Hasil untuk "Auxiliary sciences of history"

J. McMillan, Adam Ingram, C. Brown et al.

We use population synthesis modelling to predict the gravitational wave (GW) signal that the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) will detect from the Galactic population of compact binary systems. We implement a realistic star formation history with time and position-dependent metallicity, and account for the effect of supernova kicks on present-day positions. We consider all binaries that have a white dwarf (WD), neutron star (NS), or black hole primary in the present-day. We predict that the summed GW signal from all Galactic binaries will already be detectable 3 months into the LISA mission, by measuring the power spectrum of the total GW strain. We provide a simple publicly available code to calculate such a power spectrum from a user-defined binary population. In the full 4 year baseline mission lifetime, we conservatively predict that $>2000$ binaries could be individually detectable as GW sources. We vary the assumed common envelope (CE) efficiency $\alpha$, and find that it influences both the shape of the power spectrum and the relative number of detectable systems with WD and NS progenitors. In particular, the ratio of individually detectable binaries with chirp mass $\mathcal{M}<M_\odot$ to those with $\mathcal{M} \geqslant M_\odot$ increases with $\alpha$. We therefore conclude that LISA may be able to diagnose the CE efficiency, which is currently poorly constrained.

Castillo-González, Humberto, Slot, Jason C., Yarwood, Stephanie et al.

Fungal endophytes play a pivotal role in tropical forest dynamics, influencing plant fitness through growth stimulation, disease suppression, stress tolerance, and nutrient mobilization. This study investigates the effects of region, leaf developmental stage, and tissue type on endophyte communities in tropical plants. Young and mature leaves were collected from 47 Rubiaceae species, and sapwood from 23 species, in old-growth forests of Golfito and Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Fungal diversity and composition were assessed through metabarcoding of the ITS2 nrDNA region. Most identified ASVs belonged to the phylum Ascomycota. The orders Botryosphaeriales and Glomerellales significantly contributed to endophytic assemblages, without detection of host-specific communities. We observed significant differences in species richness across regions, confirming distinct compositions through beta diversity. No statistically significant variances were found between mature and juvenile leaf tissues. In contrast, leaves exhibited richer and more diverse assemblages than sapwood. As plants experienced diverse environments over time and space, our results may be influenced by changing structural and chemical properties through ontogeny. Given the potential impact of these fungi on agricultural and forest ecosystems, ongoing research is crucial to discern the roles of hosts, endophytes, and other ecological mechanisms in apparent colonization patterns.

Chen Wei

With focusing on the travel notes of American Orientalist Owen Lattimore on the Mongolian-Xinjiang Camel Road from 1926 to 1927, this paper explores the practical skills and knowledge system on this branch of the Silk Road in early modern times. Through a detailed study of camel caravans' choices of transportation, organization and division of labor in caravans, travel equipment and security maintaining, seasonality and route selection, supply and medical care, logistics management, market transactions, currency adaptation, and the collection and transmission of business travel information, this paper reveals the various daily skills that supported the operation of the Silk Road, and shows how camel caravans used these skills to overcome environmental and social uncertainties and promote trade and cultural exchanges. The research concludes that it was these long-term accumulated and constantly practiced skills that made the Silk Road a trade and cultural network across Eurasia. O. Lattimore's travel notes are of great historical and practical significance for understanding this process.

Jaqueline Biazus, Kleber Eckert

Conhecer e entender as motivações da escolha de certas denominações para nomear determinado lugar é uma maneira de estudar os fatores sociais, culturais e históricos que dele fazem parte e, portanto, de preservar memórias significativas e particulares do povo que nele habita. Sendo assim, o principal objetivo deste artigo é analisar, sob a perspectiva histórica, linguística e sociocultural, os nomes dados às ruas, avenidas e travessas do município de Farroupilha, localizado no Rio Grande do Sul. Para isso, é realizado um estudo documental dos aspectos históricos e socioculturais, com ênfase nos processos migratórios, bem como nas características atuais do município de Farroupilha, ou seja, o processo de ocupação do território por imigrantes italianos no século XIX até o desenvolvimento da cidade na contemporaneidade; uma análise bibliográfica da área da toponímia a partir de autores como Dauzat (1947), Seabra (2006), Marcato (2009), Frosi (2009), Zamariano (2012) e Isquerdo (2019), principalmente; a classificação dos hodônimos conforme taxionomias previamente definidas, com base em Dick (1990), e uma análise da motivação decorrente da denominação de cada logradouro. Após a realização de cada etapa citada anteriormente, chegou-se a algumas conclusões: a administração pública valoriza quase com exclusividade as pessoas locais no ato de nomear, ou seja, as pessoas que contribuíram para a construção e o desenvolvimento do município; e, também, estampa a história e a cultura, especialmente a dos imigrantes italianos, nos nomes dados aos logradouros. Por fim, este estudo contribui para a construção de conhecimento sobre a microtoponímia urbana na Região de Colonização Italiana do Rio Grande do Sul e apresenta uma interpretação dos nomes dos logradouros para a comunidade pesquisada.

Roxana Jaramillo España

J. Castellanos-Reyes, I. P. Miranda, Paul M. Zeiger et al.

We develop a theory of momentum-resolved electron energy-loss spectra in the scanning transmission microscope (STEM-EELS) that captures the effects of coupled phonon and magnon excitations within a unified formalism, and apply it to body-centered cubic iron at 300 K. By advancing the Time Autocorrelation of Auxiliary Wavefunctions (TACAW) method to incorporate atomistic spin-lattice dynamics (ASLD), we simulate the EELS signal, including phonon-magnon interaction effects, dynamical diffraction, and multiple scattering. Our results reveal non-additive spectral features arising from phonon-magnon coupling, hybridization, and energy shifts, and further allow estimation of the electron dose required to detect magnon scattering under optimized detector conditions.

D. M. Meyer, D. F. Torres, Z. A. O. A. Sciences et al.

Pulsars are one of the possible final stages in the evolution of massive stars. If a supernova explosion is anisotropic, it can give the pulsar a powerful kick, propelling it to supersonic speeds. The resulting pulsar wind nebula is significantly reshaped by its interaction with the surrounding medium as the pulsar moves through it. First, the pulsar crosses the supernova remnant, followed by the different layers of circumstellar medium formed during different stages of the progenitor star s evolution. We aim to investigate how the evolutionary history of massive stars shapes the bow shock nebulae of runaway kicked pulsars, and how these influences in turn affect the dynamics and non-thermal radio emission of the entire pulsar remnant. We perform three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic simulations using the PLUTO code to model the pulsar wind nebula generated by a runaway pulsar in the supernova remnant of a red supergiant progenitor, and derive its non-thermal radio emission. The supernova remnant and the pre-supernova circumstellar medium of the progenitor strongly confine and reshape the pulsar wind nebula of the runaway pulsar, bending its two side jets inwards and giving the nebula an arched shape for an observer perpendicular to the jets and the propagation direction, as observed around PSR J1509 5850 and Gemina. We perform the first classical 3D model of a pulsar moving inward through its supernova ejecta and circumstellar medium, inducing a bending of its polar jet that turns into characteristic radio synchrotron signature. The circumstellar medium of young runaway pulsars has a significant influence on the morphology and emission of pulsar wind nebulae, whose comprehension requires a detailed understanding of the evolutionary history of the progenitor star.

Xiao-min Liu, Hui Shi, Wei Li

ETHNIC PHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Cataract is the most common cause of blindness worldwide, a visual disorder caused by a clouded lens that seriously affects People's Daily lives. Age-related cataract (ARC) is the most common type of cataract due to long-term combined effects of many factors, and its pathogenesis is varied. At present, the surgery is the main treatment for cataracts, but it is still limited to the prevention, treatment of early cataracts and the postoperative complications care. While, its drug treatments are still in the stage of exploration and research. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), a unique resource in China, is conceived under the guidance of traditional Chinese medicine theory and has little toxicity and side effects, but it has made great progress in the treatment and prevention of ARC. AIM OF THIS REVIEW This review presents an overview of the pathogenesis of ARC in both traditional and modern medicines and summarizes the history and therapeutic effect of TCM on ARC including their formula, crude drugs and active components, and also the other auxiliary methods. METHODS A number of recognized databases like SciFinder, PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) were extensively explored by using keywords and phrases such as "cataract", "age-related cataract", "traditional medicine", "ethnopharmacology", "herbs", "medicinal plants", or other relevant terms, and the plants/phytoconstituents that are evaluated in the models of age-related cataract. As well as the current TCM adjuvant therapy used in the clinical treatment were summarized. RESULTS TCM revealed to plays an active role in treating age-related cataract, via multi-pathway and multi-target, and can treat or delay ARC by inhibiting abnormal glucose metabolism, antioxidant damage, inhibiting LEC apoptosis, and so on, which is in concordance with the good effects of the global use of TCM in clinical application. Concerning the early prevention and treatment of cataract and postoperative complications, TCM and auxiliary methods remain to achieve better clinical effects. CONCLUSION ARC belongs to the category of "Yuan Yi Nei Zhang" in TCM theory, showing that there are many causes of ARC including aging, and kidney-yang, spleen, sperm and blood deficiencies. At the same time, the viscera gradually decline, as well as yin or yang progressively become weak, especially in the elder people. So, TCM could be mainly based on liver, kidney, and spleen syndrome differentiation, personalizing diagnosis and treatment, following multiple targets, regulating fundamentally yin and yang, and thus justifying the advantages of Chinese medicine in the prevention and treatment of ARC.

A. Andrews, J. Jasche, G. Lavaux et al.

A primary target of the Euclid space mission is to constrain early-universe physics by searching for deviations from a primordial Gaussian random field. A significant detection of primordial non-Gaussianity would rule out the simplest models of cosmic inflation and transform our understanding of the origin of the Universe. This paper forecasts how well field-level inference of galaxy redshift surveys can constrain the amplitude of local primordial non-Gaussianity, fnll, within a Bayesian hierarchical framework, in the upcoming Euclid data. We designed and simulated mock datasets and performed Markov chain Monte Carlo analyses using a full-field forward modelling approach. By including the formation history of the cosmic matter field in the analysis, the method takes into account all available probes of primordial non-Gaussianity, and goes beyond statistical summary estimators of fnll. Probes include, for example, two-point and higher-order statistics, peculiar velocity fields, and scale-dependent galaxy biases. Furthermore, the method simultaneously handles systematic survey effects, such as selection effects, survey geometries, and galaxy biases. The forecast shows that, using simulated Euclid data, the method can achieve a precision of σ( (68.3% confidence level), assuming a grid resolution of Δ L = 31.25 , = 0.1, and a cut-off scale of k_ NF We also provide data products, including realistic simulations with non-zero values of fnll and maps of adiabatic curvature fluctuations. The results underscore the feasibility and advantages of field-level inference to constrain fnll in galaxy redshift surveys. Our approach consistently captures all the information available in the large-scale structure to constrain fnll, and resolves the degeneracy between early-universe physics and late-time gravitational effects, while mitigating the impact of systematic and observational effects.

Natálya Cristiana Pereira Pinheiro

Este artigo tem como objetivo aprofundar a análise das referências históricas compreendidas entre os séculos XVIII e XIX, explorando as espécies botânicas e práticas agroecológicas dos povos indígenas na região do Alto Rio Tapajós. Busca-se estabelecer um diálogo entre a etnohistória, etnobotânica e arqueologia, visando contribuir para a compreensão da construção de florestas culturais ao longo do rio Tapajós. Utilizando como base exemplos de povos do Tronco Tupi (Apiaká, Kaiabi, Munduruku e Sateré-Mawé), este estudo se propõe a examinar as complexas relações entre comunidades indígenas e a agrobiodiversidade, evidenciando a riqueza cultural e os sistemas de manejo antigo na região.

Randall Souza

Archaeologists deploy a variety of models and theories, often tailored to specific questions or situations, in making sense of the material record we study. The concept of the community of practice, originally developed in the context of modern work and learning situations, describes among other things how participation in shared activities can create and shape social relationships. It therefore offers a powerful and flexible framework for the many archaeological research agendas in which group dynamics play a role. Some archaeologists have already begun to use the community of practice approach (CoP) as an interpretive framework, and this essay argues that a wider embrace would be a benefit to individual archaeologists and to the field as a whole.

Saubin, Méline, Coville, Jérome, Xhaard, Constance et al.

Dispersal, and in particular the frequency of long-distance dispersal (LDD) events, has strong implications for population dynamics with possibly the acceleration of the colonisation front, and for evolution with possibly the conservation of genetic diversity along the colonised domain. However, accurately inferring LDD is challenging as it requires both large-scale data and a methodology that encompasses the redistribution of individuals in time and space. Here, we propose a mechanistic-statistical framework to estimate dispersal from one-dimensional invasions. The mechanistic model takes into account population growth and grasps the diversity in dispersal processes by using either diffusion, leading to a reaction-diffusion (R.D.) formalism, or kernels, leading to an integro-differential (I.D.) formalism. The latter considers different dispersal kernels (e.g. Gaussian, Exponential, and Exponential-power) differing in their frequency of LDD events. The statistical model relies on dedicated observation laws that describe two types of samples, clumped or not. As such, we take into account the variability in both habitat suitability and occupancy perception. We first check the identifiability of the parameters and the confidence in the selection of the dispersal process. We observed good identifiability for all parameters (correlation coefficient >0.9 between true and fitted values). The dispersal process that is the most confidently identified is Exponential-Power (i.e. fat-tailed) kernel. We then applied our framework to data describing an annual invasion of the poplar rust disease along the Durance River valley over nearly 200 km. This spatio-temporal survey consisted of 12 study sites examined at seven time points. We confidently estimated that the dispersal of poplar rust is best described by an Exponential-power kernel with a mean dispersal distance of 1.94 km and an exponent parameter of 0.24 characterising a fat-tailed kernel with frequent LDD events. By considering the whole range of possible dispersal processes our method forms a robust inference framework. It can be employed for a variety of organisms, provided they are monitored in time and space along a one-dimension invasion.

Daniel Green

A. A. Grinko

The article is devoted to the actualization of the study of Far Eastern cemeteries as objects of historical value, forming and preserving national memory. The selected topics have an interdisciplinary character, including historical, cultural, legal, urban planning, philosophical and other aspects, and differ not only in scientific, but also in social significance. At the regional Far Eastern level, there is practically no comprehensive approach to the study of churchyards, including within the framework of the auxiliary historical discipline of necropolystics (or necropoleology), although its importance cannot be overestimated. The Far Eastern cemeteries, the earliest burials of which date back to the second half of the XIX century, contain a whole layer of information concerning different epochs, the peculiarities of social life, economics, culture, the style of tombstones, the content of epitaphs, biographies of historical figures. A special place is occupied by disappearing and partially lost cemeteries, which are not officially objects of cultural heritage, but are of scientific and local history value. The main research methods used were the historical-comparative method, which allows to identify similarities and differences in graves of different eras; the chronological method, which makes it possible to consider the evolution of churchyards through the prism of temporary changes, and a number of others, taking into account the principles of historicism, objectivity and systematic analysis. Microhistoric and cultural hikes, the theory of everyday life were involved. The paper examines some features of burial sites, the main milestones of their study, characterizes a number of Far Eastern churchyards, important from the point of view of scientific analysis and preservation of national memory, substantiates domestic cemeteries as complex monuments with historical value, forming and preserving the collective memory of the people. The conclusions drawn in the article suggest that the study of Far Eastern cemeteries remains sketchy and unsystematic, although this is a promising area of regional historical science that can significantly complement and enrich it with new data, generalizations and meanings. Scientific research should go in parallel with public activities to preserve existing churchyards, restore tombstones and perpetuate the memory of people who have left a significant mark on the life of the region and the country as a whole.

Anna Echterhölter

Units of measurement appear as media of social con fl ict in Witold Kula’s seminal study on metrication. Given the current discussions around political epistemology, Kula’s treatment of metrology is telling. He turns the supposedly neutral auxiliary science of weights and measures into a matter of concern. The reception of his concepts in the West is outlined (history of historical metrology, the Annales school, and the history of science), and the potential of this social history of measurement in times of accelerated data production is evaluated. to class struggle between lords and peasants (nor is the asymmetry as one-sided as Kula implies); it is a ubiquitous feature of any exchange in which it is costly to measure various valuable dimensions of a good or service.

Khabutdinova M.M.

Research objectives: To systematize information about the contribution of the Tatar scholar and encyclopedist Naki Isanbet (1899–1992) to the study of the history and culture of the Golden Horde and the popularization of this knowledge among the Tatars.. Research materials: Folklore materials, scientific works, and literary works of Naki Isanbet served as the basis of the study. Cultural-historical, semiotic-culturological, comparative, and other research methods, chosen based on the nature of the analyzed text, were used. Novelty of the research: a comprehensive analysis of Naki Isanbet’s contribution to the study of the Golden Horde and the popularization of this information among the Tatars. Results of the research: The work proves that this scholar and encyclopedist began to seriously develop the theme of the Golden Horde in the late 1920s. Based on the analysis of archival materials, the chronicle of the work of Naki Isanbet on the creation of consolidated texts of the dastans “Idukai and Muradym” and “Idegey” is reconstructed. The scientific value of introductory scientific articles to these textual works and his comments is revealed. Information on the history of the creation of the tragedy “Idegey” by N. Isanbet and the history of its existence on the Tatar stage is systematized. The contribution of the folklorist to the study of the work of the Chichyans of the Golden Horde and the popularization of information about their activities in the comedy “Cirän çiçän belän Qaraçäç sılu” (“Red-haired mocker and his black-haired beauty”) is determined. The proportion of folk proverbs, riddles, phraseological units in the folklore collections of N. Isanbet aimed at popularizing information about the Golden Horde among a wide readership has been revealed.

Iulia Boghirnea, Arnold Rainer, Alexandru Cauia et al.

In this issue of Journal of Legal and Administrative Studies (JLAS) are included scientific articles which debate problems from legal sciences field: OPEN STATEHOOD AND CONSTITUTIONAL CHANGE; ACTIVITIES OF PRIVATE MILITARY AND SECURITY COMPANIES IN SOME AFRICAN STATES; RATIO DECIDENDI END THE SCIENCE OF LAW; INITIAL TREATIES - PRIMARY SOURCES OF EUROPEAN UNION LAW; LIMITING SENIORS' RIGHT TO VOTE; THE CONCEPT OF CIVIL SERVICE INTEGRITY; THE TRANSPORT OF PERSONS UNDER NATIONAL LAW, IN THE CONTEXT OF THE CORONAVIRUS PANDEMIC etc.The Journal of Legal and Administrative Studies was founded in 2002 and it is dedicated to the academic teachers and researchers, lawyers, magistrates, Ph.D. students and post-doctoral researchers into legal and administrative sciences and their auxiliary sciences, from Romania and from abroad. Subjects for submission include the following main areas, but are not limited to them: Public Law, Private Law, Protection of human rights and protection against discrimination, European Union law, Forensics and Criminology, Legal Sociology, History of law, juridical philosophy.The journal promotes the original researches that contributes to the knowledge progress and are motivated by the necessity of studying the theory and practice in the mentioned areas. Also, the journal aims to create a forum for disciplinary and interdisciplinary debates and to become a standard in the national and international juridical and administrative research.

K. Kapsalykova

This article is devoted to the problems of the "relapse of Pokrovshchina" – a phenomenon in the history of historical science, which was characterized by the dominance of sociologized schemes, the leveling of the role of source analysis, the lack of developments in problem areas of auxiliary historical disciplines, the primacy of modern studies to the detriment of the study of classical history. The famous Soviet Byzantine historian Mikhail Jakovlevich Sjuzjumov (1893-1982) resolutely opposed the crisis of this "growth disease". In his personal fund (GASO, F. P-802) contains letters to leading experts in various branches of historical science, where he analyzes in detail the essence of the "second edition of the Pokrovshchina" (the second half of the 1960s). Two letters of M. Ja. Sjuzjumov are introduced into scientific circulation. One of them, dated by the author on May 5, 1965, is a response to the appeal of the editor-in-chief of the magazine "Questions of History" to Vladimir Grigoryevich Trukhanovsky (1914-2000) and a letter dated July 2, 1965 to the Soviet statesman, First Secretary of the Komsomol Central Committee Sergei Pavlovich Pavlov (1929-1993). In fact, they are journalistic articles, a reflection on the results of the All-Union Meeting on measures to improve the training of scientific and pedagogical personnel in historical sciences, convened by the decision of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the SNK of the USSR. M. Ja. Sjuzjumov considers the popularization of historical knowledge to be a recipe for the destructive action of the Pokrovshchina.

A. M. Skvortsov

This article is based on unpublished materials from the collections of A.E. Presnyakov (St. Petersburg History Institute RAS Archive), I.M. Grevs (St. Petersburg Branch of RAS Archive), and O.A. Dobiash-Rozhdestvenskaya (Manuscripts Department of the Russian National Library). Despite the revolutionary events of 1917 and the abolition of academic degrees and ranks in 1918, the Medievalist training system established at the I.M. Grevs School worked and yielded results throughout the 1920s and 1930s. Medievalists were first concentrated in the Historical Institute at Petrograd University, then in the Leningrad branch of the RANION Institute of History, and finally, from 1934, in the Department of Medieval History at Leningrad University. The new institutions were adapting previous procedures for the education of scholars to the changed conditions, while the content of the training remained unchanged and focused on mastering the methods and techniques of historical research, the study of sources and the range of auxiliary historical disciplines. This was achieved through participation in seminars on reading and commenting on medieval sources (usually on the history of Florence in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries), and by making reports on highly specialist subjects. Young researchers continued to see the debate (necessary to obtain the right to teach on universities) as a means of self-realisation and self-presentation, a way of entering science, especially in a situation where there was virtually no possibility of publication.

J. Schickore

This article unearths little-studied accounts of the status and role of hypotheses in late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century Germany. German thinkers regarded hypotheses, including those about unobservable causes for visible effects, as legitimate and necessary ingredients of scientific inquiry. They debated the nature of probable hypotheses resulting from inductions, proposed heuristics for making causal hypotheses, and advanced criteria for assessing and testing them. My survey of these rich and multifaceted discussions shows that many themes and topics that we commonly associate with modern philosophy of science were discussed decades earlier by authors of educational and practice-oriented books on logic: consequential testing, underdetermination, auxiliary hypotheses, the problem of unobservable entities, fallibility, and elaborate methodologies of observation and experimentation. It also illuminates the long-term history of present-day criteria for hypothesis evaluation.