En las investigaciones desarrolladas en el área de Composición Arquitectónica de la Escuela de Arquitectura de Toledo hemos tratado distintos temas vinculados con el patrimonio construido y el paisaje urbano. Situados en este ámbito de investigación, durante los últimos años nos hemos ocupado de un sistema patrimonial complejo como es el formado por los conventos urbanos de la ciudad de Toledo. Estos conjuntos arquitectónicos que llegaron a sumar algo más de medio centenar en la ciudad y de los que actualmente subsisten los edificios de una treintena de ellos, han contribuido de modo decisivo a la formación de la
estructura urbana de Toledo así como a la caracterización de su prevalente imagen como ciudad conventual. Todos estos complejos arquitectónicos asumen un carácter de microciudades aisladas y autosuficientes y se articulan en torno a una pieza fundamental como es el claustro conventual. Nuestra investigación, sin obviar las líneas habituales de clasificación tipológica, morfológica y estilística de los claustros conventuales, presenta la originalidad de centrarse en el análisis del papel desempeñado por el claustro conventual en un doble sentido: en primer lugar, como elemento arquitectónico fundamental para entender la estructura, carácter y composición de los conventos de Toledo y en segundo lugar, en cuanto al papel ejercido por el claustro y/o patio conventual para otorgar orden y composición a la ciudad hasta el punto de erigirse el claustro en uno de los elementos más característicos del patrimonio cultural del conjunto histórico de Toledo.
Engineering design, Architectural engineering. Structural engineering of buildings
O estudo examina o avanço da preservação do patrimônio construído para tecidos urbanos formados por bens que não dispõem da excepcionalidade necessária ao tombamento, utilizando para este propósito o caso específico de Porto Alegre. A proteção de conjuntos através de inventários patrimoniais se justifica por apresentarem características arquitetônicas de interesse sociocultural, configurando espaços referenciais da memória coletiva e a própria identidade urbana, que se encontram ameaçadas por planos diretores descaracterizadores. Essa modalidade alternativa recente de preservação tem seu uso restrito à esfera municipal, já que o Instituto do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional e os órgãos patrimoniais estaduais visam proteger obras de categorias correspondentes às suas respectivas hierarquias através do tombamento. Entretanto, a medida necessária agravou o conflito existente na preservação de bens culturais privados, destacadamente naqueles “menores” e mais numerosos, pela impossibilidade da substituição destes por novas edificações financeiramente vantajosas. O trabalho discute o tema, propondo o “adensamento” de área construída das edificações atingidas como recurso para amenizar os entraves existentes, utilizando como exemplo possível o caso contrastante de Montevidéu exposto de forma sucinta.
Architectural engineering. Structural engineering of buildings
This work is devoted to the analysis of features of linear surfaces of rotation and their application in various areas of human activity. The article carries out a geometric and practical study of the surfaces of a cone, a cylinder, and a single-cavity hyperboloid as representatives of linear surfaces of rotation. Their mathematical description is presented and geometric models are developed: visual image schemes in a rectangular coordinate system and two-picture complex drawings are created. Special attention is paid to the practical application of these surfaces in various fields, in particular in the fields of mechanical engineering and architecture. Due to its geometric shape, the conical surface of rotation is used when connecting parts, at the ends of shafts, in water fittings, etc. Objects of everyday life have the surface of a truncated cone: vases for flowers, buckets, funnels for pouring liquids, a lamp with a lampshade in the form of a cone, etc. In architecture, the conical surface has been used since ancient times as a roof for residential premises and ancient castles, for chimneys, lighthouse towers, etc. In Muslim cities, a cylindrical surface of rotation is used for the construction of minarets, which ends at the top with a conical roof, symbolizing the desire for heaven. The cylindrical surface was used for the construction of towers of ancient fortresses and modern buildings of various purposes. Products having the shape of a cylinder of rotation are widely used in engineering and military industry, medicine, computer graphics, etc. Numerous cooling towers, high-rise towers, etc., have the geometric shape of a single-cavity hyperboloid. In the article, the most characteristic vivid examples of the use of the surfaces of a cone, cylinder, and single-cavity hyperboloid are selected, their features are analyzed, and photographic images are presented.
Green roofs are widely recognized for their multifaceted benefits to the environment, economy, and society, constituting the fundamental pillars of sustainability. These roofs contribute to the enhancement of bio-physical diversity, provision of food resources, regulation of temperature and rainfall-runoff patterns, creation of wildlife habitats, and augmentation of aesthetic and recreational value. While Bangladesh, with its favourable climatic conditions and rapid urbanization, possesses immense potential for harnessing the advantages of green roofs, their adoption remains limited in both research and practical applications within the country. Addressing this research gap, the present study aims to investigate the barriers impeding the implementation of green roofs in existing or new multi-family apartment buildings, focusing specifically on the city of Khulna. Through a combination of case studies and a comprehensive questionnaire survey administered to diverse stakeholders including apartment dwellers/owners, architects, developers, and government officials with varying levels of expertise, this research sheds light on the obstacles hindering Green Roof Implementation (GRI). The identified barriers encompass a lack of governmental policies, inadequate technological advancements, inaccurate estimation of economic benefits, and individual resistance. In light of the perspectives of various GRI stakeholders, strategic proposals encompassing policy, technical, economic, and social dimensions are presented to surmount these barriers. The outcomes of this study contribute to the dissemination of knowledge pertaining to the impediments to GRI implementation, thereby inspiring further research endeavours and enabling decision-makers to formulate robust policies facilitating the widespread adoption of green roofs.
Green roof researches have many benefits in supporting a sustainable environment. During the covid-19 pandemic, there was a change in lifestyle due to demands for the prevention of transmission, so many activities were carried out at home. These two phenomena will be integrated into this study, to provide solutions for space expansion in residential areas during the covid-19 pandemic. The research method uses an online questionnaire in several regions in Indonesia and a small number outside Indonesia; conducting a content analysis on previous green roof research; then linking the results of community responses and the potential for green roofs. The results of the study found that there were still few people who knew about the opportunity for a roof to expand its space which was more useful, even though there have been many findings of green roof innovations. In addition, there is still little research on green roofs that relates to the pandemic situation, particularly in Indonesia.
Architecture, Architectural engineering. Structural engineering of buildings
Indonesia is an earthquake-prone area because it is located at the world's most active tectonic plates and hundreds of local faults. Obviously, there have been many earthquake victims caused by collapsed buildings, hence the need for earthquake-resistant construction. However, there is not much guidance for architects to design earthquake-resistant buildings. This research proposes guidance for architects on how to design building forms relatively able to resist earthquakes. The simulation experiment method involving 32 building models in various forms was employed. The experimental results were then analyzed with modal analysis in ETABS and SVA for architectural design. Based on the analysis report, some guidelines were proposed: 1). Avoid buildings that are too slender, use the slenderness ratio H/D ≤ 2, 2). Avoid soft stories where the ratio of the top column height (h) to the bottom column height (h1) ≤ 0.8, 3). Use symmetrical shapes with 1 or 2 axes and avoid shapes with random compositions, 4). Use the additive and subtractive mass transformation ≤ 15%, 5).Strengthen the structural elements, install shear walls, or use dilatation to minimize potential torsional irregularities and non-parallel system irregularities of L, T, U, +, and Z forms6). Avoid using non-axial asymmetrical forms.
Architecture, Architectural engineering. Structural engineering of buildings
A proliferation of energy models has been developed across disciplines to explore energy and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions-reduction strategies in cities. Hybrid models are especially useful because they incorporate more dynamics to simulate realistic results informed by relevant high-level policy decisions and building-level factors. Spatial and aspatial energy models, however, are not often linked, which overlooks the spatial impact of energy and emissions policies in urban environments. A new method is presented that links these types of models to understand how building stocks change over time in response to policies. This approach integrates outputs from an aspatial economic model, CIMS, with buildings in a spatially explicit urban building energy model (UBEM), UMI. The energy–economy model is parameterised against the UBEM using identified baseline condition and proposed future policy interventions. Building stock replacement and retrofit change are downscaled and disaggregated to individual buildings based on existing stock age and a probability-based Markov chain model (MCM). This integration enables simulations of cross-scale policy interventions that are sensitive to both economically and mechanically driven factors. An application of this approach shows how it can be used to evaluate how different policies interact with and influence building energy demand and GHG emissions. 'Practice relevance' The results are integrated as a series spatially explicit energy modeling procedure (UMI) at the neighborhood scale. This process enables local assessments of efficacy of the proposed city scale and even regional policies in municipalities with various energy and GHG emission agendas. In the presented case study (of the Sunset neighborhood of Vancouver, BC, Canada) this method can quantify the elasticity of emission reductions from various urban form changes ('e.g.' infill, transportation-oriented development, 'etc.'), new building code ('i.e.' BC Energy Step Code), active transportation and retrofit strategies from 2020 to 2050.
Architectural engineering. Structural engineering of buildings
The present article wants to report on the technological and constructive aspects related to the realization of the thin reinforced concrete vault for the reinforced concrete ceiling of the Cassa di Risparmio Bank Public Hall of L'Aquila; this work was carried out in the early 1950s on the occasion of the enlargement of the bank headquarters, built in the nineteenth-century . The intervention is seen peculiar because it can be considered representative of the application of the reinforced concrete technique to realize a small structural thickness reinforced concrete ceiling. In particular, the use of complex-shaped vaulted systems in reinforced concrete, in the post-war Italian period, was substantially reserved for the construction of road bridges in the post-war reconstruction context of the infrastructure system, less used in civil construction. The application of such construction systems, in architectural works, refers to buildings with a predominantly tertiary use, such as offices and exhibition halls. Among these, although of minor importance, there is the Public hall of the Cassa di Risparmio of L'Aquila which testifies that some reinforced concrete works, demanding from the constructive point of view, were carried out in the peripheral territorial areas as well, like the provincial ones. In particular, from the analysis of the archive sources, the re-enactement of the project phases as well as the construction ones, confirms the use of a building technique, which in that particular historical period, saw the transition from the structural calculation theories to the construction site practice and, its application not only in large Italian cities, but also in minor contexts.
Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering, Architectural engineering. Structural engineering of buildings
Esraa J Al-mousawi, Rashaa H Al-Rubaee, Ammar A Shubber
Recently, polymer -nanocomposites were used to manufacture durable asphalt mixtures to replace the polymer modified binder, because of the remarkable properties and unique features of nanomaterials compared to conventional materials, such as their wide surface area and small dimensions, making it possible to be utilized as an additive for asphalt paving. Nanosilica particles (NS) are one of the latest minerals which likely integrate useful characteristics, such as huge surface area, good distributions, high absorption levels, high stability, and a high level of purity. Therefore, this paper is interested in studying the characteristics of nanocomposite-polymer modified asphalt. In laboratory work, a pure asphalt 60-70 penetration grade, has been modified separately with waste polypropylene polymer (WPP), and nanosillica composite polypropylene (NS/WPP) at different concentrations. As a result, two modified binders: waste polypropylene polymer- modified asphalt (WPP-MA), and nanosillica composite polypropylene modified asphalt (NSCPMA) were obtained. Traditional asphalt binder tests were performed for pure and modified binders such as penetration, ductility, flash and fire point test, softening point, and rotational viscosity. Also, storage stability test has been conducted to ensure the storage stability of binders at high temperatures. The results showed an improvement in physical properties and increase in mixing and compaction temperature due to the increase in stiffness of (NSCPMA). The results also indicated that the nanosillica composite polypropylene modified asphalt binders have good storage stability at high temperatures.
Abstract There are many historic alleys in central Kyoto. The alleys in Kyoto's historical townscape have commonly been considered part of its special charm. However, in recent years, such characteristics of this townscape are disappearing. This paper aims to analyze and discuss the disappearance of alleys from 2006 to 2016. The total number of alleys in the subject area declined 7.78%. The following three typical patterns of disappearance of alleys were identified: (i) A pattern where the plot of land that includes the alley is sold by the owner, and as a result, the building along the alley are demolished. Immediately after the alley disappears, collective housing is built. (ii) A pattern where the individual owners of the land, including the alley, decide to demolish the existing building along the alley and replace them with a new detached house. (iii) A pattern where a parking lot is built after the owner of the building along the alley demolishes them.
Architecture, Architectural engineering. Structural engineering of buildings
Different variants of cardioids were reviewed and authors decided to an end to focus on the usability of a Double-heart curve. Starting from the geometric information related to its generation, the synthesis of an original generating mechanism was performed firstly, followed by the realization of its structural analysis. Mechanism’s positions were computed and the imposed curve was generated. The variations of certain trajectories were deduced from the corresponding diagrams. The mechanism sizes were modified and a wide class of curves presenting interest from the geometric point of view was obtained. Some mathematical properties of the curves generated by the above mechanism are studied (binormal vector, tangent equation in a current point, normal plane equation, tangent versor, versor of normal to the curve).
Architectural engineering. Structural engineering of buildings, Engineering design
A numerical procedure is presented to predict the flow characteristics inside a subsonic diffuser by solving Navier-Stokes' equations, using MacCormack’s explicit method. The flow is assumed to be viscous, compressible, unsteady and two-dimensional. The grid model suggested for the diffuser has 20 points in the horizontal direction and 30 points in the vertical direction. The numerical solution has shown reasonable results with a 2D variation of flow properties inside the diffuser and the steady state solution can be satisfied by 600-900 loops only. The obtained results of the present study are compared with those obtained by using a numerical code of National Project for Application-oriented Research in CFD (NPARC) as well as those obtained from a previous experimental study and give an acceptable range of errors (about ± 15%).
Relevance. Thin-walled structures of shells constitute a large class in architecture, in civil and industrial construction, mechanical engineering and instrument making, aircraft, rocket and shipbuilding, etc. Each surface has certain ad-vantages over the other. So the torso surface can be deployed on the plane of all its points without folds and breaks, with the length of the curves and the angles between any curves belonging to the surface, do not change. The investigation of the stressstrain state of the equal slope shell with a director ellipse at the base is presented to date in a small volume. The aim of the work. Obtaining data for comparative analysis of the results of the stress-strain state of equal slope shells by the finite element method and the variational-difference method. Methods. To assess the stressstrain state of the equal slope shell, the SCAD Office computer complex based on the finite element method and the “PLATEVRM” program, written on the basis of the variational-difference method, are used. Results. The numerical results of the stress-strain state of the equal slope shell are obtained and analyzed, the pros and cons of the results of calculations by the finite element method and the variational-difference method are revealed.
Architectural engineering. Structural engineering of buildings
Mihai Catalin TENOVICI, Ilaria Lorena PETROVICI, Razvan Cristian VADUVA
et al.
Obesity, sedentarism, and other disadvantages of the modern age have led to the emergence of unknown pathological situations a few centuries before. At the same time, the development of medicine, orthopaedic surgery has led to finding ways to solve these situations. The present paper proves that the use of high-tech methods used in engineering can generate solutions in the field of orthopaedics both for obtaining new prothesis models, but also by creating virtual environments for tests. Several CAD techniques and techniques have been explored, coupled with medical imaging, can provide exciting solutions for obtaining virtual environments that can allow "in vitro" analysis of various normal, pathological or prosthetic joints. In this paper we have detailed how to obtain a prosthetic knee joint in a parameterized environment. This joint was tested virtually. In the final of the paper, main conclusions were made.
Architectural engineering. Structural engineering of buildings, Engineering design
Vladimir P Agapov, Valerii B Nikolaev, Roman O Golovanov
The finite element method of calculation of reinforced concrete slabs strengthened with composite fabrics based on carbon fibers, implemented in the PRINS program, is considered. The method is designed for analyzing the stress-strain state of reinforced concrete structures when cracks in concrete and plastic deformations in the reinforcement arise. The calculation is carried out in increments, and at each stage of loading a variable stiffness matrix is used. Its constant part represents the stiffness matrix at the beginning of the loading stage, and the variable one is calculated taking into account the stress-strain state at the end of the current iteration. The variable part of the stiffness matrix, multiplied by the displacement vector found at the previous iteration, is transferred to the right side of the equation system and is considered to be an additional load. When cracks occur or when plastic strains appear, the stresses are corrected in accordance with the specified deformation diagrams. Therefore, at the end of the loading step the equilibrium conditions are checked. If necessary, the external and internal forces are balanced. When considering plastic deformations in concrete and reinforcement, the theory of plastic flow and the Huber - Mises yield criterion, modified taking into account the experimental studies of Kupfer et al., are used. An example of the reinforced concrete slab analysis with different variants of strengthening by composite and without strengthening is given. The results of the calculation are analyzed. The possibility of studying the stress-strain state throughout the entire path of loading of reinforced concrete slabs up to destruction is shown.
Architectural engineering. Structural engineering of buildings
The concept of "memory" has different meanings when analyzed within specific cultural contexts. In general, the memory expresses the ability of man to keep track of events, information, sensations, ideas, experiences, and recall this consciousness as soon as certain motivations make necessary the contribution of past experience.
Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering, Architectural engineering. Structural engineering of buildings
Bugis vertically traditional house is generally divided into three parts: head, body and leg home. The third part has a function and a different philosophy but as one that in synergy. In the field of architectural, philosophy plays a decisive role in the spatial distribution of building space. Mainly in traditional buildings such as Saoraja Lapinceng in Barru which has a variety of philosophical and meaningful messages resulting from the interpretation of the community against natural phenomena and customs that developed in the area. But in the days of modernization, most people do not know the philosophy applied to Saoraja Lapinceng. Therefore, this descriptive study will identify various philosophies contained in each division of the spatial space vertically on Saoraja Lapinceng. Through analysis techniques diachronic reading is a search method traces the history and ideology prevailing in Barru, it is known that the Bugis Barru divide the space vertically into three parts, namely "rakkeang" or the top of the house serves as a place to stay occupant of women symbolizing the group elevated, "ale bola" or the middle part serves as a male occupant symbolize authority and in controler, and "awa bola" or bottom serves as a storage area residents working equipment symbolizes foot and driving.
Keywords: Bugis, philosophy of space, vertical spatial space, traditional home
Technology, Architectural engineering. Structural engineering of buildings