Hasil untuk "Oriental languages and literatures"

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يهدف البحث إلى دراسة ماهية المصطلح السياسي، وآليات صياغته، وأهميته، ودوره في توجيه وعي المتلقي، مع اعتماد منهج بنيوي يتتبّع تعريفه وطرائق بنائه ووظيفته من خلال اللغة؛ إذ تُعَدّ اللغة الإطار الذي تتكوّن فيه المفاهيم وتُنظَّم المعرفة، وهي بنية حيّة تولّد المصطلحات وتطوّرها بما يلائم حاجات الإنسان. وينشأ المصطلح من تفاعل اللغة مع سياقها الثقافي، ويُعدّ أداةً أساسية لضبط المفاهيم وبناء العلوم. وفي المجال السياسي يكتسب المصطلح أهمية مضاعفة؛ لأنه يُعيد تشكيل الأحداث وصورتها في الوعي الجمعي، مما يجعل التحكم فيه شكلًا من أشكال التأثير في إدراك الجمهور. وعليه فإن البحث يقوم أولًا على التعريف بالمفهوم والمصطلح والفرق بينهما، ثم يبين العلاقة بين المصطلح والكلمة، ثم يستعرض بعد ذلك ماهية المصطلح السياسي وطرق صياغته، ويُختم البحث ببيان أهميته من خلال ما يقوم به من بناء المعرفة وتشكيل الوعي في الخطاب السياسي. وخلص البحث إلى أن المصطلح السياسي يجمع بين سلطة اللغة وسلطة السياسة، فيغدو أداة فاعلة في تشكيل الوعي الجمعي عبر قدرته على الاختزال وبناء الصور الذهنية.

Greshela Mae Quiño, Ma. Kristine Antipona, Caryn Mae Gama et al.

Teacher readiness in teaching Filipino Literature (Panitikang Filipino) remains underexplored, particularly in provincial secondary schools where access to training and digital resources may be limited. This study aimed to assess the level of teachers’ readiness to teach Filipino Literature in selected secondary schools in Villanueva and Tagoloan, Misamis Oriental. A descriptive–correlational design was employed, with a validated survey administered to 31 Filipino teachers and analyzed using means, standard deviations, t-tests, and the Kruskal–Wallis H test. The results showed that most teachers were mid-career, female, and holders of bachelor’s degrees. They demonstrated a high level of readiness across content knowledge (M=4.54), instructional materials (M=4.40), teaching methods (M=4.55), and Filipino language proficiency (M=4.51). Minor gaps were identified in technology based assessment and interdisciplinary integration. No significant relationship was found between demographic factors and readiness, indicating that preparedness is consistent across groups. The study concludes that teachers are generally well-prepared to teach Filipino Literature, but enhancing digital literacy and interdisciplinary skills is essential to further strengthen instructional quality in the 21st-century classroom.

Nargiza Gulomova

Poetic arts are considered one of the components of oriental lyrics, decorating speech, highlighting its unique aspects, and serving as a means for beautiful and meaningful expression of thought. Poetic arts are widely used mainly in classical poetry, sometimes in prose, and are still used in modern literature. In classical literature, in particular, in the works of Alisher Navoi and Zahiriddin Muhammad Babur, there are several types of word art such as talmeh, tajnis, iyhom, tazod, tanosib, which, when studied, we understand how beautiful our artistic language, the classical Uzbek language, is. The article discusses the use of talmeh art in the ghazas of Navoi and Babur and its socio-educational significance, and analyzes it using the example of couplets

Swati Anwesha

In this essay, the short stories in Interpreter of Maladies by Jhumpa Lahiri are critically examined through the lens of her position as a second-generation Bengali American, whose upbringing as the child of immigrants positions her as a bridge between the South Asian American population and its literature. She acts as a translator for the cultural community of Indians living away from their homeland and trying to adjust to the ways of the West. The critique of her role as a translator is that she magnifies the differences between the East and the West and glorifies the homeland. Two main problems emerge in Lahiri’s writings. One is the misinterpretation or stereotyping of Indian culture that is evident in some of her selected short stories. Rather than transcending the difference between language and culture (as is expected of a translator), she extends it. The second is her looking at the East through the oriental lens and positioning herself as an Occidental observer. Lahiri’s background allows her to take an Occidental or Western view of South Asian culture, and in doing so, she distances herself from the culture she engages with. The argument made here is that her stories do not give voice to the voiceless; instead, they create stereotypes and further silence an entire community.

Arsen K. Shahinyan

This article, based on primary sources mainly in ancient languages of the Christian East, examines the prerequisites, causes and consequences of the council of “all bishops from the borders of the East and Assyria,” convened by the king of kings of Sassanian Iran Khosrow II Parviz (590–628) in his capital Ctesiphon. Among the multi-genre sources are narrative monuments, epistolary documents, synodal materials, and collections containing theological texts from the 7th century. The author criticizes the numerous versions of the dating of this council proposed in scientific and reference publications and demonstrates that it was convened immediately after the capture of Jerusalem and the Cross of the Lord by the Sassanian army in May 614. The author also reconstructs the list of the main participants of the synod from among the highest clergy of the countries of the Christian East subject to the Sassanians’ and occupied by them during the Byzantine war of 603–628, two guardians from among the highest secular nobility of Iran, restores the agenda and the adopted historical resolution. He has talking about the Shāhanshāh’s decree, which legally formalized the «Armenian Creed» as a mandatory religious doctrine for all Christian subjects. Therefore, the author, for the first time in oriental literature, designated this council as the “All-Persian Synod of Christians.” He devotes special attention to the Christological controversy between the Syrian Nestorians and the Monophysites, which ended in the defeat of the first party, and the controversy between the supporters and opponents of the Fourth Ecumenical Council (Chalcedon, 451), which ended in the victory of the second party.

Hikmah Maulani, Nalahuddin Saleh, Dadan Mardani et al.

This study aimed to develop a Reflective Evaluation Model of Character Education in Arabic language learning within Indonesian higher education using a phenomenological approach. Employing a qualitative phenomenological design, the study explored lecturers’ and students’ lived experiences and reflective practices in integrating character education into Arabic instruction. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, classroom observations, and document analysis and were analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis to identify core themes. The findings indicated that Arabic language learning was experienced as a meaningful space for character development and perceived as intrinsically linked to moral and spiritual values. Reflective practices emerged across three interrelated dimensions—reflection in action, reflection on action, and reflection for action—which mediated the internalization of character values through curriculum and pedagogy and their manifestation in students’ behaviour. In conclusion, the study proposed a theoretically grounded reflective evaluation model that explains how character education is embedded in Arabic language learning and offers conceptual implications for character-based pedagogy and assessment in higher education.

Shuai Wang, Liang Ding, Li Shen et al.

Establishing fair and robust benchmarks is essential for evaluating intelligent code generation by large language models (LLMs). Our survey of 35 existing benchmarks uncovers three major imbalances: 85.7% focus on a single programming language; 94.3% target only function-level or statement-level tasks; and over 80% include fewer than ten test cases on average. To address these gaps, we propose MultiOOP, a multi-language object-oriented programming benchmark covering six popular languages (Python, PHP, C++, C#, Java, JavaScript) with 267 tasks per language. We design a translator that extends an existing single-language OOP benchmark and the pass@o metric to a multilingual setting. Moreover, we propose an automated framework for augmenting test cases to ensure the reliability of the evaluation results. We evaluate 14 mainstream LLMs under zero-shot prompting and report three key findings: 1) Substantial performance degradation: pass@1 scores on MultiOOP drop by up to 65.6 percentage points compared to function-level tasks (e.g., HumanEval). 2) Cross-language variability: GPT-4o mini achieves pass@1 of 48.06% in Python but only 0.12%-15.26% in other languages, indicating limited multilingual generalization. 3) Conceptual gaps: pass@o scores are consistently 1.1-19.2 points lower than pass@k, demonstrating that LLMs often generate executable code without fully capturing core OOP concepts. Our benchmark, metric extensions, and evaluation scripts will be publicly released to foster a more balanced and comprehensive assessment of LLMs in object-oriented code generation. Our code and data will be released at https://github.com/alphadl/OOP-eval and https://huggingface.co/datasets/codeai-dteam/MultiOOP respectively.

Federico Bruzzone, Walter Cazzola, Luca Favalli

Developing editing support for $L$ languages in $E$ editors is complex and time-consuming. Some languages do not provide dedicated editors, while others offer a single native editor. The $\textit{language server protocol}$ (LSP) reduces the language-editor combinations $L \times E$ to $L + E$, where a single language server communicates with editors via LSP plugins. However, overlapping implementations of linguistic components remain an issue. Existing language workbenches struggle with modularity, reusability, and leveraging type systems for language server generation. In this work, we propose: (i) Typelang, a family of domain-specific languages for modular, composable, and reusable type system implementation, (ii) a modular language server generation process, producing servers for languages built in a modular workbench, (iii) the variant-oriented programming paradigm and a cross-artifact coordination layer to manage interdependent software variants, and (iv) an LSP plugin generator, reducing $E$ to $1$ by automating plugin creation for multiple editors. To simplify editing support for language families, each language artifact integrates its own Typelang variant, used to generate language servers. This reduces combinations to $T \times 1$, where $T = L$ represents the number of type systems. Further reuse of language artifacts across languages lowers this to $N \times 1$, where $N << T$, representing unique type systems. We implement Typelang in Neverlang, generating language servers for each artifact and LSP plugins for three editors. Empirical evaluation shows a 93.48% reduction in characters needed for type system implementation and 100% automation of LSP plugin generation, significantly lowering effort for editing support in language families, especially when artifacts are reused.

Jeremy Singer, Steve Draper

Esoteric programming languages are challenging to learn, but their unusual features and constraints may serve to improve programming ability. From languages designed to be intentionally obtuse (e.g. INTERCAL) to others targeting artistic expression (e.g. Piet) or exploring the nature of computation (e.g. Fractan), there is rich variety in the realm of esoteric programming languages. This essay examines the counterintuitive appeal of esoteric languages and seeks to analyse reasons for this popularity. We will explore why people are attracted to esoteric languages in terms of (a) program comprehension and construction, as well as (b) language design and implementation. Our assertion is that esoteric languages can improve general PL awareness, at the same time as enabling the esoteric programmer to impress their peers with obscure knowledge. We will also consider pedagogic principles and the use of AI, in relation to esoteric languages. Emerging from the specific discussion, we identify a general set of 'good' reasons for designing new programming languages. It may not be possible to be exhaustive on this topic, and it is certain we have not achieved that goal here. However we believe our most important contribution is to draw attention to the varied and often implicit motivations involved in programming language design.

Qianting Lu

This article examines the understudied phenomenon of Chinese writers’ engagement with the Anglophone literary world against the backdrop of globalization. Drawing on Edward Said’s contrapuntal theory of reading, this article looks at how Chinese writers Lijia Zhang and Annie Wang thematically challenge self-Orientalism in their representations of China, while simultaneously preserving a realistic ambience of contemporary Chinese society through what Rey Chow defines as a “xenophonic” style of English (2014: 59), achieved by embedding Chinese expressions in their novels. The analysis demonstrates how Chinese writing in English engages with postcolonial and global Anglophone discourses, and offers a model to understand the resonance between both disciplines from the “expanding circle” of literatures written in English in nations where English is a foreign language (Kachru, 1998: 93).

Andreea Zamfira

This article aims to summarize and explore four of the main topics addressed by Daniel Barbu in his writings over the last three decades, and, therefore, to foreground his contribution to the restoration of an authentic critical approach to (current) social and political processes. Always careful to avoid monocausal narratives and categorical statements about society and politics, Daniel Barbu sagaciously situated his reasonings and explanations beyond mainstream stereotypical intellectual discourses. Also, without explicitly referring to them, he bypassed Western-centrism and Oriental-centrism, which unfortunately often entrap influential scholars in the social and political sciences literature. The four topics discussed here to highlight Barbu’s endeavor to reaffirm the principle of axiological neutrality are: the articulation of Romanian society (and culture) at the convergence of traditional organicity and rationalizing modernization; the pitfalls of ideological constructs (such as apotheosis and demonization) in the study of the communist past; the absent res publica and the Romanian intellectual elites’ new propensity for wooden languages and civil religions; the today (post)modern European democracies, as forms of apolitical regimes, and the (plausible) future configuration of non-democratic regimes.

Tseveendorj Demberelsuren

In this article, the author studied a new and exclusive research of characters to create and did poetic discriminating of “A young couple” novella by Yadamsuren M. Also first time explored characters of his novella by the concept of “Yin Yang” means not traditional methods educated to Western and Oriental language and cultures. Furthermore, early of 20th century writers likewise Yadamsuren M and others not reproduced by Chinese literature and a progressive achievement of foreign tried to develop for national literature of Mongolia. The novella “A young couple” by Yadamsuren M translated into English and published in US. Дүр урлалын шинэ зарчмыг “Залуу хос” туужаас мөшгөх нь Хураангуй: Энэхүү өгүүлэлд зохиолч М.Ядамсүрэнгийн “Залуу хос” тууж дахь дүрийг урлах шинэлэг, өвөрмөц эрлийг түүний туурвил зүйн онцлогтой холбож тодруулан үзсэн болно. Ингэхдээ уламжлалт аргаар бус өрнө, дорнын хэл соёлд боловсорсны хувьд арга билгийн зарчмаар дүрүүдээ урласныг анх удаа тодотгохыг оролджээ. Нөгөө талаар энэхүү судалгаа нь М.Ядамсүрэн нарын зохиолчид Хятадын уран зохиолоос хуулбарласан бус гадаадын дэвшилтэт аргыг бүтээлчээр ашиглан үндэсний уран зохиолоо хөгжүүлэх алхам хийсэн гэсэн шинэ санаа дэвшүүлэв. Түлхүүр үгс: Ядамсүрэн, дүр, Залуу хос, тууж, арга билиг

Alessandro Achilli

Abstract In this article, I analyze the poetic prose of Šamšad Abdullaev, one of the leading voices of the so-called Fergana School of Poetry. It is my argument that Abdullaev’s work features self-orientalizing images, including the depiction of the Central Asian space and its inhabitants as motionless, that deconstruct orientalist stereotypes. It does so through a difficult writing that questions the usual representation of both the East and the West, positioning itself as world literature. I also reflect on Abdullaev’s distinctive use of the Russian language, which enriches standard Russian with a number of Oriental words that are crucial to describing and representing the Fergana space, thus showing the inability of the former colonizer’s language to speak of Fergana without resorting to the local vocabulary. Drawing on Postcolonial, Decolonial, and World Literature Studies, I propose an interpretation of Abdullaev’s work that foregrounds its emancipatory nature.

Rovena VATA MIKELI, Arburim Iseni

Academician Rexhep Qosja is without a doubt an icon of the development of literature, the history of literature, Albanian culture, and, most importantly, his ideas, thoughts, opinions, and advice as an intellectual, researcher, and citizen on the developments of yesterday's politics and the changes in today's politics. A significant portion of his writings address issues of Albanian identity. The main concepts established by researcher R. Qosja regarding the issue of Albanian identity are based on common ancestry, which includes elements such as culture, language, value system, and common history. According to academic Rexhep Qosja, these are the essential elements that form the national identity of Albanians. He further asserts that all identities—individual, collective, cultural, religious, or political—can be integrated into a singular entity known as national identity; thus, religious identity constitutes a component of national identity. R. Qosja discusses an Albanian identity that is both occidental and oriental, referring to it as our dynamic identity, while insisting that we do not conceal our authentic "Muslimism." Professor R. Qosja posited that we possess a distinct identity and a universal identity, individual identities and collective identities, traditional identity and contemporary identity, historical identities and cultural identities, political identities and cognitive identities, religious identity and global identity. All these identities, which are relatively specific and narrower in scope, coalesce into a singular entity that we shall refer to as "national identity".

G.S. Simukanova

Turkic peoples have a common origin. They are linked by a common way of life, beliefs, language and mentality. However, the changes that took place in the world in the early twentieth century, including ideological, political and social conflicts during the Soviet era, strongly undermined the unity and integrity of the Turkic peoples of the world, including Central Asia and Kazakhstan. The leaders of the nation suffered as well. And Turkology as a science was limited to linguistic and orientalist frameworks, considered only as one of the sections of Oriental Studies. In the second half of the last century, the process of globalisation was underway in the world, and subsequently the states that were part of the Soviet Union achieved Independence. Since Independence, the states formed by ethnic groups of common Turkic origin were able to communicate and enter into co-operation. Based on this, the issue of Turkic integration is raised in political and scientific literature. In our opinion, this is a requirement of the time. In the years of independence, our Turkologists have paid attention to the omissions of the past years and expanded the horizons of Turkology. In particular, attention has been paid to the political-social, existential-worldview aspects of the integration process of Turkic countries. In this article we aim to study the idea of Turkic unity in the work of Professor Akseleu Seydimbek, who has made a certain level of contribution to Turkology.

Ochirbat Dagvadorj, Seesregdorj Surenjid, Tserendavga Dalkh et al.

It is very important to highlight the unique experience of transplanting the achievements of Oriental Buddhist culture to the Mongolian land and the unique features that it contributed to Mongolian cultural history from the works of the Lamyn gegeen Luvsandanzanjantsan, written in Tibetan, the scientific and religious language of his time, three centuries ago. At the same time, the study was conducted to demonstrate the validity of the WHO’s guidelines for evidence-based development of traditional medicine and to research the works of Mongolian doctors. To identify the medicines written with evidence by comparing the medical work of the Mongolian Lamyn gegeen Luvsandanzanjantsan, “Man ngag bdud rtsi zegs ma.” The study was conducted using the comparative method of source literature, the method of source literature classification, the method of analysis-synthesis, and the method of hermeneutics. There are 36 proven recipes in the work “Man ngag bdud rtsi zegs ma,” which is 24.2% of the total recipes in the work. These include: In addition to naming the recipes for treating diseases, it clearly states the additions, side effects, and which diseases are suitable for which diseases. It clearly states the method of preparing widely used recipes. It clearly states the method of preparing and administering medicines according to the stage of chronic and severe diseases, which is of high clinical significance. The recipes in this work are based on his many years of medical experience. The recipes for treating diseases are widely used, accounting for 7.4% of the total recipes in this work. Many secret recipes from Lamyn gegeen Luvsandanzanjantsan’s hand are included. It is unique that he used a combination of medicine and mantra to treat. The Lamyn gegeen Luvsandanzanjantsan systematically summarized his observations and experiences in this work, wrote about traditional medicines that had clear treatment results, and was the first to create evidence-based medical education in Mongolia.

N. Poliarush

The article is devoted to the life and work of Ahatanhel Krymskyi and Ivan Ohiienko, prominent figures in Ukrainian history and culture, inspired by the ideas of Ukrainian national revival, democratic reforms, and the development of science and education. The brilliant talent of both scholars was harmoniously combined with their love for Ukraine, its history, and language. In the way of historical significance, Krymskyi’s multifaceted creative personality is undeniable – he was a renowned scholar of Oriental studies, translator of the Koran, works of Eastern literature, an original poet and prose writer, literary critic, conscientious ethnographer, folklorist, profound linguist, author of numerous works on the history of the Ukrainian language, one of the founders of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, and its first permanent secretary. It is emphasized that Krymskyi’s titanic scientific work is an integral part of Ukrainian science and culture and is of global significance. Another prominent personality of Ukraine is Ivan Ohiienko a talented writer, linguist, publisher, public, political, and religious figure, whose destiny was determined by his love for Ukraine and his desire to serve its independence and prosperity. It is noted that the renowned encyclopedic scholar left unique content and size acquisition. His thorough works on Ukrainian linguistics, church history, and culture deserve much attention. Ivan Ohiienko’s work with the Holy Scriptures completed in his translation of the Bible into Ukrainian, as well as his two-volume work Ukrainian Church. It is also noted on Ohiienko’s active participation in the founding of Kamianets-Podilskyi State University. As is known he was the first rector of present - day Ivan Ohiienko Kamianets-Podilskyi National University. The basis of universal human values today is the pedagogical work of the scholar and patriot I. Ohiienko, an active figure in national educational life who left an invaluable mark on our history.

Matt Earnshaw, Mario Román

We introduce context-free languages of morphisms in monoidal categories, extending recent work on the categorification of context-free languages, and regular languages of string diagrams. Context-free languages of string diagrams include classical context-free languages of words, trees, and hypergraphs, when instantiated over appropriate monoidal categories. Using a contour-splicing adjunction, we prove a representation theorem for context-free languages of string diagrams: every such language arises as the image under a monoidal functor of a regular language of string diagrams.

Larysa Vakhnina

The article is devoted to a comparative analysis of the contribution of French and Ukrainian scholars to the study and popularization of the Ukrainian heroic epic. The National Institute of Oriental Languages and Civilizations in Paris (Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales) has become the main center for the study of Ukrainian literature and folk art in France starting from the 20th century. Famous Slavists L. Léger, A. Mazon, P. Boyer, A. Meillet, A. Martel, M. Scherrer and others have worked there. Attention will be paid to the scientific and translation activities of the French Slavist and Ukrainian scholar Marie Scherrer. Thus, the edition “Ukrainian Dumas. Cossack Epic” (Les Dumy ukrainiennes. Epopeé cosaque par Marie Scherrer) remains one of the most thorough to this day. It is worth mentioning the cooperation of the French researcher with the Shevchenko Scientific Society as its member as well as with Ukrainian scholars, in particular with Dmytro Stepovyk. The contribution to the development of Ukrainian-French folkloristic relations of the famous Ukrainian folklorist Kateryna Hrushevska, who has maintained scientific contacts with many European scientific centers, including in France, remains important. It is no coincidence that her preface to the two-volume edition “Ukrainian Folk Dumy”, which has been banned by the Soviet totalitarian government in the 1930s, was presented in French. It has been republished by M. Rylskyi IASFE of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine in 2004. Kateryna Hrushevska has emphasized the interest in the Ukrainian heroic epic and Ukraine in France and also made attempts to translate Ukrainian folk dumy into French. Some of them have been published in Paris. The translations by Marie Scherrer of various genres of Ukrainian folklore have been also submitted in 2004 in the “Anthology of Ukrainian Literature of the 11th–20th Centuries” (Anthologie de la literature ukrainienne du XI au XX siècle), which testified to the Ukrainian component in the European cultural space.

N. Samoylov, A. M. Kharitonova

The article studies activities of Russian diplomats-sinologists in the Qing Empire and the Republic of China at the end of the 19th — beginning of the 20th centuries. The main emphasis is given to the level of their qualifications, the specifics of training and those educational institutions of the Russian Empire that trained the required personnel. The issues related to the personnel policy of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the system of selecting qualified orientalists who could speak Chinese and other Oriental languages to work in Asian countries are examined separately. The study of the environment in which diplomats were educated and trained in the Russian Empire is also an important task within the framework of the stated research topic. Analyzing the system of education and training of diplomats in the Russian Empire makes it possible to identify the attitudes with which young diplomats entered the service and in accordance with which they improved their professional skills. During that period, the Faculty of Oriental Languages at St. Petersburg University, founded in 1854 by decree of Emperor Nicholas I, became the most important educational center for training highly qualified sinologists where young people not only mastered the Chinese language but also studied hard the history, literature, culture, religions and the current situation of the Qing China. The merit of the Faculty staff is that they trained both future scholars and practical sinologists, including future employees of Russian diplomatic institutions in China. The article provides examples of the routes by which the formation of highly skilled Russian diplomats for China took place, and therefore they played an important role in the development of Russian-Chinese relations.