Regulatory Impact Assessment (RIA) has been promoted globally as a cornerstone of good governance, designed to ensure evidence-based policymaking and enhance state accountability. In Georgia, multiple international donors supported the institutionalization of RIA from the mid-2000s onward. Despite the enactment of legal and methodological frameworks, the reform did not yield a functioning national system and, by 2024, had effectively collapsed, abandoned by both donors and the government. This paper examines why a globally celebrated instrument failed in an ostensibly favourable context. Using a process-tracing case study of Georgia, the paper employs the concept of Isomorphic Mimicry to show how donor-endorsed reforms can persist as performative compliance - securing resources and external legitimacy - while producing limited outcomes. In this effort, the article showcases how, in parallel with its formal adoption into law, the reform fell into a “capability trap”, with civil servants overloaded and donor-driven technical support proliferating. Thus, the case illustrates how mimicry-driven reform can persist for years without achieving substantive results, sustained by a coalition of political actors, donors, and other stakeholders with short-term incentives. The analysis further traces how political-bureaucratic actors preserved prevailing routines by designing and exploiting legislative loopholes that circumscribed RIA’s formal effects. This study advances Isomorphic Mimicry and governance reform scholarship by specifying conditions sustaining mimicry (particularly, high donor density, a well-developed system of external and internal reform enablers, and bureaucratic hedging via legislative loopholes), tracing regulatory decoupling that turns RIA into box-ticking, and using Georgia’s donor-cooperation suspension as a stress test highlighting the centrality of donors in mimetic reforms.
Business mathematics. Commercial arithmetic. Including tables, etc., Business records management
This study evaluates the performance of property management practices for commercial properties in Zanzibar, focusing on financial performance, operational efficiency, and tenant satisfaction. Using a case study approach, four properties, which are M/Kwerekwe Shopping Centre, Michenzani Mall, Chawl Building, and Thabit Kombo Building, were assessed. The research employed a mixed-methods design, incorporating quantitative and qualitative data collected through surveys, interviews, and document reviews. Findings indicate significant operational efficiency and tenant satisfaction challenges despite reasonable financial performance. Income collection efficiency varied across properties, with rates ranging from 21.9 % to 51.5 %, averaging 41.25 %, indicating challenges in revenue collection. Operational efficiency ratings were low across parameters such as the speed of service delivery, the quality of maintenance, and the cost efficiency. Tenant satisfaction was also low, with frequent complaints about maintenance delays and poor communication.
Real estate business, Regional economics. Space in economics
∴ Introduction ∴ The relationship between freedom of will and legal regulation has been a longstanding subject of legal discourse, particularly in the context of contract law. In the Iranian legal system, this relationship is grounded in Articles 190 and 191 of the Iranian Civil Code, which uphold the principle of consensual contracts and individual autonomy. This principle, rooted in the theory of individual freedom, asserts that parties to a contract possess the liberty to form and execute their agreements without external interference, provided there is mutual consent. The broad acceptance of this principle reflects a commitment to minimizing government involvement in private transactions, encouraging economic activity, and supporting social innovation. However, the application of this principle is not without its drawbacks. The unqualified application of contractual autonomy can, in some instances, result in harm to third parties, or fail to protect the interests of weaker contracting parties. Moreover, the lack of formal requirements for certain transactions can lead to inefficiencies, disputes, and an overwhelming caseload for the judiciary. As a response, Iranian lawmakers have imposed limitations on the freedom of will, introducing formal requirements designed to safeguard collective interests, protect public order, and regulate significant social transactions. One notable example of such a restriction is the “Code on Mandatory Official Registration of Real Estate Transactions,” enacted in 2024, which mandates the official registration of real estate transactions for their validity. This study aims to critically examine the rationale behind these formal requirements and evaluate the effectiveness of their implementation in real estate transactions within the Iranian legal framework. ∴ Research Question ∴ The main research question that drives this study is: To what extent has the Iranian legislator’s approach to limiting freedom of will in the context of real estate transactions through mandatory official registration effectively achieved its intended objectives? This inquiry is rooted in the concern over the legitimacy and efficacy of imposing formalistic requirements on legal transactions, particularly when the underlying rationale for such formalism is examined within the context of Islamic law and the principle of individual autonomy. Further questions arise concerning the theoretical foundations that shaped the introduction of registration formalities and whether the Iranian legal system has successfully reconciled these formalities with the foundational principles of Islamic law. ∴ Research Hypothesis ∴ The central hypothesis of this research posits that the imposition of mandatory official registration for real estate transactions is an unavoidable necessity, given the failures of previous legal frameworks that allowed informal agreements to be valid. The study hypothesizes that the introduction of formal requirements aims to address the shortcomings of earlier laws by preventing potential abuses, reducing disputes, and ensuring greater protection for third parties. Despite this, the authors suggest that the legislator’s implementation of formalities in real estate transactions contains inherent deficiencies, which may undermine the effectiveness of the law. This hypothesis aims to challenge the efficiency of the legislator’s approach and calls for a more nuanced reconsideration of the extent to which formalism in real estate transactions is justified within the broader framework of Islamic jurisprudence. ∴ Methodology & Framework, if Applicable ∴ This study adopts a doctrinal methodology underpinned by an inductive approach to investigate the Iranian legislator’s performance concerning the formal requirements imposed by the Code on Mandatory Official Registration of Real Estate Transactions. The research begins with a theoretical exploration of the principle of consensual contracts, formalism in legal transactions, and the role of government intervention in contract law. By examining these concepts within the context of Shia jurisprudence, the study assesses the theoretical underpinnings of the law, considering the balance between individual freedom and social protection. ∴ Results & Discussion ∴ The enactment of the Code on Mandatory Official Registration of Real Estate Transactions represents a significant shift in the Iranian legal system, specifically in terms of contract formation and the recognition of formalities. The results of the research demonstrate that the imposition of formal requirements for real estate transactions has effectively addressed several long-standing issues inherent in the prior legal framework, particularly the challenges associated with informal, unregistered transactions. The study reveals that, while the principle of consensuality has long been dominant in Iranian contract law, its absolute application led to inefficiencies and vulnerabilities in the real estate sector, including widespread fraud, disputes over property ownership, and complications in judicial enforcement. The legislator’s decision to introduce mandatory registration is viewed as a response to these problems, offering clear benefits in terms of transactional security, judicial efficiency, and economic stability. The registration requirement ensures that all real estate transactions are properly documented and accessible for legal verification. This formalism not only strengthens the credibility of transactions but also provides a safeguard against potential legal challenges and the subsequent impact on the judiciary, which previously bore the burden of numerous unresolved cases related to unregistered transactions. This approach has the dual effect of fostering greater legal certainty in real estate dealings and streamlining judicial processes, as courts are now presented with documented, verifiable transactions rather than relying on testimonial evidence alone. Furthermore, the study discusses the positive secondary effects of the mandatory registration law, such as the reduction in fraudulent activities, including unauthorized property sales, forgery, and fraudulent claims. By setting clear and enforceable requirements for the validity of transactions, the law helps prevent these criminal activities and protects both the true property owners and third parties acting in good faith. This protection extends to ensuring that wrongful claims are penalized and compensated for at current market values, thus deterring opportunistic actors who may seek to exploit gaps in the previous legal system. Additionally, the law has improved the transparency of real estate ownership, contributing to better management of property rights and reducing ambiguities that could arise in property disputes. Another crucial aspect of the law is its impact on economic development. By promoting the formal registration of transactions, the law ensures greater stability and security for domestic and foreign investors, ultimately fostering increased investment in the real estate sector. With greater certainty around property rights, the law helps create an environment conducive to business growth and reduces the risk of disputes over land and property ownership. In this sense, the law plays a key role in encouraging economic activity by creating a clear and trustworthy system for property transactions, which, in turn, benefits the broader economy. While the law has achieved many of its objectives, the analysis suggests that there are areas where its implementation could be refined. For example, while Article 1 of the law addresses concerns about secondary transactions and contract rescission, further clarification on specific scenarios involving contract enforcement could improve the overall efficacy of the legal framework. Moreover, while the law has increased the protection of third parties, there may be instances where its enforcement leads to unintended consequences for individuals who lack the means to comply with the registration requirements, potentially exacerbating socio-economic inequalities. These considerations highlight the need for a more balanced approach in future amendments to the law, ensuring that it continues to align with both legal principles and contemporary economic realities. ∴ Conclusion ∴ In conclusion, the Code on Mandatory Official Registration of Real Estate Transactions represents a pivotal development in the Iranian legal system, marking a significant departure from the traditional emphasis on consensual contracts without formal requirements. By imposing formalities on real estate transactions, the Iranian legislator aims to address the shortcomings of the previous legal system, which had led to inefficiencies, fraud, and an overburdened judiciary. The law’s introduction of mandatory registration requirements has achieved several key objectives, including improving legal certainty, reducing fraud, enhancing judicial efficiency, and fostering economic growth. The results of this study suggest that, in many respects, the law succeeds in addressing the legal and practical challenges posed by informal real estate transactions. The imposition of formal requirements has not only strengthened the integrity of property rights but also contributed to the overall stability of the real estate market, benefiting both the contracting parties and society at large. Furthermore, the law’s focus on protecting third parties and penalizing fraudulent claims has proven to be a prudent approach to ensuring fairness and transparency in real estate dealings. However, the study also highlights areas where the law’s implementation could be improved. Some of the law’s provisions, while effective in many respects, may need further refinement to better align with the socio-economic realities of modern Iranian society, ensuring that the law is both effective and equitable. Future amendments to the law should consider these factors, taking into account the evolving nature of real estate transactions, the protection of individual rights, and the need for greater inclusivity in the legal system. Overall, the Code on Mandatory Official Registration of Real Estate Transactions represents an important step in balancing individual autonomy with the broader interests of society, while also aligning with the evolving economic and social needs of Iran.
Simultaneous exploration and exploitation (i.e., exploration–exploitation) can help a firm address short‐term environmental requirements and ensure long‐term environmental viability. Exploration–exploitation, however, challenges organisational practices because they compete for resources and time. While business analytics (BA) offers the potential to overcome these challenges, research to date offers very limited insights into how BA capabilities interact with ambidextrous capabilities to realise environmental value. We address this issue by conducting a comparative case study at a bank and at a real‐estate trust through the theoretical lens of dynamic capabilities. We develop a process model to explain how BA powers ambidextrous practices to achieve sustainability outcomes over time. We uncover two mechanisms: a BA‐powered context shaping mechanism by which BA powers contextual ambidexterity at the employee level using data availability, timeliness, and analytics culture; and a BA‐powered resource linking mechanism by which BA powers structural ambidexterity at intra‐ and inter‐organisational levels using holistic insights and analytics leadership. Our model highlights the contextual factors that condition the extent to which a firm moves along the continuum of exploration–exploitation. We also define a new dimension of sustainability outcomes which we label eco‐awareness to explain how BA shapes employees' environmental alertness and enables the paradigm shift in an organisation's sustainability mindset.
The real torus manifolds are a generalization of small covers, and the Dold manifolds of real torus type are a class of non-trivial fibre bundles over the projective product spaces with real torus manifolds as fibres. In this paper, first, we compute the LS-category of these two types of manifolds and obtain sharp bounds on their topological complexities. We show that under certain hypotheses, the topological complexities of real torus manifolds of dimension $n$ are either $2n$ or $2n+1$.We figure out tight bounds for the topological complexity of generalized real Bott manifolds, and in many cases, the difference between these upper and lower bounds is less than 5. We compute the $\mathbb{Z}_2$-equivariant LS-category of small covers when the $\mathbb{Z}_2$-fixed points are path connected. In the end, we study the symmetric topological complexity of the above-mentioned manifolds and obtain exact values for infinitely many cases.
Business wargaming is a central tool for developing sustaining strategies. It transfers the benefits of traditional wargaming to the business environment. However, building wargames that support the process of decision-making for strategy require respective intelligence. This paper investigates the role of intelligence in the process of developing strategic foresight. The focus is on how intelligence is developed and how it relates to business wargaming. The so-called intelligence cycle is the basis and reference of our investigation. The conceptual part of the paper combines the theoretical background from military, business as well as serious gaming. To elaborate on some of the lessons learned, we examine specific business wargames both drawn from the literature and conducted by us at the Center for Intelligence and Security Studies (CISS). It is shown that business wargaming can make a significant contribution to the transformation of data to intelligence by supporting the intelligence cycle in two crucial phases. Furthermore, it brings together business intelligence (BI) and competitive intelligence (CI) and it bridges the gap to a company's strategy by either testing or developing a new strategy. We were also able to confirm this finding based on the business wargame we conducted at a major semiconductor manufacturer.
The issue of similarity in the real estate market is a widely recognized aspect of analysis, yet it remains underexplored in scientific research. This study aims to address this gap by introducing the concept of a Property Cognitive Information System (PCIS), which offers an innovative approach to analyzing similarity in the real estate market. The PCIS introduces non-classical and alternative solutions, departing from the conventional data analysis practices commonly employed in the real estate market. Moreover, the study delves into the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in the PCIS. The paper highlights the value added by the PCIS, specifically discussing the validity of using automatic ML-based solutions to objectify the results of synergistic data processing in the real estate market. Furthermore, the article establishes a set of essential assumptions and recommendations that contribute to a well-defined and interpretable notion of similarity in the context of human-machine analyses. By exploring the intricacies of similarity in the real estate market through the innovative PCIS and AI-based solutions, this research seeks to broaden the understanding and applicability of data analysis techniques in this domain.
Boris Borisovich Khrustalev, Daniil Mikhailovich Razumov
В статье рассмотрены основные направления и темпы развития строительного производства жилой недвижимости и ввода жилых объектов. Кроме того, был проведен анализ статистических данных, которые отражают динамику такого развития в России. Также в статье рассмотрен вопрос эффективности реализации на практике основных способов возведения многоэтажных зданий с учетом современного развития строительного производства и требований рынка жилья. Также определяется роль складской недвижимости в общем производственном процессе возведения объектов недвижимости. Строительство таких объектов недвижимости неотъемлемо связано с уровнем развития производственной и социальной инфраструктуры региона, в котором производится возведение сооружений. Эти объекты являются частью обслуживающих процессов, от которых во многом зависит напрямую развитие основных производственных процессов возведения многоэтажных зданий на рынке жилья. Полученная статистика по вводу жилья позволяет прогнозировать увеличение темпов роста строительства, что во многом определяет выбор способов строительства в условиях влияния факторов внешней среды, которые приводят к различным изменениям хода развития производственных процессов. На сегодняшний день на рынке недвижимости сформировалось несколько достаточно крупных застройщиков, которые, с одной стороны, обладают крупными финансовыми возможностями, с другой стороны, вводят большие объемы жилья. Возведение монолитного многоквартирного дома, в ряде случаев, может быть менее экономически эффективно, чем возведение аналогичных площадей уже из панелей или блоков.
Однако отсутствие альтернативы по доступной цене, либо по причинам высокой дистанцированности, не оставляет выбора застройщику. Недополучаемая прибыль из-за менее эффективного способа строительного производства может побудить таких крупных игроков к созданию собственных мощностей по производству крупноблочных и панельных элементов зданий. Основываясь на данном прогнозе, необходимо проанализировать, насколько современная складская инфраструктура будет готова к возможным изменениям в сфере многоквартирного строительства.
Sanchaniya Rashmi Jaymin, Machala Jayakumar, Kundziņa Antra
This research examines the multifaceted factors that influence cost management practices in the Indian construction sector, with the objective of improving efficiency, competitiveness, and sustainability. The study addresses two central questions: (1) What are the prevailing cost management practices in the Indian construction industry, and (2) Which factors significantly impact these practices? Using a comprehensive literature review and empirical data collected through an online survey, the study uses factor analysis via SPSS 28 to discern the key determinants affecting cost management. The analysis identifies economic conditions, material costs, supply chain disruptions, project delays, poor site management, and lack of skilled labour as critical factors. The findings underscore the need for robust cost management strategies to mitigate financial challenges, reduce project delays, and improve overall project success. This research contributes to a more profound understanding of cost management dynamics in the Indian construction sector and provides practical recommendations to practitioners and policymakers to foster more effective cost control measures, thus ensuring the timely and cost-effective completion of construction projects.
Real estate business, Regional economics. Space in economics
We present new real algebraic maps of non-positive codimensions with prescribed images whose boundaries consist of explicit non-singular real algebraic hypersurfaces satisfying so-called "transversality" as follows. Explicit information on important real polynomials is given. Preimages are one-point sets or products of spheres. They are locally like so-called moment maps. Celebrated theory of Nash and Tognoli says that smooth closed manifolds are {\it non-singular} real algebraic manifolds and the zero sets of some real polynomial maps. In general, we can approximate smooth functions or more generally, maps, by real algebraic ones. It is in general difficult to have explicit examples. We have constructed maps of a specific class of the present class containing the canonical projections of the unit spheres previously where preimages are one-point sets or spheres. We also present explicit families of functions represented as compositions of such maps with the canonical projections.
Commercial organisations are holding and processing an ever-increasing amount of personal data. Policies and laws are continually changing to require these companies to be more transparent regarding the collection, storage, processing and sharing of this data. This paper reports our work of taking Booking.com as a case study to visualise personal data flows extracted from their privacy policy. By showcasing how the company shares its consumers' personal data, we raise questions and extend discussions on the challenges and limitations of using privacy policies to inform online users about the true scale and the landscape of personal data flows. This case study can inform us about future research on more data flow-oriented privacy policy analysis and on the construction of a more comprehensive ontology on personal data flows in complicated business ecosystems.
The aim of the paper is to find out what marketing tools are used by development companies operating in Poland to attract customers and whether the impact of the Fourth Industrial Revolution on marketing can be observed. The secondary aim of the paper is to determine whether developers building investments in the area of the restricted use area (O.O.U.) use more marketing tools to convince potential customers to buy. For this purpose, a secret client survey was used and the research sample consists of four development companies and four of their investments in Kraków. The research conducted led to the disclosure of marketing tools used by developers. The survey shows that some elements of home branding, storytelling and banner ads, social media ads, ads on websites and portals and information brochures are being used. Through the use of virtual walks, housing visualization and the use of social media in advertising, the impact of the Fourth Industrial Revolution on marketing in the industry can be seen. The analysis shows that companies creating developments in the restricted use area are not using more tricks to attract customers. All developers selected for the study use a similar number of marketing tools.
The global total amount of generated solid waste is currently on a rapid growth trend. China, as the largest developing country, promulgated its Pilot Work Plan for the Construction of Zero-Waste Cities led by the new development concept in 2018 after recognizing the inadequacy and urgency of solid waste management, and the lack of valuable experience and benchmark cities for the construction of zero-waste cities. This study uses the undesirable super-efficiency model and kernel density estimation method to measure the efficiency of zero-waste city construction in 16 prefecture-level cities in Shandong Province and analyze their spatial and temporal differences. Three major problems were found, namely, low regional coordination, the rigid policies of some local governments, and the unbalanced development of scale efficiency and pure technical efficiency. Results show that the zero-waste city construction efficiency as a whole shows a declining and then fluctuating growth trend, and that low-scale efficiency is the main reason behind the decrease in construction efficiency. Suggestions are then provided considering three aspects: improving regional synergy; improving government quality and capacity, and strengthening government supervision and revitalizing the market; and introducing social capital for environmental pollution treatment. These suggestions ultimately help improve the level of zero-waste city construction.
Abstract We examine the business groups’ risk-sharing hypothesis in the Japanese Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT) market in which the unique external management system seems to be reinforcing power relationships among firms affiliated with the modern Japanese business groups, called keiretsu. We find that REITs whose sponsors belong to one of the keiretsu groups (keiretsu REITs) have significantly lower volatility of profitability than REITs whose sponsors do not belong to the keiretsu groups (non-keiretsu REITs). There is no significant difference in profitability between keiretsu REITs and non-keiretsu REITs, controlling for firm and property characteristics. The abnormal portion of the profitability unexplained by firm characteristics is also significantly lower with keiretsu REITs. We also find that the keiretsu affiliation reduces the systematic volatility of affiliated REITs, while such an effect is not observed with the idiosyncratic volatility, suggesting that the risk-sharing effect may be beneficial for the value of REITs. Using the difference-in-differences design with propensity score matching, we find that the negative impact of the Great East Japan Earthquake on the profitability was significantly smaller with keiretsu REITs than with non-keiretsu REITs. Keiretsu REITs were also able to stabilize their capital structure by shifting some short-term debts to long-term debts without increasing the cost of loans under the uncertain situation caused by the Earthquake. Keiretsu REITs were able to borrow money from their affiliated group banks even right after the earthquake, while non-keiretsu REITs seem to have struggled to secure loans from those banks.
Business process (BP) analysis represents a first key phase of information system development. It consists in the gathering of domain knowledge and its organization to be later used in the software development, and beyond (e.g., for Business Process Reengineering). The quality of the developed information system largely depends on how the BP analysis has been carried out and the quality of the produced requirement specification documents. Despite the fact that the issue is on the table for decades, business process analysis is still a critical phase of information systems development. One promising strategy is an early and more important involvement of business experts in the BP analysis. This paper presents a methodology that aims at an early involvement of business experts while providing a formal grounding that guarantees the quality of the produced specifications. To this end, we propose the Business Process Analysis Canvas, a knowledge framework organized in eight knowledge sections aimed at supporting the business expert in carrying out the analysis, eventually yielding a BP analysis Ontology.
Государственные университеты, в имущественном комплексе которых преобладают здания постройки конца ХIХ — первой половины XX века, сталкиваются с проблемой, связанной
со значительным износом имущественного фонда и увеличением доли расходов университета на его содержание.
Профессиональное управление недвижимостью позволяет значительно продлить жизненный цикл объекта недвижимости и повысить эффективность расходования средств на его содержание. Для выбора наиболее эффективных методов управления имущественным комплексом государственных университетов, которые в конечном итоге позволят повысить результативность деятельности университетов, необходимо определить существующие механизмы и методы управления государственным имуществом.
В статье проанализированы организационно-правовые формы университетов России и порядок взаимодействия государственного университета с собственником имущества. Описаны существующие механизмы управления имущественным комплексом государственного университета, включающие различные способы распоряжения, пользования и владения объектами недвижимого имущества.
The sales department follows the line-staff policy completely. The real estate business sector is covered with operations and sales are divided into autonomous components, but at the same time they have the same value and are equivalent to the work of the entire sector. Their only common goal is to get the buyer to buy this or that product. The fact that each component operates independently in the real estate business sector should not adversely affect the work, and each activity makes its own small contribution to the operations of the entire company. The distinctive features of any process are the presence of its direction and the organization of tasks to achieve the desired heights. In this paper, a smart real estate business machine learning model was proposed to structurized and manages the real estate real estate business. The purpose of this proposed model is to acquire the goods and services offered in the market by individuals or legal entities or to exchange them for other goods for mutual benefit. Interestingly, marketing-driven components are also driven by the real estate business sector. The structure of the proposed model is automated, but allows for many tasks to be performed at the same time. The main goal of the machine learning approach is to create a specific organization that aims to streamline sales and purchase processes, meet demand and make a profit.
Dmitriy Nikolaevich Silka, Nikolay Aleksandrovich Burlutsky
Общая экономическая обстановка в стране делает критически важной поддержку отраслей, увеличивая нагрузку на финансовую систему. Особое место занимает сфера строительства с массой социально-экономических задач, в том числе по строительству жилья, объектов медицины, образования, инфраструктуры населенных пунктов и др. С 2022 года реализация строительных проектов должна осуществляться с применением цифровых информационных моделей для обмена данными как между непосредственными участниками строительства, так и при взаимодействии с государственными контролирующими органами. В статье рассматривается проблема ценообразования и сметного нормирования строительной деятельности и определяются факторы, которые препятствуют получению высокого ожидаемого эффекта от применения технологий информационного моделирования. Авторы указывают на необходимость государственной стандартизации укрупненных видов работ, из которых складывается объект строительства. Особенно актуальной данная задача является для широкого перечня объектов социального назначения, которые выполняются в рамках регулярных государственных закупок. Создание каталогов видов работ включает в себя разработку технологических карт и требует привлечения экспертов и специалистов разного уровня. Далее, при наличии таких материалов необходимым и возможным становится разработка стоимостных показателей — нормативов цены конструктивных решений. В настоящее время имеется лишь совсем небольшая часть утвержденных нормативов. Их состав не расширяется. Наблюдаются незначительные результаты на корпоративном уровне. Причина состоит в отсутствии комплексного подхода, который раскрывается в статье. С учетом активного внедрения ТИМ, IT-компании начинают все больше включаться в задачи и проблемы отрасли строительства и для разработки новых технологий управления стоимостью могут внести существенный вклад.
Plants have a long history and diverse species. They play a critical role in the ecological chain, human production and life. With a vast territory, China has rich plant species and complex geographical regions, and research on the distribution of plant diversity in China is significant for utilising, developing, and protecting biological resources. This study aimed to study plant diversity in China. It obtained the plant diversity distribution data in China, then analysed it via spectral clustering and visualised it via Echarts. It was found that Yunnan records the most considerable plant diversity, followed by Sichuan and Tibet, meaning that the Southwestern part of China has the most extensive plant diversity. While it is expected that Tibet and Yunnan have backward economic development and hence a lower level of human destruction on plant diversity, Sichuan’s economic development is quite good. The land of abundance still has a wide variety of plants owing to excellent irrigation projects since 256BC. Besides, the Hengduan Mountains were the main route for Chinese plants to migrate from the west to the east, which might be closely related to the Himalayan orogeny. The Himalayan orogeny promotes the formation of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, which is a vital factor in the biodiversity formation in China. This study provides a basis for China’s conservation and study and enhances our understanding of plant biodiversity. As plant biodiversity increases soil organic carbon storage, it offers insights into carbon neutrality practitioners and researchers.