Hasil untuk "River protective works. Regulation. Flood control"

Abu Reza Md Towfiqul Islam, Abu Hena Md Fazla Rabbi, Amit Hasan Anik et al.

In the context of transboundary rivers, which constitute intricate fluvial ecosystems, the persistent threat of heavy metals (HMs) contamination poses significant risks to ecosystem health. In this study, ecotoxicological hazards, governing factors, and the distribution of nine HMs (uranium (U), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu)), as well as sediment characteristics (sand, silt, clay, organic matter, and pH) are assessed within the sediment. The current investigation encompasses the analysis of twenty-seven sediment samples, utilizing inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, in the transboundary river basin of Bangladesh, specifically the Teesta River. Notably, the findings underscore the predominance of Cd as a contaminant, responsible for 51.85%, 81.84%, and 100% of the geo-accumulation index, contamination factor, and enrichment factor, respectively. The Teesta River emerges as moderately to highly polluted, with cumulative probabilities of 7.4%, 85.2%, and 7.4% denoting “medium”, “high”, and “priority” pollution levels, respectively. Regions in the upstream and downstream middle sections of the study area exhibit relatively higher pollution levels, particularly in proximity to Kaunia Upazila in the Rangpur district. Ecologically, the potential risk index indicates a low likelihood of ecological impacts at 77.8%, alongside a moderate risk observation of 22.2%. The current results attribute the distribution of these HMs to the pH and organic matter content within the sediment, serving as pivotal factors. To unravel the origins of the HMs, the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model successfully identifies four contributing factors, primarily from geogenic sources. Validation of the PMF model through Spearmen correlation and principal component analysis (PCA) reveals a consistent pattern, affirming its efficacy in this analysis. Within the region, HM sources are identified as originating from anthropogenic activities such as irrigation, industrial discharges, and domestic effluent, in addition to substantial inputs from geogenic sources. Recognizing the transboundary nature of metal pollution, the current study underscores the imperative for continuous and vigilant monitoring, coupled with the implementation of robust management practices. The interplay of both anthropogenic and geogenic factors necessitates a comprehensive approach to effectively and sustainably combat HM contamination.

Guilherme Samprogna Mohor, Tobias Sieg, Oliver Koch et al.

Abstract Flood damage data are needed for various applications. Structural damage of buildings can reflect not only the economic damage but also the life‐threatening condition of a building, which provide crucial information for disaster response and recovery. Since traditional on‐site data collection shortly after a disaster is challenging, remote sensing data can be of great help, cover a wider area and be deployed earlier in time than on‐site surveys. However, this has its challenges and limitations. We elucidate on that by presenting two case studies from flash floods in Germany. First, we assessed the reliability of an existing flood damage schema, which differentiates from minor (structural) damage to complete building collapse. We compared two on‐site raters of the 2016 Braunsbach flood, reaching an excellent level of reliability. Second, we mapped structural building damage after the flood in the Ahr valley in 2021 using a textured 3D mesh and orthophotos. Here, we evaluated the remote sense‐based damage mapping done by three raters. Although the heterogeneity of ratings using remote sensing data is larger than among on‐site ratings, we consider it fit‐for‐purpose when compared with on‐site mapping, especially for event documentation and as basis for financial damage estimation and less complex numerical modelling.

Vladimir Mirlas, Altynay Zhakyp, Yergali Auelkhan et al.

Abstract Groundwater flooding might be triggered by disregarding hydrogeological processes during urban area development. Such flooding might result in public disruption, engineering infrastructure destruction, and general damage to natural and human environments, as in the northern part of Almaty city. A MODFLOW groundwater flow model was used to simulate and quantitatively assess the changes in hydrogeological conditions affecting the groundwater flooding process. A field study of the Akbulak micro‐district research site showed that groundwater flooding occurred in its center owing to a water table hillock with a total area of 0.07 km2 and groundwater levels ranging from 1.2 to 0.25 m below the ground surface. The MODFLOW simulation suggested that this water table hillock developed from runoff, which, owing to a decrease in natural infiltration across an urbanized area, accumulated in low‐elevation areas and infiltrated. This runoff accumulation effect may be up to eight times the annual average precipitation amount. Once in local sub‐basins, larger runoff volume infiltrates into an underlying aquifer water table that is already high, might cause groundwater flooding in populated areas. The Almaty scenario simulation confirmed the field observations, suggesting that the clogging of the Karasu‐type stream has concentrated runoff to low‐elevation areas and is the leading cause of flooding.

Anthony D. Jones, Julia L. A. Knapp, Sim M. Reaney et al.

ABSTRACT Natural Flood Management (NFM) has gained prominence as a sustainable approach to flood risk reduction, particularly in small catchments where traditional grey infrastructure is less viable. However, understanding the effectiveness of NFM is closely tied to the quantity and quality of hydrological monitoring. In small catchments, this monitoring remains inconsistent, whereas high‐quality, high‐frequency networks maximise the likelihood of detecting NFM effects. This is the first systematic review to analyse current approaches to streamflow and rainfall monitoring used to assess NFM performance in small catchments (defined as < 25 km2), consolidating data from 33 studies (65 catchments) into a practitioner‐oriented decision matrix that links site conditions, cost and certainty to method selection. The reviewed dataset consolidates example NFM interventions and associated monitoring approaches, highlighting the benefits and limitations of each method in a single, accessible resource. The review also highlights gaps, including limited baseline data, short monitoring durations, and infrequent reporting of costs and methods. A decision matrix is presented to support practitioners in selecting streamflow monitoring methods based on site conditions and resources for small catchments. Recommendations to improve standardisation, reporting, and the adoption of low‐cost, scalable techniques, including community‐led and non‐contact approaches (remote sensing and drone imagery) are also given.

Fan Wang, Jie Mu, Cheng Zhang et al.

ABSTRACT The fast‐flowing watershed is characterized by rapid runoff and confluence, posing challenges for accurate flood prediction. We introduce three flood forecasting model structures, namely GRU‐ED, LSTM‐FED, and LSTM‐DSA to address this issue. Through application research in three representative watersheds, we found that: First, as input information attenuates, the predictive ability of the models may decline with an extended lead time. The incorporation of a feedback mechanism effectively addresses this issue, resulting in an average 5% improvement in Nash efficiency and a significant 26.4% reduction in the interquartile range of relative peak error. Second, the performance of the model is influenced by various factors, including the watershed characteristics, sample size, and temporal resolution. Further investigation is required to determine the extent of their influence. The attention mechanism dynamically assigns weights to input data, significantly improving model performance, especially for larger catchments. This leads to an average increase in Nash efficiency of approximately 7.86% and a reduction in the interquartile range of relative peak error by about 30.7%. Finally, the proposed models demonstrate a high level of accuracy in flood forecasting within a specific lead time, offering an innovative deep learning‐based solution to the problem of fast‐flowing watershed flood forecasting.

D. Bazzett, Lucas Marxen, R. Wang

Abstract Regional flood mapping poses computational and spatial heterogeneity challenges, exacerbated by climate change‐induced uncertainties. This study focuses on creating a state‐wide flood mapping solution with enhanced accuracy and computational speed to support regional flooding hazard analysis and the assessment of climate change, using New Jersey as a case study. The Height Above Nearest Drainage (HAND) framework was employed for large‐scale flood mapping. The model was validated against high water marks (HWMs) collected after Hurricane Irene. Based on the National Water Model (NWM), synthetic rating curves in HAND were calibrated by tuning Manning's roughness, aligning the predicted and observed flood depths. The roughness values were generalized across the state from the validated water basins to the ungauged ones, using a multivariate regression with the hydrologic and geographic information. To map the future climate‐change‐induced flooding, a correlation between NOAA historical precipitation totals and NWM flow data from 2010 to 2020 was established to link precipitation and runoff. This study also invented a novel method for correcting catchment discontinuities, inherent in the HAND model, based on a computer vision scheme, the Sobel filter. The modeling results show that average and worst‐case storm events have the potential to increase 10%–50% in the state, where mountain areas and major river banks would be exposed to this impact more significantly.

Daniel W. A. Jones, Fiona Williams, Namrata Bhattacharya Mis et al.

ABSTRACT Flood risk management (FRM) in England and Wales predominantly follows a utilitarian approach guided by cost–benefit analysis, with a corresponding focus on urban areas. This approach has been criticised for being unjust, as it neglects vulnerabilities that cannot be readily monetised, resulting in some of the most vulnerable flood‐affected communities being excluded from FRM provision. This issue is especially pronounced in rural areas. Ironically, rural communities are often overlooked despite many contributing to the protection of urban settlements. In response to increasing research on social injustices in FRM and policy calls for more equitable approaches, greater consideration of rural flooding is required. Using the River Severn catchment as a case study, this paper employs a questionnaire survey of 176 rural residents to gather perspectives on their engagement with FRM agencies. Their responses were then discussed with FRM organisations active in the region through interviews. The combined perspectives of rural communities and FRM organisations reveal challenges and opportunities for achieving just consideration of rural areas in FRM. The findings emphasise the need for a more inclusive approach to FRM in the River Severn catchment and offer valuable lessons for other rural areas in the United Kingdom and beyond.

Ali Nasiri Khiavi, Mehdi Vafakhah, Seyed Hamidreza Sadeghi et al.

Abstract Identifying the critical areas of flood generation and determining the optimal measures for flood control and management (FCM) is one of the most important basics of watershed management. Therefore, the current study was carried out to prioritize sub‐watersheds (SWs) based on flood generation using physical (Ph‐MA), technical (Te‐MA), comanagerial (Com‐MA), and conjunct management approaches (Con‐MA), as well as determining the quantitative effects of the proposed FCM measures in the Cheshmeh‐Kileh Watershed, Iran. To prioritize SWs based on flood generation, geo‐environmental criteria were used in Ph‐MA, HEC‐HMS software was used in Te‐MA, and semi‐structured interviews with local stakeholders were used in Com‐MA. Finally, using the Condorcet algorithm based on game theory, SWs were prioritized in each approach. In the semi‐structured interviews, stakeholders were asked to provide suggested measures for FCM. Finally, the effect of each measure on the flood components was quantified. Based on the results, the measure of 10% improvement of forest cover in the entire watershed from the category of Con‐MA was selected as the optimal measure. In the return periods of 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 years, the effectiveness of this measure was 80.08%, 70.09%, 58.10%, 55.67%, 50.58%, and 43.62%, respectively. The influence of Con‐MA based on non‐structural and structural measures on reducing the components of peak flow and flood volume was more than other approaches. In general, it can be concluded that non‐structural measures have more effect than structural measures in FCM in the study watershed. The methods and approaches used in this study can be directly used by local executive managers, decision‐makers, and policymakers of watershed management and flood management activities.

Takehiko Ito, Jin Kashiwada, Yasuo Nihei

ABSTRACT In Chiba Prefecture, Japan, there are numerous yatsu valleys topographies that have local elevation differences that greatly affect the rainfall‐runoff process. In this study, we aimed to explore the impact of these topographic features on runoff and river flow. In addition, we also evaluate the effects of unsteady and advection terms in the equation of motion on river flow simulation, which are sometimes omitted for reasons such as improving computational efficiency. We developed a coupled rainfall–runoff–inundation and river‐flow (RRI‐RF) model, which combines a hydrological model and a hydraulic model, and applied it to the Ichinomiya River basin. Our findings revealed that the flow discharge is calculated to be lower in the simulation using coarser grid resolution in which the elevation differences due to yatsu valleys are smoothed. Moreover, the advection term has a significant influence on the river flow, particularly in the RRI‐RF model with lateral inflow at multiple locations. Therefore, inputting elevation data of high resolution and the calculation of the full equation of motion is essential for precisely assessing river water level and discharge.

Thi-Kim-Anh Do, Nicolas Huybrechts, Isabel Jálon-Rojas et al.

Simulating sediment dynamics in a large and energetic estuary system remains challenging, primarily due to the spatial and temporal complexities of the interaction between flow and sediment transport, especially for sand-mud mixtures. This study uses a three-dimensional (3D) numerical model, based on the open TELEMAC system, to investigate the dynamics of suspended sediment concentration (SSC) in the Gironde Estuary, a complex estuarine environment characterized by an estuarine turbidity maximum (ETM) and significant variations in river discharge. The main contributions of this study include addressing the challenges of coupling bed friction with sediment transport of the sand-mud mixture for feedback on bed roughness and bottom depth changes and the ability of the model to capture the migration of ETM from high to low flow. Additionally, the current study analyzes the ability of the model to capture the migration of ETM from high to low flow, and it utilizes a calibration strategy that minimizes parameters by using in situ data and encompassing hydro–morpho-sedimentary interactions. A sensitivity analysis was done using different settling velocity approaches and sediment classes to establish an optimal model configuration and the uncertainty associated with the reduced model parameterization is discussed. The model satisfactorily reproduces the hydrodynamic features, particularly when the hydro-sedimentary feedbacks are taken into account, the seasonal trend of SSC, spring-neap variations, and the development of a well-defined ETM. The selection of a specific formulation for the settling velocity influences the location and magnitude of ETM. The van Leussen formula not only predicts a broad movement of ETM from high to low river flow, but also predicts high turbidity for extended periods during low river flow. Conversely, two empirical formulas from Le Hir and Defontaine predicted the highest turbidity during neap tides but sediment losses during prolonged simulations. The results of this study contribute to a deeper understanding of sediment dynamics in the Gironde Estuary, providing valuable information for future estuarine modeling and management.

Karl-Erich Lindenschmidt

Youngkyu Kim, Sunmin Kim, Yasuto Tachikawa

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate probable maximum precipitation (PMP) estimated using surface dew points (SDP) or actual precipitable water obtained from upper‐air data (UAD) in the moisture‐maximization method with the help of sufficient extreme precipitation events using large‐scale climate ensemble simulation data (d4PDF). The deviations between the PMP variables estimated by the SDP and UAD approaches were analyzed for southern and northern areas of Japan to consider the regional characteristics of the deviations. We found that the deviations were high in northern areas where the SDPs are relatively low during precipitation events. The PMPs estimated using each approach were also compared to the extreme‐scale reference precipitation proposed in this study. The SDP approach overestimated the PMPs by over 20% compared to the reference precipitation in the northern region. However, the UAD approach showed very low average errors in all southern and northern areas. This tendency of the SDP approach was significantly related to the regional climatic characteristics of the SDP, which indicated that the SDP approach may estimate an uncertain PMP value depending on each regional climatic characteristic compared to the UAD approach. Regional climatic characteristics should be considered when using the SDP approach to estimate the PMP.

رحیم کاظمی, باقر قرمز چشمه, رضا بیات

مقدمهپژوهش در خصوص ‌جریان کم، نه فقط از نقطه ‌‌نظر بنیادی، بلکه به لحاظ مدیریت پایدار منابع آب، حایز اهمیت است که مدیریت بهینه منابع آب، یکی از حیاتی‌‌ترین چالش‌‌های قرن بیست و یکم است و به‌دلیل رشد جمعیت و تغییرات اقلیمی، تامین آب در آینده، احتمالا به منابع آب پایدار وابسته خواهد بود. سازمان جهانی هواشناسی، ‌جریان کم را به‌‌عنوان جریانی از آب رودخانه که در دوره خشک آب و هوایی تداوم دارد، معرفی می‌کند. ‌جریان کم، از تغییرات اقلیم، توپوگرافی، زمین‌‌شناسی، خاک و فعالیت‌های انسانی تاثیر می‌پذیرد. موقعیت جغرافیایی و شرایط اقلیمی حاکم بر کشور ایران، موجب شرایط کمبود بارش و کم‌‌آبی است. بنابراین، شناخت و تحلیل منابع آب پایدار، جز اصلی مدیریت منابع آب سطحی در ایران است. این پژوهش، با هدف بررسی ویژگی‌های نشریات علمی در خصوص تحقیقات جریان کم در ایران و جهان و ارائه چشم‌اندازی از وضعیت موجود و جهت‌گیری تحقیقات آتی انجام شده است. هدف از این پژوهش، بررسی روند انتشارات پژوهش‌‌های مرتبط با ‌جریان کم در ایران و جهان، شناسایی حوزه‌‌های پژوهش و تعیین حوزه‌‌های کمتر توجه شده و مغفول مانده در پژوهش‌‌های داخل کشور، بر اساس پایگاه داده Science Direct از سال 1999 تا 2022، همچنین، داده‌‌های پایگاه داده مرکز اطلاعات علمی جهاد دانشگاهی و پژوهشگاه علوم و فناوری اطلاعات ایران است.مواد و روش‌هاتعداد 22875 مورد از داده‌‌های انتشارات مرتبط با جریان کم در موضوعات علوم محیطی، کشاورزی و علوم زیستی در دوره زمانی 1999 تا 2022 از پایگاه داده Science Direct و شاخص SJR از پایگاه https://www.scimagojr.com و همچنین، داده‌‌های پایگاه داده مرکز اطلاعات علمی جهاد دانشگاه (SID) و پژوهشگاه علوم و فناوری اطلاعات ایران (IranDoc) دریافت شد و مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. تکنیک‌های کتاب‌سنجی شامل تحلیل استنادی با تاکید بر استناد کل، ضریب تاثیر پنج ساله، طبقه‌بندی JCR، دوره پوشش و شاخص h-index بر اساس پایگاه‌ داده Science Direct و شاخص SJR، انجام شد. فروانی و روند رشد انتشارات بین‌المللی مرتبط با جریان کم از ایران، توزیع موضوعی دسته‌بندی‌‌های مربوط به جریان کم مجلات اصلی، فراوانی مقاله‌های مرتبط با جریان کم در خاورمیانه و کشورهای اطراف ایران، مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت.نتایج و بحثنتایج نشان داد که روند کلی نشریات علمی جهانی در تحقیقات جریان کم با شیب مثبت و نرخ رشد 52/1 درصد، بوده است. همچنین، روند نشریات بین‌المللی از مبدا ایران با ضریب تعیین 0.94 و نرخ رشد 1.60 درصد، دارای شیب مثبت بوده است. نتایج طبقه‌بندی موضوعی نشریات در سطح جهانی نشان داد که بیشترین انتشارات با 75/85 درصد، مربوط به مقاله‌های پژوهشی و کمترین میزان به مقاله‌های کنفرانسی و سرمقاله‌‌ها تعلق دارد. مقاله‌های بین‌المللی از منشا ایران با 90.04 درصد، در رتبه اول انتشارات جریان کم قرار گرفتند که نسبت به مقاله‌های جهانی سهم بیشتری از کل مقاله‌ها را به خود اختصاص دادند. نتایج تحلیل مهم‌ترین واژه‌های کلیدی مرتبط با جریان کم نشان داد که بیش از 72 درصد از عناوین مقاله‌ها و پایان‌نامه‌ها به واژه‌های کلیدی "جریان پایه" و "منحنی تداوم جریان" اختصاص دارد.نتیجه‌گیریبا جمع‌بندی و تحلیل منحنی رشد نشریات می‌‌توان نتیجه گرفت که مجموع انتشارات بین‌المللی مرتبط با جریان کم با خط برازش تئوری مطابقت دارد و نشان‌‌دهنده تناسب پتانسیل تحقیقات جریان کم در جهان با مقدار واقعی است. نتیجه کلی تحلیل نشریات بین‌المللی از مبدا ایران، پتانسیل زیادی برای پژوهش در رابطه با جریان کم‌ در ایران را نشان می‌دهد و حاکی از تغییر توجه جامعه علمی ایران به انتشار مقاله‌ها با موضوع ‌جریان کم در سطح بین‌المللی است.

Maria Teresa Carriero, Renato Maria Cosentini, Daniele Costanzo et al.

Petar Nikolov, Desislava Hristova, Vanya Stoycheva

The System of Environmental-Economic Accounting &ndash; Ecosystem Accounting (SEEA-EA) is a spatially-based, integrated statistical framework for organizing biophysical information about ecosystems, measuring ecosystem services (ES). Water flow regulation ES and biophysical modeling are among the main topics in the individual ES part of the SEEA-EA framework and flood regulation ES is one of the important services. Characterizing and assessing flood regulation is a challenging task as both assessment and accounts of this ES need various data which are usually not available through direct or indirect measurements, therefore modeling approaches of water regulation are much needed. Despite growing attention and studies using hydrologic models to assess and/or map flood regulation ES, the accounting of this service is still not well developed. In this paper, we present an approach for accounting flood regulation at a local scale using ArcSWAT modeling. It is based on the results of flood regulation ES assessment, where modeling results are used to quantify the ES indicators and delineate the service providing areas (SPA) and service demand areas (SDA). The actual flow of flood regulation is calculated as a ratio between ES demand and ES potential and it represents the area of SPA which corresponds to the demand for flood regulation represented by SDA. The results show that predominant flood regulations ES supply is provided by the forest ecosystem as well as the actual flow. The accounting of flood regulation is strongly determined by ecosystem extent mapping. The CORINE Land Cover (CLC) provides the most appropriate and available data for mapping ecosystem extent at smaller scales. However, at a larger scale, it is too coarse and the combination of Mapping and Assessment of Ecosystems and their Services (MAES) national ecosystem mapping gives better results.

Minghong Chen, Y. Li, Xue Zhang et al.

Ryan G. Miller, Nicholas Pinter

Abstract This article analyzes residential property transactions to better understand the impact of urban flooding events and property distributions on the floodplain on real‐estate markets. We studied patterns before and after major fluvial flooding events in three counties that experienced such events between 2009 and 2013: Benton County, Oregon; Boulder County, Colorado; and Cass County, North Dakota. We tested for the presence and distribution of price discounting before and following these flood events using a hedonic difference‐in‐difference regression model. Floodplain discounts were detected in all three counties, over the full study period, including before and after flooding. However, only Boulder County exhibited a statistically significant price discount in the wake of the flooding event at the center of our analysis, with prices falling by 6.26% in the 100‐year floodplain until they rebounded after approximately 2–3 years. In Benton County, we were not able to detect a post‐flood price effect, but prices throughout the study period were 9.4% lower in the 100‐year floodplain compared to comparable properties outside the floodplain. Cass County experienced weaker discounting and only in the 500‐year floodplain, but a large flood control project was widely discussed after the 2009 flood event, which may have prevented widespread price discounting. The Boulder County case study confirms the phenomenon of post‐flood real estate discounting and subsequent rebound, as documented by other researchers. The other two case studies, interestingly, document that such discounting is not universal. We suggest that the difference seems to be explained by differing levels of pre‐flood local flood‐risk awareness, along with the magnitude of the triggering flood event. The new availability of nationwide real‐estate data allows for new and more detailed assessment of these important distinctions.

Jinliang Zhang, Yizi Shang, Meng Cui et al.

Paul Hudson, My Pham, Liselotte Hagedoorn et al.

Abstract Social inequalities lead to flood resilience inequalities across social groups, a topic that requires improved documentation and understanding. The objective of this paper is to attend to these differences by investigating self‐stated flood recovery across genders in Vietnam as a conceptual replication of earlier results from Germany. This study employs a regression‐based analysis of 1,010 respondents divided between a rural coastal and an urban community in Thua Thien‐Hue province. The results highlight an important set of recovery process‐related variables. The set of relevant variables is similar across genders in terms of inclusion and influence, and includes age, social capital, internal and external support after a flood, perceived severity of previous flood impacts, and the perception of stress‐resilience. However, women were affected more heavily by flooding in terms of longer recovery times, which should be accounted for in risk management. Overall, the studied variables perform similarly in Vietnam and Germany. This study, therefore, conceptually replicates previous results suggesting that women display slightly slower recovery levels as well as that psychological variables influence recovery rates more than adverse flood impacts. This provides an indication of the results' potentially robust nature due to the different socio‐environmental contexts in Germany and Vietnam.

Mohammad Shirvani, Georges Kesserwani, Paul Richmond

Abstract This article presents a simulator for the modelling of the two‐way interactions between flooding and people. The simulator links a hydrodynamic model to a pedestrian model in a single agent‐based modelling platform, Flexible Large‐scale Agent Modelling Environment for the Graphical Processing Unit (FLAMEGPU). Dynamic coupling is achieved by the simultaneous update and exchange of information across multiple agent types. Behavioural rules and states for the pedestrian agents are proposed to account for the pedestrians' presence/actions in/to floodwater. These are based on a commonly used hazard rate (HR) metric to evaluate the risk states of people in floodwater, and by considering two roles for the pedestrians: evacuees or responders for action during or before the flood event, respectively. The potential of the simulator is demonstrated in a case study of a flooded and busy shopping centre for two scenarios: (a) during a flood evacuation and (b) pre‐flood intervention to deploy a sandbag barrier. The evacuation scenario points to changes in floodwater hydrodynamics around congested areas, which either worsen (by 5–8%) or lessen (by 25%) the HR. The intervention scenario demonstrates the utility of the simulator to select an optimal barrier height and number of responders for safe and effective deployment. Accompanying details for software accessibility are provided.