Hasil untuk "Settlements"

Aaron An

Abstract Urban planning is challenging especially rapidly developing areas, making it imperative for decision-makers to be transparent, fair, and data-driven. This study looks at how planning decisions are made in local government in Australia. It compares two cases in Wyndham City where communities asked for the creation of new suburbs. The research uses evidence from council records and voting outcomes. It shows how one vote changed the final decision in both cases. In one case, a vote went against what the community wanted. This finding shows how personal bias and poor judgment can appear in traditional systems of governance. The study finds that technology-assisted decision-making (TADM) can improve openness, fairness, and accountability. The use of new technologies can make decision-making more consistent and more based on evidence. It can also help reflect public views more accurately. The study concludes that TADM should become part of urban governance. It recommends more research and real-world testing to build systems that support fair and sustainable planning outcomes.

Joanna Sławińska

Wkrótce.

M. M. Batmaev

Introduction. The article analyzes a little–studied problem in historiography – khotons (nomadic settlements) the Kalmyk Khanate of the XVIII century, which at the same time were the smallest administrative units.Materials and methods. The study is based on an extensive set of archival materials, primarily clerical correspondence, which somehow deposited information about the khotons of the Kalmyk Khanate of the XVIII century, the number of people in them, the degree of kinship, etc. Historical-genetic, comparative-historical, functional and descriptive methods were used in the analysis of source and bibliographic material and in writing the text of the article.Analysis. The analysis showed that a significant part of khotons consisted of 10-15 kibits (families), which were connected with each other by kinship relations, including those who were at different levels of kinship relations. However, archival documents show that in the 18th century, in addition to ordinary khotons consisting of related families, nomadic settlements began to appear in the Kalmyk Khanate, consisting of families or individuals not related by kinship and even belonging to different sub-ethnic groups. Sometimes, for various reasons, several khotons could unite and form a separate group of several dozens of kibits, and in some cases, due to extraordinary circumstances, they could form groups even of several hundred kibits, though for a short period. In addition to the official authorities, khotons and other nomadic groups of khoton type had their own internal public self-government built on the life experience and authority of their managers.Results. Thus, it can be concluded that in the socially stratified Kalmyk society of the XVIII century tribal relations began to deform under the influence of the prevailing circumstances.

Adeniyi Sunday Gbadegesin, Godwin O. Ikwuyatum

Common mental disorders (CMDs) have been on the rise in developing countries. This study set out to unravel the pattern of CMD prevalence in a traditional African city, Ibadan. The study, in addition to socio-economic and demographic variables, takes into cognisance the effect of some peculiar environmental variables. The Self-Reporting Questionnaire-20 was used for CMD screening, and the questionnaire was administered to 1,200 respondents in a cross-sectional survey approach. The results showed that the overall pattern of CMD prevalence is random (Global Moran’s I (P = 0.78, I = 0.00 and Z = 0.29)). Respondents without education reported the highest cases of CMD (48.6%). When combined together, migrants reported 52.5% of the CMDs. The significant variables are food security (β = −0.198), green space (β = −0.057), migration status (β = −0.054), flood-prone residence (β = 0.453), low-quality housing (β = −0.061), frequent recreation participation (β = −0.071), experience of spousal violence (β = 0.199), positive self-rated health (β = −0.134) and positive quality of life (β = −0.205). The predictors of CMD explained about 35.8% of the variation (R2) and an R value of 59.9%. The study showed that CMDs occur among most of the urban population. Adequate media sensitization will have significant ameliorating effects on urban residents.

Joshua Dimasaka, Sivasakthy Selvakumaran, Andrea Marinoni

Amidst the intensifying extreme rainfall patterns due to climate change, global early warning systems for mass movements (e.g. landslides, avalanches) need to provide not only the coarsely aggregated danger reports, but also the necessary fine details to understand its potential implications on critical infrastructures such as transportation systems. In this study, we introduce a novel ‘intergraph’ method that enhances the exposure information using a graph-based machine learning implementation on the hydrological and geological characteristics of mass movements and the underlying connectivity of settlement-transportation systems. Demonstrating the entire country of Norway and the 2020 Gjerdrum quick clay incident as a case study, we integrated the assessment of both direct and indirect exposure information of settlement-transportation systems and their daily 1 km-by-1 km susceptibility map, which were derived from the 68 934 mass movement incidents since 1957 and the connectivity information of 4778 settlements and 257 000 km road networks. Our findings achieved 86.25% accuracy, providing a distribution of improved susceptibility estimates and identifying critical settlements in near-real-time. By interacting the graphical representations of the shared causal drivers of susceptibility and the settlement-transportation system connectivity, our study extends our understanding of the exposure of multiple interacting settlements with a high granularity degree in a unified approach.

Xu Han, Maria Koliou

A large number of communities are impacted annually by the increasing frequency of tornado hazards resulting in damage to the infrastructure as well as disruption of community functions. The effect of the hazard geometry (center and angle of tornado path as well as the tornado width) is studied herein on how it influences the recovery of physical and social systems within the community. Given that pre-disaster preparedness including mitigation strategies (e.g., retrofits) and policies (e.g., insurance) is crucial for increasing the resilience of the community and facilitating a faster recovery process, in this study, the impact of various mitigation strategies and policies on the recovery trajectory and resilience of a typical US community subjected to a tornado is investigated considering different sources of uncertainties. The virtual testbed of Centerville is selected in this paper and is modeled by adopting the Agent-based modeling (ABM) approach which is a powerful tool for conducting community resilience analysis that simulates the behavior of different types of agents and their interactions to capture their interdependencies. The results are presented in the form of recovery time series as well as calculated resilience indices for various community systems (lifeline networks, schools, healthcare, businesses, and households). The results of this study can help deepen our understanding of how to efficiently expedite the recovery process of a community.

Zheng Li, Jinhao Guo, Yang Hong et al.

Red deer (<i>Cervus canadensis xanthopygus</i>) living in the north of China are restricted and threatened due to human activities and the changes in the natural environment, which influence the dispersal and effective gene flow between different groups of red deer. Effective gene flow plays an important role in maintaining genetic diversity and structure and ensuring population health. In order to evaluate the genetic diversity level and understand the gene flow between different red deer groups, 231 fresh fecal samples were collected from the southern part of the Greater Khingan Mountains, China. A microsatellite marker was used for genetic analysis. The results showed that the genetic diversity of red deer was intermediate in this region. Significant genetic differentiation among different groups was found in the main distribution area (<i>p</i> < 0.01) using <i>F</i>-statistics and the program STRUCTURE. Different degrees of gene flow existed in red deer groups, and the roads (<i>importance</i> = 40.9), elevation (<i>importance</i> = 38.6), and settlements (<i>importance</i> = 14.1) exerted main effects on gene flow between red deer groups. Human-made factors should be noticed and strictly supervised in this region to avoid excessive disturbance to the normal movement of the red deer. Further conservation and management of red deer should reduce the intensity of vehicular traffic in the concentrated distribution areas of red deer, especially during the heat season. This research helps us better understand the genetic level and health status of red deer in the southern part of the Greater Khingan Mountains and provides theoretical references for protecting and restoring the red deer populations in China.

Chelsea Rozanski, Michael Gavin

The food landscape of Calgary, Canada, is sown with an abundance of polycultures. Alongside place-specific Indigenous foodways are food rescue, banking, and hamper programs, food studies scholars, a City of Calgary food resilience plan, and a growing number of alternative food network producers. Within the local alternative food network, there has been a boom in advancing indoor growing for our colder climate, including container, aquaponic, vertical hydroponic, and greenhouse growing. Situated as an agrarian ethno­grapher and an urban regenerative farmer, we seek to highlight the viability of agricultural techniques that are in relation with the land to grow more socially and ecologically sustainable food and farm systems in and around Calgary. From this posi­tion, we formed a collaboration between the University of Calgary, Root and Regenerate Urban Farms, and the Young Agrarians to document the cultivation process for a production urban farm. Over the course of one growing season—May to September, 2021—we harvested approximately 7,000 lbs (3,175 kg) of produce across nine urban spaces totaling 0.26 acres. The 48 vegetable varie­ties were distributed to 35 community supported agriculture shareholders, weekly farmers market customers, restaurant chefs, and members of the YYC Growers and Distributors cooperative. More­over, we donated 765 lbs (347 kg) of surplus pro­duce to the Calgary Community Fridge, Calgary Food Bank, and the Alex Community Food Cen­tre, which work to mitigate food insecurity. Through a reflexive practitioner approach, our reflective essay discusses the benefits and limita­tions of Small Plot Intensive Farming methods and urban land-sharing strategies, as well as the viability of land-based urban agriculture in a rapidly chang­ing socio-ecological climate. Our paper also demonstrates the potential for transcending siloed approaches to knowledge-making vis-à-vis experi­ential learning partnerships between graduate student researchers, farmers, and agricultural organizations.

Front Matter

Cecilie Friis Skovsen, Jakob Schmidt Jensen, Ramon Gordon Jensen et al.

The prevalence of ear infections and hearing i mpairment among Greenlandic children is amajor public health problem, and studies investigating the association between hearing impairment and thriving among Greenlandic children are scarce. The aim of this study was to examine the association between hearing impairment and thriving in asample of school-children in Sisimiut, Greenland. This cross-sectional study included children from 5th to 10th grade from two schools in Sisimiut and two schools located in nearby settlements. Participants filled out aquestionnaire and underwent ear examination and audiometry. Binary logistic regression examined the associations of hearing impairment and thriving variables defined as self-rated health, headache and school satisfaction. 179 children participated from schools in Sisimiut, and 6 children were from schools in settlements. The prevalence of hearing impairment was 10% among school-children in Sisimiut. There was atendency among girls with hearing impairment to have higher odds ratios for low self-rated health, often headache and low school-satisfaction. This study indicates that girls with hearing impairment are more susceptible to low thriving compared to girls with normal hearing. Interventions targeting the thriving of hearing impairment among children in Greenland should take gender differences into account.

Charles H. Parrish, Damon Hebert, Aaron Jackson et al.

Parrish et al. demonstrate the modification of an incoming solar spectrum through downconversion of high energy UV/blue photons into orange/red photons using luminescent quantum dot films, leading to improved growth of leaf vegetables. Such technology can improve greenhouse productivity while reducing energy costs and can be useful to realize self-sustaining human settlements beyond Earth.

Issa Ibrahim Berchin, José Baltazar Salgueirinho Osório de Andrade Guerra

In the past decades, the frequency of epidemics with global importance has increased significantly. Only in the first two decades of the 21st Century, the world has witnessed the epidemics of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndromes, Zika virus, Ebola virus, Yellow Fever, the new COVID-19, besides the traditional influenza and other virus and bacteria. However, due to the high level of globalization, the large-scale population flow and the high reproductive rate of the virus, COVID-19 suddenly affected several countries, infecting hundreds of thousands of people and killing dozens of thousands in the fastest unprecedented crisis ever recorded, which also led to the fasted severe economic crisis on history. This perfect storm of social, economic and health catastrophes caused by the COVID-19 pandemics, directly threatens the world's livelihood and wellbeing and jeopardize the achievement of the United Nation's Sustainable Development Goals. Sustainable development is personified by Gaia's definition, implying limits for human activities and urging for a better use of technologies and resources. Although temporary, these changes in human actions set future trends for humanity, changing many aspects of our behavior, which include impacts in culture, technology, healthcare, economy, policy, education and the environment. Which may lead to a new enlightenment based on the need for global solidarity and an urge for the implementation of sustainable development pathways, finally creating a common agenda for the future of humanity as part of the Gaia, not above it.

Muhammad Dimas Zulri, Iwan Juwana

The increasing population in Indonesia is directly proportional to the growth of new settlements. In line with this, the growth of waste volume in Indonesia is closely related to the growth of its population. The level of welfare and lifestyle in Indonesia has resulted in a significant increase in waste generation, especially in urban areas. Jatihandap is one of the areas in Mandalajati Subdistrict, Bandung City that increases the influence of waste generation by each people and wants to improve the quality of its waste services to reduce these impacts. One way that can be done to measure the willingness of citizens to improve waste services is to measure the Contingent Valuation Method. Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) Based on the results of this study, WTP values were 138 people from 153 samples selected. The estimated WTP (EWTP) is Rp. 12,971 and the total WTP (TWTP) is Rp. 80,385,000 / month. Based on multiple linear regression analysis, the WTP value of Jatihandap Urban Village is influenced by the amount of garbage contributions and gender equality from the results of the questionnaire that has been done.

WANG Mao-hua 1, 2, CHI Shi-chun 1, 2, XIANG Biao 3, ZHOU Xiong-xiong 1, 2

In the case of weak earthquakes, a back analysis model considering interaction and radiation damping effects is proposed for dynamic parameters of earth-rock dams. In the model, the viscous-elastic artificial boundary combined with transfer function is used for achieving the wave motion input of valley topography, and the multiple output support vector machine (MSVM) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) are adopted. Using PSO to optimize the dynamic parameters of the dam can effectively get the optimal combination of parameters. The trained MSVM used to describe the mapping relationship between the model parameters and the acceleration reduces computing time of parametric inversion, avoiding the problem that the traditional single support vector machines easily ignore the correlation between monitoring data. The inversion results of Nuzhadu dam show that the calculated settlements agree well with the measured data. The proposed model is feasible in back-analysis of dynamic parameters of earth-rock dams. The study shows that the dynamic shear modulus coefficient C of the dam materials obtained from the indoor dynamic triaxial tests is small and should be revised.

Matthew DelSesto, Megan Donovan

In the current era of intensifying global migration and displacement, people face significant obstacles as they resettle and reestablish community in a new place. This reflective essay explores the process that the researchers used to study how one com­munity in El Salvador employed agroecology tac­tics for resettlement after the Salvadoran civil war and has remained rooted despite new forms of vio­lence across Central America. The authors reflect on how their relationship to the community and their role as researchers from the United States vis­iting El Salvador unearths important connec­tions between resettlement and agroecology. An approach utilizing oral histories, participant obser­vation, and situation analysis revealed the need to connect macrolevel sociological perspectives on the environment to a spiritually informed under­standing of how people relate to food systems and agriculture in everyday life. The essay highlights how cooperative agroecology tactics can contribute to people’s ability to resist the forces that create contemporary environmental, human rights and international justice crises after displacement—or confront them with resilience. Concluding insights from El Salvador are offered to inform future agroecology and food systems scholarship and practice.

William M. Bowen, Robert E. Gleeson

Andriy Zayats

The article is based on city books of Lutsk, Vyzhva, Milyanovich, Kovel, Olyka, Rivne and Grodno and Zemsky books of Volodymyr, Lutsk, Kremenets. The author attempts to establish the composition, personnel and powers of Volyn landvogt. He states that the landvogt government, like the Vogt government, was borrowed from the German lands to the Polish and Lithuanian lands, and from there it got to the Ukrainian ones. Landvogt was influential in the cities of Volyn, as he was often the patron saint of wight. He received his government as a fee for serving the Vogt or rented or secured it. Typically, each new Vogt assigned his own landvogt. As a part of taking the position, the landvogt had to take the oath. The governments of the Lentwites were at different times - from several months to many years. Going through their rule could change them. In addition to performing their primary function as a court, the tapeworms took part in governing the city, guarded the order, monitored Christian morality, and were sometimes charged with collecting arrears. The analysis of the sources allowed the author to draw some conclusions about the social and national origin of the Volyn landvogt. Among Lutsk landvogts in the XVI century, the nobles dominated, in the first half of the XVII century - burghers; by nationality, most were Ukrainians, the rest were mainly Poles. Among the Volodymyr landvogts, there were nobles, about a quarter of them were Poles, the rest were local. Of the nine well-known Kremenets landvogts, only two were burghers, almost equally Ukrainians and Poles. Among the twelve landvogts of Milianovich, only one was a nobleman and a Pole, and the rest were local townspeople. Of the six Kovel landvogts, two were gentry, and the others were bourgeois Ukrainians. The author provides data on the cases of the combination of the Lentwite government with the Rhei / Burmistrovsky. Many of the Lentwiths, before or after their rule, were found to be occupied by other city governments - they were listed as raitsi, city or vogt clerks, hunters, boomers, city fighters and trustees. It was noted that having considerable power, the tapeworms sometimes abused her (such as extortions, handshakes).

A. Skempton, D. H. Macdonald

Tjipto Subadi, Kuswaji Dwi Priyono, Dahroni Dahroni et al.

The purpose of this community service, assess and understand; 1) learning implementation strategy IPS (Social Sciences) Curriculum 2013 based on lesson study in  the  School of  Muhammadiyah  Kartasura.  2)  Rationalization  and  elements  of curriculum change in 2013. 3) The process of learning and assessment processes appropriate to the curriculum in 2013. The method used; workshops and training. The Place; SMK Muhammadiyah Kartasura. Execution time; odd semester 2014/2015. Subject: Elementary School teachers, Junior High School, High School and Vocational High School Muhammadiyah Kartasura. The results achieved; 1) learning implementation strategy IPS (Social Sciences) curriculum-based lesson study 203 through  three  stages, namely;  plan  (planning),  do  (action  and  observation),  see (reflection).  2) Rationalization and elements of curriculum change in 2013 stressed on; a) The scientific approach is based approach to encourage student creativity; b)Integrity of the competence of knowledge, skills, and attitudes; c) Integrity of the curricular, co-curricular and extra-curricular activities. 3) The learning process is emphasized in the curriculum in 2013; (A) Integrated Thematic for elementary school level, (b) Approach Science (Natural Sciences) and IPS (Social Sciences) of partitive aggregative be integrated melt (liquid integrative), (c) religious and moral education, (d) learning objects; natural phenomena, social, and cultural arts. While the emphasis in  the assessment  process; assessment  student  achievement  by  using  descriptive qualitative and quantitative numerical. Learning implementation strategy IPS (Social Sciences) 203 curriculum-based lesson study using a modified model of lesson study, achievement indicators for a significant increase from the prior worhshop and training after the workshop, namely; 30%: 80% (pre-test: post-test).