Hasil untuk "Sociology"

Gérald Kembellec, G. Chartron, Imad Saleh

J. Lewis, A. Weigert

A. Portes, Julia Sensenbrenner

This article contributes to the reemerging field of economic sociology by (1) delving into its classic roots to refine current concepts and (2) using examples from the immigration literature to explore the different forms in which social structures affect economic action. The concept of social "embeddedness" provides a suitable theoretical umbrella, although in analyzing its specific manifestations, the article focuses on the concept of social capital. The various mechanism through which social structures affect economic action are identified and categorized and their consequences,positive and negative, highlighted. The propositions that summarize the different parts of the discussion attempt to move these concepts beyond sensitizing generalities to hypothesis-like statements that can guide future research.

H. Braverman

S. Lipset

J. Huizinga

D. Haraway

Anh Nu Nguyet Nguyen, Ninh Van Nguyen

Purpose: The objective of this study is to explore and comprehend the factors from the perceived environment that impact travellers' attitudes and trust in agritourism at farms integrated with aquaculture, which have been creatively adapted for tourism purposes. These findings contribute to understanding how agritourism fosters rural innovation and sustainable development by transforming traditional agricultural practices into diversified tourism experiences. The findings of the study could demonstrate that certain outcomes play a crucial role in the successful innovation of rural areas. Methodology/design/approach: The study extensively utilized the Theory of Planned Behavior framework to develop its measurement constructs. Data collection occurred in regions where tourists frequented farms that combine aquaculture with traditional farming practices, yielding a total sample size of 332 respondents. The data were analyzed using the Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) method, employing the SmartPLS software version 4.0.9.2. Results: The results identified factors perceived environmentally positive influence on personal perception. Attitude and trust were found to mediate the relationships between perceived environment and revisit intention, with the mediating effect of attitude being stronger than that of trust. Originality of the research: Visitor attitudes significantly determine the innovation from making farms, orchards, aquaculture areas to the experiential tourism business. Successful innovations, such as enhancing rural incomes and sustaining agricultural livelihoods through agritourism transformation, are significantly driven by positive visitor perceptions and trust.

Rosa Gatti

The COVID-19 pandemic contributed to making national borders more visible and less permeable, reasserting the centrality of citizenship “as the ultimate marker of belonging and solidarity”, and reaffirming the distinction between citizens and non-citizens. In this context, citizenship and national belonging functioned as rigid categories for determining entitlement to protection and assistance. Many states failed to guarantee social rights to all residents, leading to forms of exclusion, particularly for non-citizens. Simultaneously, the crisis sparked the emergence of new forms of civic engagement and solidarity “from below,” enacted by civil society to fill the void left “from above.” Volunteerism flourished supporting those facing food insecurity, evictions, and economic hardship. In some cases, immigrants themselves became central protagonists of these initiatives. This paper contributes to debates on inclusive citizenship and solidarity by jointly analyzing the concepts of citizenship from below and solidarity from below, applying them to a case study of grassroots practices promoted by migrants and citizens in the city of Naples (Italy) during the pandemic. Drawing on long term ethnographic research, it examines how, through the creation of transversal alliances and mutual aid networks, these actors responded to systemic exclusion and economic marginality. Special attention is given to two intertwined pathways: migrant-led initiatives such as the S.E.E.D.S. project, and actions embedded in the urban commons (beni comuni), self-managed civic spaces that became material and symbolic infrastructures of proximity and care. Both trajectories fostered inclusive solidarity capable of contesting institutional boundaries and reimagining belonging. The paper shows how these practices reframed citizenship, challenging, and renewing how participants defined and enacted their civic roles through social relations. The analysis extends the theory of acts of citizenship by demonstrating how social and political participation during crisis—particularly by migrant actors—produced new grammars of recognition and belonging. These findings encourage a rethinking of solidarity, alliances, membership, borders, and citizenship in more inclusive and dynamic terms.

K. Macdonald, G. Ritzer

Tesfahun Alemayehu Terrefe

This article explores the factors that facilitate or constrain the co‐production of child welfare services (CWS) in the encounters between immigrant parents and child welfare systems. It draws on empirical data from interviews with ten parents who have experience with the Norwegian Child Welfare Services (NCWS) due to allegations of child maltreatment. The data were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis, involving multiple iterative cycles and theme construction to identify factors that influence active parental participation in the process and, by extension, co‐production of the services. The findings reveal that while a range of factors shape the co‐production of CWS, they highlight the central role of: (a) parents’ negative perceptions of the NCWS and limited awareness of how to engage with the system; (b) the impact of the child welfare system’s approach to intervention; (c) the role of parental trust or distrust in the NCWS; and (d) the quality of relationships and the underlying power dynamics between parents and the NCWS. Yet, while some factors—such as parents’ negative perceptions and limited awareness—appear to have a more pronounced impact on specific stages of co‐production, like early engagement and collaborative planning, others, like trust and power dynamics, exert a crosscutting influence that shapes participation and co‐production across the full spectrum of the intervention process.

Amen Faridoon, M. Tahar Kechadi

In today's highly connected society, we are constantly asked to provide personal information to retailers, voter surveys, medical professionals, and other data collection efforts. The collected data is stored in large data warehouses. Organisations and statistical agencies share and use this data to facilitate research in public health, economics, sociology, etc. However, this data contains sensitive information about individuals, which can result in identity theft, financial loss, stress and depression, embarrassment, abuse, etc. Therefore, one must ensure rigorous management of individuals' privacy. We propose, an advanced data privacy management architecture composed of three layers. The data management layer consists of de-identification and anonymisation, the access management layer for re-enforcing data access based on the concepts of Role-Based Access Control and the Chinese Wall Security Policy, and the roles layer for regulating different users. The proposed system architecture is validated on healthcare datasets.

Jiakang Li, Songning Lai, Zhihao Shuai et al.

The study of complex networks has significantly advanced our understanding of community structures which serves as a crucial feature of real-world graphs. Detecting communities in graphs is a challenging problem with applications in sociology, biology, and computer science. Despite the efforts of an interdisciplinary community of scientists, a satisfactory solution to this problem has not yet been achieved. This review article delves into the topic of community detection in graphs, which serves as a thorough exposition of various community detection methods from perspectives of modularity-based method, spectral clustering, probabilistic modelling, and deep learning. Along with the methods, a new community detection method designed by us is also presented. Additionally, the performance of these methods on the datasets with and without ground truth is compared. In conclusion, this comprehensive review provides a deep understanding of community detection in graphs.

Kent K. Chang, Danica Chen, David Bamman

We present a new dataset for studying conversation disentanglement in movies and TV series. While previous work has focused on conversation disentanglement in IRC chatroom dialogues, movies and TV shows provide a space for studying complex pragmatic patterns of floor and topic change in face-to-face multi-party interactions. In this work, we draw on theoretical research in sociolinguistics, sociology, and film studies to operationalize a conversational thread (including the notion of a floor change) in dramatic texts, and use that definition to annotate a dataset of 10,033 dialogue turns (comprising 2,209 threads) from 831 movies. We compare the performance of several disentanglement models on this dramatic dataset, and apply the best-performing model to disentangle 808 movies. We see that, contrary to expectation, average thread lengths do not decrease significantly over the past 40 years, and characters portrayed by actors who are women, while underrepresented, initiate more new conversational threads relative to their speaking time.

Paulo Duarte, Cristina Estevão, Ana María Campón-Cerro et al.

The hospitality and travel sector has been one of the most affected sectors by Covid-19, which has resulted in a significant increase in the literature addressing the impact of the health crisis on tourism activities and tourists’ perceptions and behaviours. Traditionally, socio-demographic variables have been instrumental in understanding consumers’ needs and desires. However, during the pandemic, it has been unveiled that social and economic profiles have started to influence how tourists make decisions. Since studies on the changes in hotel choice during and after Covid-19 are still scarce, this article aims to assess the influence of socio-demographic variables on hotel choice based on data collected during the peak phase of the Covid-19 pandemic. A quantitative study was conducted using an online questionnaire that reached an international sample of 1113 individuals. The ANOVA and the t-test analysis results point out that socio-demographic variables under study are responsible for several differences in the evaluation of hotels. These findings reinforce socio-demographic attributes’ capability to understand customers’ preferences and decision-making despite the context.

Edward Rosenbaum, Judith Lasker, Shailendra Prasad et al.

Participating in Short-Term Experiences in Global Health (STEGHs) has become an increasingly popular way for dental students to learn about the global burden of disease and health inequalities by traveling to a low-income community. However, there is little information available in the dental education literature providing guidelines on best practices for STEGHs. Often little is known about the local dental practice laws and ethics guidelines. One useful resource is the Brocher Declaration. The Brocher Declaration, created by the Advocacy for Global Health Partnerships (AGHP), is a comprehensive document outlining best practices for developing ethical and sustainable global health partnerships. The six guiding principles are: (1) mutual partnership with bidirectional input and learning, (2) empowered host country and community-defined needs and activities, (3) sustainable programs and capacity building, (4) compliance with applicable laws, ethical standards, and code of conduct, (5) humility, cultural sensitivity, and respect for all involved, and (6) accountability for actions. The principles of the Brocher declaration can serve as a foundation for ethics and sustainability and can be easily applied to STEGHs in dental education. The authors present a set of recommendations specific to each principle to guide dental schools in offering STEGHs to their students. Participating in STEGHs represents a unique opportunity for students to learn about the global burden of oral disease, its risk factors, and the population and public health strategies to reduce oral disease in diverse populations. When done ethically, they may serve as a spark for students to become future leaders in global health.

Stephen Casey

The best way to model, understand, and quantify the information contained in complex systems is an open question in physics, mathematics, and computer science. The uncertain relationship between entropy and complexity further complicates this question. With ideas drawn from the object-relations theory of psychology, this paper develops an object-relations model of complex systems which generalizes to systems of all types, including mathematical operations, machines, biological organisms, and social structures. The resulting Complex Information Entropy (CIE) equation is a robust method to quantify complexity across various contexts. The paper also describes algorithms to iteratively update and improve approximate solutions to the CIE equation, to recursively infer the composition of complex systems, and to discover the connections among objects across different lengthscales and timescales. Applications are discussed in the fields of engineering design, atomic and molecular physics, chemistry, materials science, neuroscience, psychology, sociology, ecology, economics, and medicine.

Paloma Candela Soto

Con motivo y ocasión del número cien de Sociología del Trabajo, se revisan las aportaciones e influencias más sobresalientes en el estudio de las mujeres y los trabajos, de sus experiencias como trabajadoras dentro y fuera de los hogares. Un recorrido escogido y discontinuo que reconstruye una amplitud de problemas y desafíos en torno a los cuidados, la conciliación de la vida personal y familiar, los impactos de las transformaciones productivas, el género y su intersección con la clase, la etnicidad y la edad en la esfera laboral, el alcance de las políticas de igualdad, etc. a la luz de la renovación teórica del feminismo, desde su esfuerzos de redefinición de conceptos esenciales como el trabajo que permitieron renovar y crear nuevas formas de abordar e interpretar la compleja realidad del trabajo de las mujeres.

Yiran E. Liu, Jillian Oto, John Will et al.

Carceral facilities are high-risk settings for COVID-19 transmission. Factors associated with COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and hesitancy among incarcerated individuals are poorly understood, especially among jail residents. Here, we conducted a retrospective review of electronic health record (EHR) data on COVID-19 vaccine uptake in custody and additionally administered a survey to assess reasons for vaccine hesitancy, sources of COVID-19 information, and medical mistrust among residents of four Northern California jails. We performed multivariate logistic regression to determine associations with vaccine acceptance. Of 2,564 jail residents offered a COVID-19 vaccine between March 19, 2021 and June 30, 2021, 1,441 (56.2%) accepted at least one dose. Among vaccinated residents, 497 (34.5%) had initially refused. Vaccine uptake was higher among older individuals, women, those with recent flu vaccination, and those living in shared housing. Among 509 survey respondents, leading reasons for vaccine hesitancy were concerns around side effects and suboptimal efficacy, with cost and the need for an annual booster being other hypothetical deterrents to vaccination. Vaccine hesitancy was also associated with mistrust of medical personnel in and out of jail, although this association varied by race/ethnicity. Television and friends/family were the most common and most trusted sources of COVID-19 information, respectively. Overall, vaccine acceptance was much lower among jail residents than the local and national general population. Interventions to increase vaccination rates in this setting should utilize accessible and trusted sources of information to address concerns about side effects and efficacy, while working to mitigate medical and institutional mistrust among residents.

Emmanuel Anongeba Anaba, Zita Buabeng, Grace Adjei Okai

Voluntary HIV counselling and testing (VHCT) is a successful intervention for fostering early HIV detection, which is essential for the management of the disease. This study sought to determine the prevalence and factors that influence the utilization of VHCT services among young people. In this study, young people in the Tema Metropolis were cross-sectionally surveyed. The simple random sampling method was used to select the participants. The majority (60%) of the participants were unaware of VHCT, and 83% did not know of any VHCT centre. The majority (72%) of the participants indicated that VHCT was important, and 81% were willing to test for HIV if VHCT services were available in schools. Young people who knew that parental consent was not a requirement during VHCT were about two times more likely to have been tested for HIV (COR = 1.96; 95% CI: 1.05–3.63) compared to their counterparts. Additionally, young people who were willing to test in youth-friendly clinics (AOR = 2.87; 95% CI: 1.09–7.51) had higher odds of testing for HIV compared to their counterparts. The utilisation of VHCT services among young people in Tema was found to be very low. Additionally, young people’s knowledge of VHCT services was below expectations.