Freire’s attack on the ‘culture silence’ inhabited by the vast numbers of illiterate pep-ants in Brazil’s poorest areas has contributed in an extraordinary Way .to the development of a sense of purpose and identity among the oppressed and demoralized majority. His work is the result of a process of reflection in the midst of a. struggle to create a new social order. His is the authentic voice of the Third World, but his methodology and philosophy are also important in the’ industrialized countries where a new culture of silence threatens to dominate an over consuming and over managed population, where education too often means merely socialization. In contrast, Freire’s approach concentrates upon the ability to deal creatively with reality.
ObjectiveTime perspective and time management disposition are critical factors influencing academic achievement. Although balanced time perspective (BTP) has been associated with adaptive functioning across various life domains, its relationship with academic performance remains underexplored. This study proposes a moderated mediation model to examine the link between BTP and academic performance.MethodsThe study included 1,076 high school students (448 boys and 628 girls), aged 15 to 19 years. Participants completed self-report questionnaires assessing BTP, time management disposition, and resilience in their classrooms. Academic performance was measured using standardized test scores routinely administered by the school. The valid data were analyzed using the PROCESS macro for SPSS.ResultsBTP positively predicted academic performance, with time management disposition mediating this relationship. The indirect effect was further moderated by resilience, demonstrating a stronger effect among students with higher resilience levels.ConclusionThese findings suggest that BTP may influence children’s academic performance and offer novel strategies for promoting academic achievement in high school settings. In addition, the findings highlight the importance of fostering psychological traits like resilience to enhance academic performance. Future studies could explore educational interventions aimed at developing BTP and resilience, thereby enhancing students’ psychological skills.
Jacob Russin, Sam Whitman McGrath, Danielle J. Williams
Compositionality has long been considered a key explanatory property underlying human intelligence: arbitrary concepts can be composed into novel complex combinations, permitting the acquisition of an open ended, potentially infinite expressive capacity from finite learning experiences. Influential arguments have held that neural networks fail to explain this aspect of behavior, leading many to dismiss them as viable models of human cognition. Over the last decade, however, modern deep neural networks (DNNs), which share the same fundamental design principles as their predecessors, have come to dominate artificial intelligence, exhibiting the most advanced cognitive behaviors ever demonstrated in machines. In particular, large language models (LLMs), DNNs trained to predict the next word on a large corpus of text, have proven capable of sophisticated behaviors such as writing syntactically complex sentences without grammatical errors, producing cogent chains of reasoning, and even writing original computer programs -- all behaviors thought to require compositional processing. In this chapter, we survey recent empirical work from machine learning for a broad audience in philosophy, cognitive science, and neuroscience, situating recent breakthroughs within the broader context of philosophical arguments about compositionality. In particular, our review emphasizes two approaches to endowing neural networks with compositional generalization capabilities: (1) architectural inductive biases, and (2) metalearning, or learning to learn. We also present findings suggesting that LLM pretraining can be understood as a kind of metalearning, and can thereby equip DNNs with compositional generalization abilities in a similar way. We conclude by discussing the implications that these findings may have for the study of compositionality in human cognition and by suggesting avenues for future research.
Despite significant advancements in XAI, scholars continue to note a persistent lack of robust conceptual foundations and integration with broader discourse on scientific explanation. In response, emerging XAI research increasingly draws on explanatory strategies from various scientific disciplines and the philosophy of science to address these gaps. This paper outlines a mechanistic strategy for explaining the functional organization of deep learning systems, situating recent developments in AI explainability within a broader philosophical context. According to the mechanistic approach, explaining opaque AI systems involves identifying the mechanisms underlying decision-making processes. For deep neural networks, this means discerning functionally relevant components - such as neurons, layers, circuits, or activation patterns - and understanding their roles through decomposition, localization, and recomposition. Proof-of-principle case studies from image recognition and language modeling align this theoretical framework with recent research from OpenAI and Anthropic. The findings suggest that pursuing mechanistic explanations can uncover elements that traditional explainability techniques may overlook, ultimately contributing to more thoroughly explainable AI.
O tema da Identidade pessoal, tratado no A Treatise of Human Nature, (T), apresenta posições desconcertantes. Em primeiro lugar, Hume afirma: -a identidade que atribuímos a mente do homem é fictícia” (T 259), e. segundo: -a impressão de nós mesmos está sempre intimamente presente” (T 317). Pode um autor que vai concentrar uma parte relevante de sua filosofia no tema da ética, pôr em dúvida ou prescindir do eu, sujeito da moralidade? A distinção no conceito de identidade, através da crítica da substância e do dinamismo funcional das percepções, parece permitir uma solução. O questionamento da identidade pessoal implica a relativização do eu moral? Hume dá por suposta uma teoria da identidade do sujeito moral. ainda que não ofereça uma exposição ordenada sobre a mesma. O eu moral humana é, por natureza, hedonista e altruísta. A vacilação humana, no momento da reflexão sobre a identidade pessoal, se transforma em firmeza quando, com parâmetros psicológicos e naturalistas, descreve a pessoa como o ser-humano-moral simpático, passional e benevolente.
Fondrakö is the local wisdom of the Nias ethnic community and has two functions. First are the oral religious holy book teaching ancestors' values and philosophy. Second is the highest consensus institution of the traditional society formulating and making decisions on the socio-religious law to guarantee the order of the community. This paper explains that social differentiation has happened in the modern era; philosophical values of fondrakö remain to live up to this day and experience the proliferation of rites. The argumentation built through this paper is that primitive culture will not simply disappear in the modern community just because it experiences accommodation and the decrease of emotional intensity into new forms. Social laws of primitive religion are not always contradictory and can run parallel with civilization.
This book concerns the metasemantics of quantum mechanics (QM). Roughly, it pursues an investigation at the intersection of philosophy of physics and philosophy of language, and it offers a critical analysis of rival explanations of the semantic facts of standard QM. Two problems for such explanations are discussed: categoricity and permanence. New results include 1) a reconstruction of Einstein's incompleteness argument, which concludes that a local, separable, and categorical QM cannot exist, 2) a reinterpretation of Bohr's principle of correspondence, grounded in the principle of permanence, 3) a meaning-variance argument for quantum logic, which follows a line of critical reflections initiated by Weyl, and 4) an argument for semantic indeterminacy leveled against inferentialism about QM, inspired by Carnap's work in the philosophy of classical logic.
Denne artikkelen er basert på observasjoner og intervjuer gjort på fire islamskoler i Norge. På disse ikke-formelle trosopplæringsarenaene finner vi spenninger og forhandlinger mellom muslimske normative idealer og hverdagslivets faktiske praksiser og tenkemåter. Vi finner at både moskeledere og foreldre knyttet til disse fellesskapene ønsker å styrke normative tolkninger av islam, samtidig som det er en betydelig anerkjennelse av og aksept for at idealene ikke nødvendigvis etterleves. Informantene framhever verdien av å møtes fysisk til undervisning i en tid med mange online-tilbud. Forfatterne benytter levd hverdagsreligionsperspektivet sammen med blant annet begrepet maksimalistisk islam.
Nøkkelord: ikke-formell trosopplæring, islam, moske, ungdom, idealer
We use a mechanized verification system, PVS, to examine the argument from Anselm's Proslogion Chapter III, the so-called "Modal Ontological Argument." We consider several published formalizations for the argument and show they are all essentially similar. Furthermore, we show that the argument is trivial once the modal axioms are taken into account. This work is an illustration of computational philosophy and, in addition, shows how these methods can help detect and rectify errors in modal reasoning. This is a minor update with better typesetting and some small addenda to a paper published in the International Journal for Philosophy of Religion, vol. 89, pp. 135--152, April 2021.
The paper analyses the potential of the online environment for obtaining empirical data. It discusses the positive and the negative aspects of their use in scientific research and attempts to highlight the challenges of using social media for empirical data collection. Facebook and its growing levels of consumption attracts research interest because it facilitates recruitment of respondents, saves considerable money, time and effort, and opens access to hard-to-reach populations and highly engaged citizens in a variety of topics. At the same time, the use of online space for empirical data collection remains problematic in terms of representativeness, accessibility and security. The article briefly describes the process of recruiting Facebook respondents to participate in an online survey - a post-election study. The analysis of the results clearly shows the outreach, based on convenience sampling, to an online sample that is characterized by high interest in political issues, active communication practices, variety of information sources used, well-established practices of civic activism and participation in elections, relatively stable party affiliation and consistency in political orientation.
Social history and conditions. Social problems. Social reform