Hasil untuk "Biography"

G. Payne, J. Payne

Georg Schuppener

The review praises the anthology published by the Michel Bréal Society, which aims to draw more attention to the undeservedly forgotten German-French linguist Michel Bréal (1832–1915). Bréal made groundbreaking contributions to modern linguistics, acted as a mediator between Germany and France, and is considered the inventor of the Olympic marathon. The publication contains eight articles that shed light on various facets of Bréal’s work, which went far beyond linguistics and focused, among other things, on educational reform in France. Some articles deal with Bréal’s biography, his German-French background, his studies in Paris and Berlin, and his painful experiences due to tensions in Franco-German relations. Although he held a chair at the Collège de France for decades and worked to promote Franco-German scientific exchange, Bréal fell into obscurity, partly because of his unpopular efforts to promote understanding, and died in 1915 largely unnoticed. The central theme of the text is Bréal’s most important work, the „Essai de sémantique“ from 1897. Because of this work, Bréal is considered an important early representative of synchronic linguistics. His efforts to promote peace, his educational legacy in the French education system, and the historical significance of his idea of the marathon are also discussed in detail. The individual contributions paint a vivid picture of an outstanding scientist whose commitment against a backdrop of nationalist tensions highlights the limitations of the individual and whose subject matter is still relevant today.

Daniel Radović , Aleksandr M. Dronov

This work is a review of the monograph “Ilija Garašanin (1812–1874) – the great son of Serbian land” written by six professors from the Department of history of the Serbian people in the Modern period at the Faculty of Philosophy of the University of Belgrade. The book coincides with the 150th anniversary of Garašanin’s death and it was published by the National museum of Aranđelovac. The monograph is the most comprehensive biography of one of the most important Serbian statesmen. Each of the six authors contributed to the description of Garašanin’s public and political career, his domestic and foreign policies, as well as his private life and family heritage. The biography not only summarizes previous scholarly knowledge but also introduces a significant number of new archival materials of Serbian and foreign origin that were not previously utilized, supporting a well-rounded portrait of Ilija Garašanin and his public activities. Ilija Garašanin is considered one of the greatest modern Serbian statesman, alongside Jovan Ristić and Nikola Pašić. Throughout his long political career, during which he served as Prime Minister, Minister of Foreign Affairs, and Minister of Internal Affairs, he consistently prioritized Serbian national interests. He was the creator of the most important Serbian national program, known as “Načertanije,” in 1844. He resigned from the position of Prime Minister in 1867, and spent the last years of his life on his estate in Grocka, in debt, which indicates that politics was not a source of income for him, but rather an opportunity to use his abilities as a statesman for the common good.

Ildikó Lőrinszky

This article examines the presence of Flaubert in contemporary French literature. From a deeply personal point of view, it shows how familiarity with Flaubert's texts can, over time, shape the reader's perspective and the way in which he or she perceives a literary work. The "memories of Flaubert" evoked here are, above all, those that recur, like familiar echoes, in the reading of contemporary works. The second part of the article is devoted to two contemporary narratives, inspired by the novelist's biography, in which many of Flaubert's themes are addressed, either explicitly or implicitly.

Heimir Pálsson

The Icelander Jón Jónsson (Jonas Rugman) lived in Sweden 1658–1679 and made two short visits to Denmark 1661 and 1664. The present writer, in his Rugman-biography (2017), did guess that Jonas Rugman in his first visit had heard of the fantastic adventures of his countryman Þormóður Torfason (Tormod Torfæus), who had become the highly paid interpres regius, the Danish king’s translator, of Norse literature. In his Torfæus’ biography (2020), Bergsveinn Birgisson pointed out evidences that prove that in 1664 Jonas Rugman actually did appeal for the translator post that Torfæus then had had to leave in Copenhagen. But it was not until two years after Rugmans death that his successor in Sweden proudly could call himself Regius translator linguae antiquae.

Natalya Pasichnyk, Renat Rizhniak, Нanna Deforzh

The article presents the results of a study of the features of biographical and prosopographic materials about famous mathematicians and natural scientists, published in one of the most authoritative journals “Bulletin of Experimental Physics and Elementary Mathematics”, which was published in Kyiv and Odesa during 1886–1917. In fact, the journal was an unofficial periodical printed branch of the Mathematical Department of the Novorossiysk Society of Naturalists. The purpose of the study is to conduct a meaningful and content analysis of the texts of the journal articles, which reveal biographies, features of labor activity and participation in scientific research of famous scientists. At the same time, the authors used scientific methods to conduct a meaningful analysis of the subject of research – analysis and synthesis, generalization and systematization. In the process of quantitative content analysis, text quantification, empirical data collection, their generalization, and mathematical and statistical processing were used. As a result of the study of biographical materials of the journal over the period, its authors came to the following conclusions. Firstly, the materials of the journal about famous domestic and foreign mathematicians and natural scientists were both biographical and prosopographic in nature. Moreover, the motives for the appearance of such publications, as a rule, were “round” dates from the moment of birth, from the beginning of creative activity, from the moment an important work was released, or from the moment of death (or the fact of death) of the subject of publication. All such articles in the journal are conditionally classified by the authors into brief biographical and prosopographic notes, detailed biographical and prosopographic articles, and obituaries. Secondly, the total volume of biographical and prosopographic materials for the entire period of publication of the journal was 2.88% of the total volume of the journal. At the same time, the journal contained materials about 84 scientists. The largest journal volume by the editors (more than 5 pages for each) was provided by 27 scientists and this amounted to 72.7% of the total volume of biographical material; this group included 9 domestic scientists and 18 foreigners. In total, the editors allotted an average of 4.89 pages for each domestic scientist, and 5.89 pages for each foreign scientist. The largest volume of materials was about physicists (46.42% of the total volume of biographical materials) and mathematicians (35.44%). Thirdly, the results of a meaningful analysis allow us to conclude that the published biographical and prosopographic materials of the journal are of high quality. This was largely facilitated by the careful selection of the authors of articles (or sources of materials), as well as the special requirements of the editors for documenting sources of materials in paginated links. Fourthly, the “inattention” of the editorial staff of the journal to a number of “round dates” of famous domestic and foreign mathematicians and physicists, as well as the uneven volumes allocated by the journal for biographies, indicate the absence of a clear editorial policy of the journal in the issue of allocating printed volumes for systematic biographical statements and research.

Yu. V. Rodionova

In Russian historiography, the biography of Arnaldus de Villa Nova begins with the words “doctor and alchemist”, and then all the arguments go into myth-making, although Arnald’s writings are very well studied at the modern scientific level, but are inaccessible to reading due to the language barrier. An accurate understanding of the biography of Arnaldus de Villa Nova is important for researchers of the history of medicine, Medieval historians and historians of Church history, since the activity of this man influenced significant events of the late XIII — early XIV centuries, and he is known to the Russian-speaking environment only by the verses attributed to him.

Sabrina Göbel, Annabell Hansmeyer, Marei Lunz et al.

Young people leaving residential care (so-called care leavers) face various challenges during their transition. During the process of leaving care, they also deal with questions of their future occupation or profession and integration into the labour market. In this article, we present findings on care leavers’ occupational aspirations and pathways into work based on qualitative longitudinal data and retrospective interviews with care leavers from Luxembourg. The analysis of the data points at the importance of care leavers having concrete career aspirations early on and pursuing realistic career goals. Without having occupational aspirations, they are more likely to drift, which also disorientates their transition out of residential care. The contrast of longitudinal data with the retrospective interviews shows that a meaningful connection of care and professional biography positively influences the pathways to work. Based on the results presented, implications for further research and social work with care leavers will be discussed.

Daniela Marchiandi

Il contributo esamina i criteri che, nell’Atene classica, concorrevano alla costruzione del valore dei tessuti ed, eventualmente, alla determinazione del loro prezzo in denaro. Alcune considerazioni critiche sull’economia dei tessili in generale (strutture della produzione e mercato) e sui principali nodi del dibattito storiografico relativo introducono l’indagine.   The article examines the criteria which, in classical Athens, contributed to the construction of the value of fabrics and, possibly, to the determination of their price in money. Some critical remarks on the economy of textiles in general (production structures and market) and on the main issues of the related historiographical debate introduce the survey. Summary: 1. For an economy of textiles in classical Athens. 2. The himation of Alkisthenes. 3. Prices of textiles: real value versus perceived value. 4. The construction of the value of textiles: dye, size, decorative patterns (but also material, weight and ‘cultural biography’).

Claire Parfait

Joel Augustus Rogers, an African American journalist and self-taught historian born in Jamaica, produced an impressive number of articles in various papers as well as several books. After he died in 1966, his name and works fell into oblivion, which explains why in 1975, historian W. Burghardt Turner listed Rogers among the “un-sung heroes of Afro-American historiography.” Thanks to Henry Louis Gates, Jr. and a handful of other scholars, Rogers has been “rediscovered” over the past decade.As a self-taught historian who sought to popularize black history, Rogers was largely ostracized from the American academic mainstream. This made it all the more difficult for him to find publishing venues and partly explains why, like many of his predecessors and a few of his contemporaries, Rogers turned to self-publishing. After a brief overview of Rogers’ career, I will examine his methodology and sources, and his use of collective biography in two of his early works of history, World’s Greatest Men of African Descent (1931) and World’s Greatest Men and Women of African Descent (1935). The essay will demonstrate the ways in which Rogers inscribed himself in a long tradition of amateur black historians and how he differed from them.

Alexei Yu. Balakin

The article examines I.A. Goncharov’s letters to his sister Anna Alexandrovna (married name Muzalevskaya) and investigates the episode of her family's bankruptcy as a result of the Muzalevskys' transferring most of their money to their fellow countryman, “a certain Alayev,” who turned out to be a swindler. Previously, this person was known only by his last name, and the bankruptcy episode was not covered. The author draws on Address-calendars, Commemorative Books of the Simbirsk Governorate and other reference publications, archival documents, on the basis of which he reconstructs the biography of Semyon Alaev and details the history of his fraudulent actions. The facts introduced into scientific circulation will undoubtedly be in demand by commentators of both Goncharov's correspondence and memoirs about him.

Olha Bihun

This article focuses on the role of Christian theodicy in Taras Shevchenko’s works. With a biography marked by trauma and suffering, it is no wonder that Shevchenko orients his poetic worldview in search of understanding the nature of evil and human suffering. Operating through a Christological model, Shevchenko arrives at a poetics based on theodicy, as a means of understanding suffering in the world. He analyses the problem of evil associated with the phenomenology of suffering within the framework of religious ethics. The works of the early period emphasize “truth and revenge,” retribution, and physical punishment over the “malicious” in the spirit of Old Testament dogma. The period of Shevchenko’s exile and subsequent works is characterized by changes in moods. The theodicy of Shevchenko’s works reveals the signs of Christodicy. Shevchenko’s concept of “suffering” is theologically based, as he believes that suffering is the key to conversion to faith.

Włodzimierz Kaczorowski

Świętosław Orzelski (1549–1598), Starost of Radziejów, actively participated in the political life of the noblemen’s Republic of Poland as a parliamentary activist and Member of Parliament. As a deputy he participated in 13 sessions of Parliament, including 6 sessions during the rule of Stefan Batory and 7 ones in the reign of Sigismund III Vasa. He was a talented politician, continuing the best traditions of the execution faction. As one of the seniors of the Augsburg denomination, he belonged to the group of leaders in the fight for religious tolerance. His historical work under the title Acta interregni post obitum nimirum Sigismundi Augusti remained in the form of manuscript for many years. It was not published in the Polish translation until the 19th century by Włodzimierz Spasowicz, and in its original form by Edward Kuntze in 1917. At present, a new edition of the work by Świętosław Orzelski is being prepared. In the first place, an introductory volume will be published, containing Orzelski’s biography, his speeches and letters dedicated to public matters.

Hank Whittemore

Whoever the author of the Shakespeare canon was, he had to be a man of the theatre. American actor Hank Whittemore argues that one of the leading candidates for the honor was himself someone with significant theatrical connections and experiences—Edward de Vere.

Elena Ogliari

The article analyses the short-story “The Master at St Bartholomew’s Hospital 1914–1916” by Joyce Carol Oates (2007) in the broader context of the Jamesian biofiction, a series of novels and tales featuring Henry James as their protagonist. The addition of the prefix “bio-” to “fiction” points out the hybrid nature of these texts, which are a melange of biography, autobiography, criticism and fiction. Oates’s story not only epitomizes this hybridity, but it also proves to be an exploration of the potentiality of this subgenre to penetrate the mystery surrounding James’s persona and saturate the lacunae in his biography by resorting to what David Lodge defined as “the novelist’s licence”. The short-story is yet another evidence of Oates’s fascination with the unsaid in James’s life and prose, because it revolves around the silence into which he sank at the outbreak of the Great War, when he did not write anything in his pocket diaries for three months. In an attempt to go beyond the limits of the historical record, Oates gives insights into the mind of the author by depicting a Henry James in crisis – nagged by doubts about his artistic legacy – in an atmosphere of uncertainty enhanced by a complex intertextual play. The result is ‘a Henry James’ slightly divergent from the historical one: thus, the tale advocates the inaccessibility of the private life of a real individual. Nonetheless, the acknowledgement of this limit spurs the celebration of fictional imagination.

Anatoliy Ivanovich Ivanov

The characteristics of A.S. Suvorin editor of “Novoe Vremya” newspaper and work in “Malenkie pisma” in the last period (1904-1908), the history of their development and a place in the creative biography are discussed. A thoughtful, objective reading of “Malenkie Pisma” allows to specify author’s civil position in explaining government policies and to overcome the prevailing stereotypes. It becomes clear that the “Malenkie Pisma” focuses not so much on a class or socio-political issues, but on all-Russian and even universal ones. From this point of view, A.S. Suvorin’s judgments, for example, about the inadmissibility of contempt for the opponent or “paradoxes” of mass consciousness in wartime, are remarkable. Special attention is paid to ethical issues in the revolutionary period. Multidimensional, complex look on tomorrow events and sensitivity to changes distinguish A.S. Suvorin’s journalism. This has made possible the dialogue with major politicians and ordinary readers, attention to the high politics and the knowledge of the real world. In addition, a keen interest in every day. “Malenkie Pisma” transmits the author’s experience, his desire to tell and to support interest in the events, to destroy the fear imposed by the West. They conveyed a desire to get to the truth, in the publication of verified facts, talking about the actions that take place actually. We feel that he conducts a dialogue with each person. In addition to the artistic value “Malenkie Pisma” are interesting as a historical source about the difficult time for Russia, the cultural and social life.

Gilles de Rapper

During Communist times in Albania (1944-1991) everyone was defined, evaluated and classified through his or her « biography » [biografi], which was a judgement, in political terms, on one’s personality, acts and familial background. The « biography » was largely responsible for the authorities’ attitude towards the individual. In this paper, I try to understand what the word « biography » (and the phrase « good/bad biography ») meant for the people themselves. It appears that « biography » is often synonymous with « family or lineage background ». Such an observation leads to explain, in a second step, « biography » as the conjunction of a political concept, the « class struggle » as it was understood by both the authorities and the people, and the family or lineage [fis] as an institution of Albanian society. Finally, the paper suggests an interpretation of « biography » in terms of « purity », « stain » and naturalisation of differences.

Moira Paleari

Else Lansker-Schueler always tried to present her existence as a legend or a fairy tale. Her literary production is entirely based on the strong subjectivism of the german expressionism; also the Hebrew Mythology and its imagery is an important source of inspiration. The author,lying about her real life, constantly remains on the border between the Reality and the Poetry. The Lansker-Schuler's idea of a perfect identity between Life and Literature has brought as a consequence that her texts are read as a spontaneous poetization of her biography. Nonetheless, her literary production and letters are neither an ingenuous (auto)biography in line or in prose, nor a sure documetary source. In this essay I will explain that this attitude is nothing but the poetic construction of the Modernity central experience: the Subject, according to Frederick Nietzsche's Philosophy, is conscious that any social, religious, moral system is fictitious. Thinking so, only an autonomous poetic world can assure the (linguistic) surviving of the Ego. To demonstrate this hypothesis, I will focus on two prose texts which Else Lansker-Schuler composed, being inspired by her artistic and intellectual world (The berlin Bohème): Mein Herz (1912) and Der Malik (1919). In particular, I will deal with two elements, which are important in the representation of the Ego and in the construction of a language imagery: 1) The choice of the epistolary style; 2) the interaction between the roles played by the "Writing Ego" and by the surrounding characters.

Stephen F. Cohen

Zoltán Varga

The paper tries to analyse how the irruption of history was transformed into an artistic and intellectual challenge in the autobiographical works of Sándor Márai. Márai who started to keep his diary in 1943 inspired by his readings of the diaries of André Gide sought to construct an authentic space of presence, safe from historical time and from the discourses of public opinion, in order to devote himself to researching the singularity of his existence and his “lived time”. But the programme of his diary was progressively changed: although Márai had started recording his daily observations and reflections with a similar detachment from public affairs as Gide, during the course of the war, his diary became more and more determined by public discourses. The Hungarian writer shifted his perspective from the individual to the collective, the aphoristic discourse giving way to passionate accusations. His reflection, which earlier belonged to the order of cognition, turned later into the order of ethic, in a mixture of moral reflection, political commitment, expression, and performative verbal action. But the overshadowing of the aesthetic experience of the world during the chaotic years of his intellectual and artistic confusion also had its dangers, namely the incursion of semi-public political and ideological discourses in Márai’s wartime diaries. In the reformulation of his wartime experiences thirty years later – in the Memoir of Hungary – Márai succeeded in finding a new artistic form to represent his past. The complexity of narrative structures and temporal composition, the dramatic and metaphorical correlation of the changing social, national and psychological components of identity represented in the Memoir of Hungary creates a particular literary (aesthetic) effect, which in turn intensifies our reading experience and encourages the reader to go beyond the ideological constructions of official historical writing.