerance trials and belonging to the same chemical group was applied. The FEEDAP Panel concluded that these 12 compounds were safe for all animal species at the proposed use level. No safety concern would arise for the consumer from the use of the 27 compounds up to the highest levels considered safe for target animals. No new data were submitted on the safety for the user that would allow the FEEDAP Panel to change its previous conclusion for 5‐methylhept‐2‐en‐4‐one [07.139], 5‐methylfurfural [13.001] and 4‐phenylbut‐3‐en‐2‐one [07.024]. The concentrations considered safe for the target species are unlikely to have detrimental effects on the environment for all the compounds.

J. P. Dubey, Aditya Gupta, Larissa S. de Araujo et al.

Currently, 7 named Sarcocystis species infect cattle: Sarcocystis hirsuta, S. cruzi, S. hominis, S. bovifelis, S. heydorni, S. bovini and S. rommeli; other, unnamed species also infect cattle. Of these parasites of cattle, a complete life cycle description is known only for S. cruzi, the most pathogenic species in cattle. The life cycle of S. cruzi was completed experimentally in 1982, before related parasite species were structurally characterized, and before the advent of molecular diagnostics; to our knowledge, no archived frozen tissues from the cattle employed in the original descriptions remain for DNA characterization. Here, we isolated DNA from a paraffin-embedded kidney of a calf experimentally infected with S. cruzi in 1980; we then sequenced portions of 18S rRNA, 28S rRNA, COX1 and Acetyl CoA genes and verified that each shares 99–100% similarity to other available isolates attributed to S. cruzi from naturally infected cattle. We also reevaluated histological sections of tissues of calves experimentally infected with S. cruzi in the original description, exploiting improvements in photographic technology to render clearer morphological detail. Finally, we reviewed all available studies of the life cycle of S. cruzi, noting that S. cruzi was transmitted between bison (Bison bison) and cattle (Bos taurus) and that the strain of parasite derived from bison appeared more pathogenic than the cattle strain. Based on these newfound molecular, morphological and physiological data, we thereby redescribed S. cruzi and deposited reference material in the Smithsonian Museum for posterity.

Recep AYDIN, Mete YANAR, Abdulkerim DİLER et al.

Guwei Lu, Yanjiao Li, Kang Mao et al.

Pre-slaughter long-distance transport resulted in a rapid depletion of muscle glycogen and led to a higher rate of dark, firm and dry (DFD) meat. Therefore, enhancing muscle glycogen reserves is critical for beef cattle prior to transportation. Creatine pyruvate (CrPyr) can provide simultaneous pyruvate and creatine and both are proven to promote the glycogen reserves. This study aimed to investigate the effects of transport treatment and dietary supplementation of rumen-protected (RP)-CrPyr on the meat quality, muscle energy metabolism, and hepatic gluconeogenesis of beef cattle. Twenty 18 month-old male Simmental crossbred cattle (659 ± 16 kg) were allotted 4 treatments based on a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with two RP-CrPyr levels (140 g/d or 0 g/d) and two transport treatments (12 h or 5 min): ST_CrPyr0, ST_CrPyr140, LT_CrPyr0 and LT_CrPyr140. Three cattle per group were slaughtered after 30 days of feeding. The interaction of transport and RP-CrPyr had a significant effect on the muscle pH45 min, redness, glycogen content, GP, and AMP level (P &lt; 0.05). Compared with short-distance transport, long-distance transport increased the muscle pH45 min value, redness, yellowness, drip loss, creatine level (P &lt; 0.05), decreased muscle glycogen content, glycolytic potential (GP), and liver glucose amount (P &lt; 0.05). Supplementation of RP-CrPyr decreased the activities of creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase in serum, muscle pH24 h value, redness, yellowness, lactate content, AMP level, and AMP/ATP (P &lt; 0.05), increased the muscle glycogen content, GP, hexokinase activity, ATP and ADP levels, and ATP/ADP, liver pyruvate and glucose contents, activity of pyruvate carboxylase in the liver of cattle than those in the nonsupplemented treatments (P &lt; 0.05). These results indicated that dietary RP-CrPyr supplementation might be favorable to improve meat quality and regulatory capacity of energy metabolism of beef cattle suffering long-distance transport followed with recovery treatment by increasing muscle glycogen storage, energy supply, and hepatic gluconeogenesis.

F. Zhang, K.A. Weigel, V.E. Cabrera

ABSTRACT: This study develops and illustrates a hybrid k-medoids, random forest, and support vector regression (K-R-S) approach for predicting the lactation curves of individual primiparous cows within a targeted environment using monthly milk production data from their dams and paternal siblings. The model simulation and evaluation were based on historical test-day (TD) milk production data from 2010 to 2016 for 260 Wisconsin dairy farms. Data from older paternal siblings and dams were used to create family units (n = 6,400) of individual calves, from which their future performance was predicted. Test-day milk yield (MY) records from 2010 to 2014 were used for model training, whereas monthly milk production records of Holstein calves born in 2014 were used for model evaluation. The K-R-S hybrid approach was used to generate MY predictions for 5 randomly selected batches of 320 primiparous cows, which were used to evaluate model performance at the individual cow level by cross-validation. Across all 5 batches, the mean absolute error and the root mean square error of the K-R-S predictions were lower (by 24.2 and 23.4%, respectively) than that of the mean daily MY of paternal siblings. The K-R-S predictions of TD MY were closer to actual values 74.2 ± 2.0% of the time, as compared with means of paternal siblings'. The correlation between actual TD MY and K-R-S predictions was greater (0.34 ± 0.01) than the correlation between the actual yield and the mean of paternal siblings (0.08 ± 0.01). The results of this study demonstrate the effectiveness of the K-R-S hybrid approach for predicting future first-lactation MY of dairy calves in management applications, such as milk production forecasting or decision-support simulation, using only monthly TD yields of within-herd relatives and in the absence of detailed genomic data.

F. Owens, D R Gill, D. S. Secrist et al.

Yasuhiro MORITA, Riho OZAKI, Akihisa MUKAIYAMA et al.

The reproductive performance of cattle can be suppressed by heat stress. Reproductive organ temperature, especially ovarian temperature, may affect follicle development and ovulation. The establishment of a technique for long-term measurement of ovarian temperature could prove useful in understanding the mechanisms underlying the temperature-dependent changes in follicular development and subsequent ovulation in cows. Here we report a novel method facilitating long-term and continuous recording of ovarian parenchymal temperature in cows. The method revealed that the ovarian temperature in the luteal phase was constantly maintained lower than the vaginal temperature, and that the diurnal temperature variation in the ovary was significantly greater than that in the vagina, suggesting that the ovaries may require a lower temperature than other organs to maintain their functions. This novel method could be used for the further understanding of ovarian functions during estrous cycles in cows.

Andressa O. de Lima, James E. Koltes, Wellison J. S. Diniz et al.

Feed efficiency helps to reduce environmental impacts from livestock production, improving beef cattle profitability. We identified potential biomarkers (hub genes) for feed efficiency, by applying co-expression analysis in Longissimus thoracis RNA-Seq data from 180 Nelore steers. Six co-expression modules were associated with six feed efficiency-related traits (p-value ≤ 0.05). Within these modules, 391 hub genes were enriched for pathways as protein synthesis, muscle growth, and immune response. Trait-associated transcription factors (TFs) ELF1, ELK3, ETS1, FLI1, and TCF4, were identified with binding sites in at least one hub gene. Gene expression of CCDC80, FBLN5, SERPINF1, and OGN was associated with multiple feed efficiency-related traits (FDR ≤ 0.05) and were previously related to glucose homeostasis, oxidative stress, fat mass, and osteoblastogenesis, respectively. Potential regulatory elements were identified, integrating the hub genes with previous studies from our research group, such as the putative cis-regulatory elements (eQTLs) inferred as affecting the PCDH18 and SPARCL1 hub genes related to immune system and adipogenesis, respectively. Therefore, our analyses contribute to a better understanding of the biological mechanisms underlying feed efficiency in bovine and the hub genes disclosed can be used as biomarkers for feed efficiency-related traits in Nelore cattle.

J. R. Krebs, R. Anderson, T. Clutton-Brock et al.

T. Nagaraja, M. Chengappa

Darwin Changoluisa, Ismar A. Rivera-Olivero, Gustavo Echeverria et al.

Abstract Background Determining the infectious cause of abortion in cattle is difficult. This case-control study was set up to investigate the infectious causes of abortion by determining the seroprevalence of three reproductive pathogens in dairy cattle in Ecuador and their association with abortion: Brucella abortus, Neospora caninum and Coxiella burnetii. Results Ninety-five blood samples were obtained from cows that had experienced a mid- or late gestation abortion of their first calf and seventy-seven samples from a control group of cows with the same age that did not experience abortion problems. No antibodies were detected for B. abortus in any of the serum samples, but a high seroprevalence for both C. burnetii (52.9%) and N. caninum infection (21.5%) was found in group of cows. The seroprevalence of N. caninum infection in cattle that had experienced abortions was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than the seroprevalence in the control cows on one of the cattle farms, but no association between abortion and seropositivity for C. burnetii was found. Conclusion We conclude that Neosporosis plays an important role in the epidemiology of abortion on one cattle farm, but that Q fever is apparently not an important cause for abortion in this setting.

Roger K. Prichard, Timothy G. Geary

Macrocyclic lactone (ML) anthelmintics are the most important class of anthelmintics because of our high dependence on them for the control of nematode parasites and some ectoparasites in livestock, companion animals and in humans. However, resistance to MLs is of increasing concern. Resistance is commonplace throughout the world in nematode parasites of small ruminants and is of increasing concern in horses, cattle, dogs and other animals. It is suspected in Onchocerca volvulus in humans. In most animals, resistance first arose to the avermectins, such as ivermectin (IVM), and subsequently to moxidectin (MOX). Usually when parasite populations are ML-resistant, MOX is more effective than avermectins. MOX may have higher intrinsic potency against some parasites, especially filarial nematodes, than the avermectins. However, it clearly has a significantly different pharmacokinetic profile. It is highly distributed to lipid tissues, less likely to be removed by ABC efflux transporters, is poorly metabolized and has a long half-life. This results in effective concentrations persisting for longer in target hosts. It also has a high safety index. Limited data suggest that anthelmintic resistance may be overcome, at least temporarily, if a high concentration can be maintained at the site of the parasites for a prolonged period of time. Because of the properties of MOX, there are reasonable prospects that strains of parasites that are resistant to avermectins at currently recommended doses will be controlled by MOX if it can be administered at sufficiently high doses and in formulations that enhance its persistence in the host. This review examines the properties of MOX that support this contention and compares them with the properties of other MLs. The case for using MOX to better control ML-resistant parasites is summarised and some outstanding research questions are presented. Keywords: Moxidectin, Milbemycin, Ivermectin, Avermectin, Macrocyclic lactone resistance, Nematode

B. Voisinet, T. Grandin, J. D. Tatum et al.

M.L Anderson, A. Andrianarivo, P.A Conrad

Lucas Alfredo Martínez, Emiliano Pacifici

En la Región Semiárida Pampeana, de inviernos fríos y secos, los verdeos invernales constituyen la única alternativa forrajera, siendo la avena y el centeno las especies más importantes. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar las variables de degradabilidad in situ para dos cultivares de avena y dos de centeno en 5 fechas de corte. A partir de los 51 días desde la emergencia y hasta los 135 días, se realizaron cortes cada 21 días sobre parcelas independientes. Las incubaciones se llevaron a cabo en 3 novillos Hereford provistos de cánula ruminal permanente, y alimentados con heno de alfalfa ad libitum. Los tiempos de incubación fueron: 3, 6, 12, 24, 36 y 72 horas. La hora cero se determino en baño a 38°C, durante 15 minutos. La información obtenida fue ajustada mediante una ecuación exponencial con tiempo de retardo. Los parámetros determinados fueron: fracción soluble (A); fracción insoluble, lentamente degradable (B); fracción potencialmente degradable (A+B) y degradabilidad efectiva (DE) a una tasa de pasaje k de 0,04 h-1 . Los resultados para cada una de estas variables fueron sometidos a análisis de varianza, y prueba de Tukey (α = 0,05). La fracción A fue siempre la más alta para avena Aurora, correspondiendo los valores más bajos a Centeno Fausto, la fracción B fue mayor en avena Aurora y centeno Fausto, mientras que la fracción potencialmente degradable fue siempre más baja en centeno Lisandro, aunque sólo difirió significativamente del tercer corte en adelante. La DE fue también más baja en los centenos, particularmente en centeno Lisandro, que en las avenas. Tanto en la fracción (A+B) como en la DE, a medida que avanzan los cortes, los valores se hacen menores. Los cultivares de crecimiento inicial moderado, dentro de cada especie, mostraron mayor degradabilidad, aún en los primeros cortes.