Hasil untuk "Science"

M. Malinauskas, A. Žukauskas, S. Hasegawa et al.

Processing of materials by ultrashort laser pulses has evolved significantly over the last decade and is starting to reveal its scientific, technological and industrial potential. In ultrafast laser manufacturing, optical energy of tightly focused femtosecond or picosecond laser pulses can be delivered to precisely defined positions in the bulk of materials via two-/multi-photon excitation on a timescale much faster than thermal energy exchange between photoexcited electrons and lattice ions. Control of photo-ionization and thermal processes with the highest precision, inducing local photomodification in sub-100-nm-sized regions has been achieved. State-of-the-art ultrashort laser processing techniques exploit high 0.1–1 μm spatial resolution and almost unrestricted three-dimensional structuring capability. Adjustable pulse duration, spatiotemporal chirp, phase front tilt and polarization allow control of photomodification via uniquely wide parameter space. Mature opto-electrical/mechanical technologies have enabled laser processing speeds approaching meters-per-second, leading to a fast lab-to-fab transfer. The key aspects and latest achievements are reviewed with an emphasis on the fundamental relation between spatial resolution and total fabrication throughput. Emerging biomedical applications implementing micrometer feature precision over centimeter-scale scaffolds and photonic wire bonding in telecommunications are highlighted. The ability of femtosecond lasers to efficiently fabricate complex structures and devices for a wide variety of applications is reviewed. Mangirdas Malinauskas at Vilnius University in Lithuania and co-workers in Japan, Australia and Saudi Arabia describe how state-of-the-art laser processing techniques with ultrashort light pulses can be used to structure materials with a sub-micrometre resolution. Direct laser writing of suitable photoresists and other transparent media can create intricate three-dimensional photonic crystals, micro-optical components, gratings, tissue scaffolds and optical waveguides. Such structures are potentially useful for empowering next-generation applications in telecommunications and bioengineering that rely on the creation of increasingly sophisticated miniature parts. The precision, fabrication speed and versatility of ultrafast laser processing make it well placed to become a vital industrial tool for manufacturing.

C. Stam

F. Provost, Tom Fawcett

Abstract Companies have realized they need to hire data scientists, academic institutions are scrambling to put together data-science programs, and publications are touting data science as a hot—even “sexy”—career choice. However, there is confusion about what exactly data science is, and this confusion could lead to disillusionment as the concept diffuses into meaningless buzz. In this article, we argue that there are good reasons why it has been hard to pin down exactly what is data science. One reason is that data science is intricately intertwined with other important concepts also of growing importance, such as big data and data-driven decision making. Another reason is the natural tendency to associate what a practitioner does with the definition of the practitioner's field; this can result in overlooking the fundamentals of the field. We believe that trying to define the boundaries of data science precisely is not of the utmost importance. We can debate the boundaries of the field in an academic setting, but in order for data science to serve business effectively, it is important (i) to understand its relationships to other important related concepts, and (ii) to begin to identify the fundamental principles underlying data science. Once we embrace (ii), we can much better understand and explain exactly what data science has to offer. Furthermore, only once we embrace (ii) should we be comfortable calling it data science. In this article, we present a perspective that addresses all these concepts. We close by offering, as examples, a partial list of fundamental principles underlying data science.

P. Adams

J. Dickinson, Jennifer Shirk, David N. Bonter et al.

M. A. Henderson

R. Peng

G. Hein

D. Blei, J. Lafferty

Topic models, such as latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA), can be useful tools for the statistical analysis of document collections and other discrete data. The LDA model assumes that the words of each document arise from a mixture of topics, each of which is a distribution over the vocabulary. A limitation of LDA is the inability to model topic correlation even though, for example, a document about genetics is more likely to also be about disease than X-ray astronomy. This limitation stems from the use of the Dirichlet distribution to model the variability among the topic proportions. In this paper we develop the correlated topic model (CTM), where the topic proportions exhibit correlation via the logistic normal distribution [J. Roy. Statist. Soc. Ser. B 44 (1982) 139--177]. We derive a fast variational inference algorithm for approximate posterior inference in this model, which is complicated by the fact that the logistic normal is not conjugate to the multinomial. We apply the CTM to the articles from Science published from 1990--1999, a data set that comprises 57M words. The CTM gives a better fit of the data than LDA, and we demonstrate its use as an exploratory tool of large document collections.

A. Hevner, S. March, Jinsoo Park et al.

N. Polsby, S. Jasanoff

M. Eccles, B. Mittman

AbstractImplementation research is the scientific study of methods to promote the systematic uptake of research findings and other evidence-based practices into routine practice, and, hence, to improve the quality and effectiveness of health services and care. This relatively new field includes the study of influences on healthcare professional and organisational behaviour. Implementation Science will encompass all aspects of research in this field, in clinical, community and policy contexts. This online journal will provide a unique platform for this type of research and will publish a broad range of articles – study protocols, debate, theoretical and conceptual articles, rigorous evaluations of the process of change, and articles on methodology and rigorously developed tools – that will enhance the development and refinement of implementation research. No one discipline, research design, or paradigm will be favoured. Implementation Science looks forward to receiving manuscripts that facilitate the continued development of the field, and contribute to healthcare policy and practice.

J. Beck, K. Arnold

Gregory Schraw, Kent J. Crippen, Kendall Hartley

E. Salas, J. Cannon-Bowers

Molly Simis, Haley C. Madden, M. Cacciatore et al.

D. Solovev

Preface D.B. Solovev1,2 1 Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia 2 Vladivostok Branch of Russian Customs Academy, Vladivostok, Russia E-mail: solovev.db@dvfu.ru International science and technology conference “Earth science” (ISTCEarthScience) it is a subsection of a big conference the International Scientific Conference “FarEastCon” took place on October 2-4, 2018 in Vladivostok, Russian Federation. The conference represents an informational platform for accumulation of expert opinion on projects and initiatives that are aimed at implementation of farsighted scientific research and development; it allows to present scientific and practical achievements to a wide circle of researchers. Sections of the conference are of interest for the broad range of experts in the sphere of development of innovative solutions and organizing events that increase the efficiency of economic and innovative activities. The international program committee has selected some papers for publishing in the IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. ISTCEarthScience is a high-quality conference with a competitive submission process. For example, in 2018, ISTCEarthScience only accepted 30% of submitted papers. ISTCEarthScience has a rigorous reviewing process that is similar to the processes used by IEEE. Every submitted paper and poster is subjected to this process. The main criterion is a judgment of the degree to which the submitted paper contributes substantial new research. Reviewers rate the paper using a 10-point ranking scale, and provide a written evaluation. The written evaluation needs to support the reasoning behind the numeric ranking. After the review period, there is a discussion period, where all reviewers can see the other reviews. Organizing committee would like to express our sincere appreciation to everybody who has contributed to the conference. Heartfelt thanks are due to authors, reviewers, participants and to all the team of organizers for their support and enthusiasm which granted success to the conference. Conference Char, Denis B. Solovev.

D. Fraisl, Jillian Campbell, L. See et al.

The UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a vision for achieving a sustainable future. Reliable, timely, comprehensive, and consistent data are critical for measuring progress towards, and ultimately achieving, the SDGs. Data from citizen science represent one new source of data that could be used for SDG reporting and monitoring. However, information is still lacking regarding the current and potential contributions of citizen science to the SDG indicator framework. Through a systematic review of the metadata and work plans of the 244 SDG indicators, as well as the identification of past and ongoing citizen science initiatives that could directly or indirectly provide data for these indicators, this paper presents an overview of where citizen science is already contributing and could contribute data to the SDG indicator framework. The results demonstrate that citizen science is “already contributing” to the monitoring of 5 SDG indicators, and that citizen science “could contribute” to 76 indicators, which, together, equates to around 33%. Our analysis also shows that the greatest inputs from citizen science to the SDG framework relate to SDG 15 Life on Land, SDG 11 Sustainable Cities and Communities, SDG 3 Good Health and Wellbeing, and SDG 6 Clean Water and Sanitation. Realizing the full potential of citizen science requires demonstrating its value in the global data ecosystem, building partnerships around citizen science data to accelerate SDG progress, and leveraging investments to enhance its use and impact.

Niels G. Mede, Mike S. Schäfer

Populism is on the rise in many countries. Scholars have stated that it is characteristic for political populism to describe society as a fundamental struggle between an allegedly virtuous people and political elites which are portrayed negatively. This anti-elitist sentiment not only targets politicians, however, but also other representatives of the alleged establishment—including scientists and scholarly institutions. But the specifics of such science-related populism have not yet been conceptualized. We aim to do so, integrating scholarship on political populism, the “participatory turn,” and alternative epistemologies. We propose to conceptualize science-related populism as a set of ideas which suggests that there is a morally charged antagonism between an (allegedly) virtuous ordinary people and an (allegedly) unvirtuous academic elite, and that this antagonism is due to the elite illegitimately claiming and the people legitimately demanding both science-related decision-making sovereignty and truth-speaking sovereignty.

N. Oreskes

...................................................................................................................................................... You are kindly invited to a lecture and discussion by Naomi Oreskes, Harvard University, USA Thursday, 30 June, 2022, 15:15 16:30h Room 099, Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, 3012 Bern ....................................................................................................................................................... A LEADING VOICE ON THE ROLE OF SCIENCE IN SOCIETY Naomi Oreskes is Professor of the History of Science and Affiliated Professor of Earth and Planetary Sciences at Harvard University. A world-renowned geologist, historian and public speaker, she is a leading voice on the role of science in society and the reality of anthropogenic climate change. Her areas of research are: History of Environmental Sciences, Science Policy, Philosophy of Science, Science and Religion, Technology and Society, Women and Gender Studies.