El populismo se caracteriza por un discurso que contrapone el pueblo a las élites y coloca a un líder o partido como representante de ese pueblo. En la mayoría de los discursos populistas, el pueblo se identifica con la nación, definida en términos orgánicos y culturales. El artículo considera las reformas legales propuestas y aplicadas por líderes y partidos populistas para dar forma al vínculo jurídico de la nacionalidad a partir de su concepción política de la nación. Es posible en este sentido identificar algunas estrategias recurrentes, como la restricción del jus soli, la imposición de mayores exigencias para la obtención de la nacionalidad por naturalización o el rechazo de la doble nacionalidad.
In this contribution, I examine how investment tribunals have addressed the issues of recognition and identifying governments. While these questions may arise in different situations (for instance, in the context of the civil war in Yemen1), I will focus on claims arising from events occurring during the civil war in Libya because they have been examined frequently by tribunals.2 I will examine the Cengiz case and briefly mention other cases dealing with related procedural questions. I will explain that the Cengiz Tribunal has failed to properly apply some of the most fundamental principles of international law regulating government recognition/identification.
Comparative law. International uniform law, Private international law. Conflict of laws
Melissa Liset Santos-Peláez, Karla Stefanny Huertas-Vilca, Franklin Cordova-Buiza
El objetivo de la investigación se orienta a determinar los criterios jurisdiccionales que se consideran para el otorgamiento de medidas de protección frente a hechos de violencia intrafamiliar en Latinoamérica, tomando como base de datos a páginas registradas como Legis Pe, Colectivo Derecho de Familia y Corte Constitucional de Colombia. La metodología aplicada fue proyectada bajo un enfoque cualitativo, de diseño no experimental y con un nivel descriptivo aplicando la revisión documental a través del análisis de tres jurisprudencias emitidas en procesos judiciales en los países de Perú, Argentina y Colombia. Según el análisis se determinó que, en Perú los jueces emiten medidas de protección extra y ultra petita aplicando criterios jurisdiccionales. Respecto a Argentina, se identificó que los conflictos de violencia contra la mujer se abordan bajo la perspectiva de la afectación a derechos humanos y la libertad individual que ello implica. Por otro lado, para Colombia, al dictarse medidas de protección, el órgano judicial se basa en el enfoque diferencial de género. Finalmente, se concluye que, en Perú, Argentina y Colombia, los órganos judiciales aplican criterios jurisdiccionales orientados a un fin preventivo, pues, se busca prever nuevos actos de violencia en cualquiera de sus modalidades.
First-order legal relations specify the duties of legal actors. For instance, the duty not to trespass derives from a first-order law. Second-order legal relations generally concern the intentional, volitional acts of legal actors exercising legal powers to change first-order laws or legal relations. For example, a landowner may exercise a second-order power to change another legal actor's duty not to trespass into a legal permission to enter the landowner's property. This article adapts the notion of legal order to propose a theory of first- and higher-order physical laws, contending that current physical theories implicitly (and wrongly) assume that essentially all physical processes can be modeled using first-order laws. Incorporating second- and higher-order structures from legal models into physical theories provides a novel approach for framing problems in physics, such as the process of quantum measurement. Specifically, quantum measurement is better explained as a fundamentally second-order physical process that alters the underlying first-order physical "microlaws" governing the evolution of the quantum system.
Robert Pangihutan Radjagoekgoek, Awwal Muhammad Shafiu
According to Article 33 of the 1945 Structure, oil and gas have the potential to greatly influence state and revenue generation sources, thereby realizing societal welfare and economic prosperity. For this reason, oil and gas have a crucial and strategic position among natural resources. As a result, a specialized work group for exploration and production (E&P) was established through the enactment of Oil and Gas Law Number 22, 2001. This organization is in charge of supervising all exploration and production-related operations. In accordance with Presidential Regulation No. 12, 2021, Procedural Instruction 007, 2017, exploration and production builders carry out the rig procurement procedure to rig providers builders with their proposal Owner Estimate's worth. There are conflicting interpretations and discrepancies in the Owner Estimate instruction problem for upstream exploration and production (E&P). Concerns pertaining to areas of law positivism that Owner Estimate provides may or may not be secret in the process. It allows for collusion during the purchasing procedure. Normative juridical analysis is used in the research to make Owner Estimates of Value and to cover regulation. Therefore, in order to achieve conformity with the agreement principle and legal certainty, it is required to alter the President's Regulation and the Summary of Procedural Instruction. In order for the specialized work group for exploration and production (E&P), the E&P builders, and the rig providers to execute upstream business flawlessly and optimally to support communal welfare, the regulation's evaluation will support legal clarity, ability, and persuasiveness.
Private international law. Conflict of laws, Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law
Cet article se veut une feuille de route qui trace les contours de la bancassurance au Maroc, son évolution, les dispositions juridiques qui encadrent ce mode de présentation des opérations d’assurances, les différents acteurs de ce champ restreint de distribution à savoir les banques, les sociétés de financement, les associations de micro-crédit et les établissements de paiement.
Pour ce faire le travail est structuré comme suit: une introduction qui présente le cadre général de l’article, suivi d’une présentation des concepts, des définitions et des modèles de la bancassurance au Maroc. Nous analysons ensuite le cadre juridique de la bancassurance, en examinant les actions du législateur et de l’Autorité de contrôle des assurances et de la prévoyance sociale (ACAPS) pour modifier le champ de présentation des opérations d’assurances. Enfin, nous mettons en lumière son impact sur l’évolution et la place de la bancassurance au Maroc, et en dernier lieu une conclusion sur les contours futurs de cette mutation qui se profile dans le champ de présentation des opérations d’assurances.
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L’articolo vuole essere una road map che traccia i contorni della bancassurance in Marocco, la sua evoluzione, le disposizioni giuridiche che regolano questa modalità di presentazione delle operazioni assicurative, i diversi attori di questo ristretto ambito distributivo, ovvero banche, società finanziarie, associazioni di microcredito e istituti di pagamento.
Per fare questo, il lavoro è strutturato come segue: un’introduzione che presenta il quadro generale dell’articolo, seguita da una presentazione dei concetti, delle definizioni e dei modelli di bancassurance in Marocco. Analizzeremo poi il quadro giuridico della bancassurance, esaminando gli interventi del legislatore e dell’Autorità di vigilanza sulle assicurazioni e sulla previdenza sociale (ACAPS) per modificare l’ambito di presentazione delle operazioni assicurative. Infine, evidenziamo il suo impatto sull’evoluzione e il ruolo della bancassurance in Marocco seguita da una conclusione sulle prospettive future di questa trasformazione che sta emergendo nel campo della presentazione delle operazioni assicurative.
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This article is intended as a roadmap that outlines the development of bancassurance in Morocco, sheds light on the legal provisions that govern this method of presenting insurance operations, and on the various players in this restricted field of distribution, namely banks, finance companies, micro-credit associations and payment institutions.
The present paper is structured as follows. First, the introduction sketches the general framework of the article; second, section 1 offers a review and a discussion of the concepts, the definitions and the model of bancassurance in Morocco. Third, section 2 sets out the legal framework for bancassurance and explains how the legislator and the Supervisory Authority of Insurance and Social welfare (ACAPS) have set about modifying the field of the presentation of insurance operations. Moreover, section 3 highlights the impact of ACAPS on the evolution and the place of bancassurance in Morocco. Finally, we conclude with a look ahead at the future contours of this mutation taking shape in the field of the presentation of insurance operations.
Finance, Private international law. Conflict of laws
The recent enactment of supply chain due diligence regulation in various jurisdictions prompts reflection on how the law might best incentivize corporations to mitigate the impact they have on the environment.1 Beyond these specific pieces of legislation, judicial actors are similarly playing a role in expanding the responsibility of corporations for the harm their operations, products, and services cause to people and the environment, including throughout their supply chains. In this context, the present contribution takes aim at corporate accountability for climate change and appraises a number of recent developments in domestic jurisdictions that evidence a trend toward supply chain emission responsibility. While the focus of this piece is the contribution of domestic courts, an emphasis is placed on the role that informal international law and global norms have played in the reasoning of those decisions or the claims of litigants. In particular, it highlights the persuasive authority that such international law instruments and initiatives have had in this context.
Comparative law. International uniform law, Private international law. Conflict of laws
The advent of Open Radio Access Network (RAN) has revolutionized the field of RAN by introducing elements of native support of intelligence and openness into the next generation of mobile network infrastructure. Open RAN paves the way for standardized interfaces and enables the integration of network applications from diverse vendors, thereby enhancing network management flexibility. However, control decision conflicts occur when components from different vendors are deployed together. This article provides an overview of various types of conflicts that may occur in Open RAN, with a particular focus on intra-component conflict mitigation among Extended Applications (xApps) in the Near Real Time RAN Intelligent Controller (Near-RT-RIC). A QoS-Aware Conflict Mitigation (QACM) method is proposed that finds the optimal configuration of conflicting parameters while maximizing the number of xApps that have their Quality of Service (QoS) requirements met. We compare the performance of the proposed QACM method with two benchmark methods for priority and non-priority cases. The results indicate that our proposed method is the most effective in maintaining QoS requirements for conflicting xApps.
In this article we study the internal controllability of 1D linear hyperbolic balance laws when the number of controls is equal to the number of state variables. The controls are supported in space in an arbitrary open subset. Our main result is a complete characterization of the minimal control time for the exact controllability property.
One of the most pivotal and practical subjects of contract law is whether one may dispose of his or her contractual obligations through the issuance of negotiable documents. This article focuses on the issuance of such instruments as a cheque in the performance of monetary obligations when the issuance is dishonored. In fact, the question is whether the issuance and delivery of such instruments convert a civil law obligation into an obligation arising from the issuance of negotiable instruments or whether it is possible to rely upon the original obligation with all its guarantees and consequences. The statutes are silent on the matter. Scholars and jurisprudence are divided. This article comparatively examines various legal systems and international instruments like UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts and the Principles of European Contract Law, and by relying on the general principles enshrined in Article 3 of the Code of Civil Procedure, concludes that the better approach is the one that subscribes to the survival of the original obligations. It is hoped that this comparative study can set a model for our future legislative initiatives.
Understanding the geometric properties of gradient descent dynamics is a key ingredient in deciphering the recent success of very large machine learning models. A striking observation is that trained over-parameterized models retain some properties of the optimization initialization. This "implicit bias" is believed to be responsible for some favorable properties of the trained models and could explain their good generalization properties. The purpose of this article is threefold. First, we rigorously expose the definition and basic properties of "conservation laws", that define quantities conserved during gradient flows of a given model (e.g. of a ReLU network with a given architecture) with any training data and any loss. Then we explain how to find the maximal number of independent conservation laws by performing finite-dimensional algebraic manipulations on the Lie algebra generated by the Jacobian of the model. Finally, we provide algorithms to: a) compute a family of polynomial laws; b) compute the maximal number of (not necessarily polynomial) independent conservation laws. We provide showcase examples that we fully work out theoretically. Besides, applying the two algorithms confirms for a number of ReLU network architectures that all known laws are recovered by the algorithm, and that there are no other independent laws. Such computational tools pave the way to understanding desirable properties of optimization initialization in large machine learning models.
Despite its apparent complexity, our world seems to be governed by simple laws of physics. This volume provides a philosophical introduction to such laws. I explain how they are connected to some of the central issues in philosophy, such as ontology, possibility, explanation, induction, counterfactuals, time, determinism, and fundamentality. I suggest that laws are fundamental facts that govern the world by constraining its physical possibilities. I examine three hallmarks of laws--simplicity, exactness, and objectivity--and discuss whether and how they may be associated with laws of physics.
Fast radio bursts (FRBs) are millisecond-timescale radio transients, the origins of which are predominantly extragalactic and likely involve highly magnetized compact objects. FRBs undergo multipath propagation, or scattering, from electron density fluctuations on sub-parsec scales in ionized gas along the line-of-sight. Scattering observations have located plasma structures within FRB host galaxies, probed Galactic and extragalactic turbulence, and constrained FRB redshifts. Scattering also inhibits FRB detection and biases the observed FRB population. We report the detection of scattering times from the repeating FRB 20190520B that vary by up to a factor of two or more on minutes to days-long timescales. In one notable case, the scattering time varied from $7.9\pm0.4$ ms to less than 3.1 ms ($95\%$ confidence) over 2.9 minutes at 1.45 GHz. The scattering times appear to be uncorrelated between bursts or with dispersion and rotation measure variations. Scattering variations are attributable to dynamic, inhomogeneous plasma in the circumsource medium, and analogous variations have been observed from the Crab pulsar. Under such circumstances, the frequency dependence of scattering can deviate from the typical power-law used to measure scattering. Similar variations may therefore be detectable from other FRBs, even those with inconspicuous scattering, providing a unique probe of small-scale processes within FRB environments.
Domestic courts frequently apply foreign law. For example, the forum's choice-of-law rules may require a court to apply foreign law, or a party may expressly base a claim or defense on foreign law. Private international law (or “conflict of laws”) provides principles governing many aspects of the way courts should identify and interpret foreign law.
Comparative commercial advertising, which is based on comparison of features and characteristics of competitors’ goods and services, is one of the most popular ways of advertising and an important means of protection consumers’ rights. A comparative advertising is legitimate in light of principles such as co-operation and piety, forbidding injustice and keeping the trust and it will not incur responsibility for the advertiser. If the conditions are not complied with and damages are brought to competitors, they may file a lawsuit against the advertiser’s unfair competition. Differences such as specific definitions of negligence in some legal systems, and quality of proof of harm, distinguish an unfair competition from a general civil liability dispute. The unfair competition lawsuit in a court of law may lead to the issuance of a warrant for compensation in cash, an order to stop broadcasting advertising, the insertion of a ruling in the press, or a correctional advertisement to compensate the damage sustained to the competitor's reputation. In this article, some international treaties and the laws of some jurisdictions have been discussed and it has been investigated how the law is enforced and implemented in Iranian law.
This chapter discusses the law of persons. Prior to Exit Day, the private international law of matrimonial causes, parental responsibility, and maintenance was covered in part by two European Regulations: the Brussels II Regulation, Regulation (EC) 2201/2003, and the Maintenance Regulation, Regulation (EC) 4/2009. According to the Jurisdiction and Judgments (Family) (Amendment etc) (EU Exit) Regulations 2019, SI 2019 No 519, regulations 3 and 4, these two European Regulations will be revoked. Until Exit Day they are in full force and effect, but unless further legislative arrangements are made they will not apply to proceedings commenced before a English (or, where recognition is concerned, other Member State) court on or after Exit Day. SI 2019 No 519 makes consequential alterations to English law, which will come into effect on Exit Day.
In the article the attention of the reader to some essential lines of crisis of modern understanding
of the right is drawn. Are distinguished from such lines: an imbalance between legal philosophy,
the theory of the right and legal practice; violation of right balance between jurisprudence and
lawmaking; wrong understanding of progressism; ideological congestion of legal concepts; an imbalance between law, history and philosophy.
Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law, Civil law