During the last decade a new trend of approaches has emerged, which considers models not just documentation artefacts, but also central artefacts in the software engineering field, allowing the creation or automatic execution of software systems starting from those models. These proposals have been classified generically as Model-Driven Engineering (MDE) and share common concepts and terms that need to be abstracted, discussed and understood. This paper presents a survey on MDE based on a unified conceptual model that clearly identifies and relates these essential concepts, namely the concepts of system, model, metamodel, modeling language, transformations, software platform, and software product. In addition, this paper discusses the terminologies relating MDE, MDD, MDA and others. This survey is based on earlier work, however, contrary to those, it intends to give a simple, broader and integrated view of the essential concepts and respective terminology commonly involved in the MDE, answering to key questions such as: What is a model? What is the relation between a model and a metamodel? What are the key facets of a modeling language? How can I use models in the context of a software development process? What are the relations between models and source code artefacts and software platforms? and What are the relations between MDE, MDD, MDA and other MD approaches?
Unha nova enquisa oficial do Instituto Galego de Estatística indica que hai un punto de inflexión pasando a haber unha porcentaxe maior de poboación que fala habitualmente en castelán que en galego. Nese contexto, prodúcese o anuncio do comezo dos traballos para unha simple “actualización” do Plan xeral de uso da lingua galega aprobado por unanimidade hai máis de 20 anos (2004) e o cambio da regulación dos medios públicos que, por primeira vez, abre a porta a emisións noutras linguas.
Gremlin is a graph traversal machine and language designed, developed, and distributed by the Apache TinkerPop project. Gremlin, as a graph traversal machine, is composed of three interacting components: a graph, a traversal, and a set of traversers. The traversers move about the graph according to the instructions specified in the traversal, where the result of the computation is the ultimate locations of all halted traversers. A Gremlin machine can be executed over any supporting graph computing system such as an OLTP graph database and/or an OLAP graph processor. Gremlin, as a graph traversal language, is a functional language implemented in the user's native programming language and is used to define the traversal of a Gremlin machine. This article provides a mathematical description of Gremlin and details its automaton and functional properties. These properties enable Gremlin to naturally support imperative and declarative querying, host language agnosticism, user-defined domain specific languages, an extensible compiler/optimizer, single- and multi-machine execution models, hybrid depth- and breadth-first evaluation, as well as the existence of a Universal Gremlin Machine and its respective entailments.
Kimberly A Wolbers, Leala Holcomb, Laura Hamman‐Ortiz
In this conceptual article, the authors introduce the Translanguaging Framework for Deaf Education (TFDE), drawing upon two perspectives on language and learning: crip linguistics and critical translanguaging space. The TFDE is a retheorization of the Language Zone, a pedagogical framework for supporting language learning in deaf education, and is designed to support educators to approach language use and users from an asset-oriented perspective. In line with this stance, the TFDE validates the linguistic resources deaf students bring to the classroom and encourages students’ full use of their communicative repertoires for meaning making, while also working to expand their linguistic resources and increase communicative flexibility. Examples of translanguaging pedagogical practices with deaf students, such as coming to a shared understanding, building metalinguistic knowledge, and honing communication for external audiences, are explained and illustrated through classroom scenarios with deaf students. Readers are also provided with tools for critically analyzing the social context to ensure accessible and equitable language environments for deaf students and to protect spaces for the use of minoritized languages such as ASL.
Prenant pour point de départ le statut particulier de l’écrivain ligure Camillo Sbarbaro (1888-1967), qui était à la fois poète et lichénologue, cet article tente de montrer que ses recueils de poèmes et de fragments de prose peuvent être lus comme une sorte d’herbier des lieux parcourus et aimés, comme un inventaire intime où une mémoire anhistorique des paysages ligures se construit à travers une célébration du monde végétal sous ses formes les plus infimes. On propose ici une approche écopoétique de la production sbarbarienne, au sens où une sensibilité presque écologiste à la précarité du monde conduit le poète-botaniste à transformer l’écriture en un geste de préservation de la nature.
Code-switching (CSW) is the phenomenon where speakers use two or more languages in a single discourse or utterance—an increasingly recognised natural product of multilingualism in many settings. In language teaching and learning in particular, code-switching has been shown to bring in many pedagogical benefits, including accelerating students’ confidence, increasing their access to content, as well as improving their participation and engagement. Unfortunately, however, current educational technologies are not yet able to keep up with this ‘multilingual turn’ in education. and are partly responsible for the constraint of this practice to only classroom contexts. In an effort to make progress in this area, we offer a data-driven position paper discussing the current state of affairs, difficulties of the existing educational natural language processing (NLP) tools for CSW and possible directions for future work. We specifically focus on two cases of feedback and assessment technologies, demonstrating how the current state of the art in these domains fails with code-switching data due to a lack of appropriate training data, lack of robust evaluation benchmarks and lack of end-to-end user-facing educational applications. We present some empirical user cases of how CSW manifests and suggest possible technological solutions for each of these scenarios.
Enrique Coronado, F. Mastrogiovanni, B. Indurkhya
et al.
Abstract Robots are becoming interactive and robust enough to be adopted outside laboratories and in industrial scenarios as well as interacting with humans in social activities. However, the design of engaging robot-based applications requires the availability of usable, flexible and accessible development frameworks, which can be adopted and mastered by researchers and practitioners in social sciences and adult end users as a whole. This paper surveys Visual Programming Environments aimed at enabling a paradigm fostering the so-called End-User Development of applications involving robots with social capabilities. The focus of this article is on those Visual Programming Environments that are designed to support social research goals as well as to cater for professional needs of people not trained in more traditional text-based computer programming languages. This survey excludes interfaces aimed at supporting expert programmers, at allowing industrial robots to perform typical industrial tasks (such as pick and place operations), and at teaching children how to code. After having performed a systematic search, sixteen programming environments have been included in this survey. Our goal is two-fold: first, to present these software tools with their technical features and Authoring Artificial Intelligence modeling approaches, and second, to present open challenges in the development of Visual Programming Environments for end users and social researchers, which can be informative and valuable to the community. The results show that the most recent such tools are adopting distributed and Component-Based Software Engineering approaches and web technologies. However, few of them have been designed to enable the independence of end users from high-tech scribes. Moreover, findings indicate the need for (i) more objective and comparative evaluations, as well as usability and user experience studies with real end users; and (ii) validations of these tools for designing applications aimed at working “in-the-wild” rather than only in laboratories and structured settings.
Literature has been especially important in the construction of human thought and development. From this perspective, ideology, as a contextual dimension of a higher order, gets into the literary text and, at the same time, becomes shaped by the genius of authors throughout the centuries. Therefore, when we face ideological social dilemmas, such as the emergence, change, perpetuation and consequences of prejudice, stereotyping and discrimination on disability in our society, it is natural to question the role of the literature in the formation of foundational ideological paradigms. This article intends to marry a literary analysis with the functional linguistic approach of Appraisal –dealing with the semantics of evaluation– in order to present an initial set of ideas of our literary tradition in Galician-Portuguese medieval songs. Research goals include: the identification of (mis)representations of disability in the corpus; the detection of ideology(ies) scaffolding prejudicial representations; and the determination of the role of Galician Portuguese songs in consolidating or strengthening this type of prejudice. Results revealed this body of art presenting a misrepresentation of disabled people that, ultimately, composed a corollary of ideological heritage that have influenced the Iberian and Western literary tradition until the present time.
Romanic languages, French literature - Italian literature - Spanish literature - Portuguese literature