Hasil untuk "Nutritional diseases. Deficiency diseases"

G. T. Strickland

Part I CLINICAL PRACTICE in the TROPICS. General Principles. Pulmonary Diseases. Cardiovascular Diseases. Gastrointestinal Diseases. Hepatobiliary Diseases. Hematologic Diseases. Urinary Tract Diseases. Dermatologic Diseases. Neurologic Diseases. Opthalmolgic Diseases. Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Malignant Diseases. Surgery. Orthopedics. Maternal and Child Health. Integrated Management of Childhood Illness. Heat-Associated Illness. Traditional Medicine. Health and Nutrition Among. Refugees and Displaced Persons. Environmental and Occupational. Health in the Tropics. Imaging in the Tropics and The. Imaging of Tropical Diseases. Part II VIRAL INFECTIONS. General Principles. Human Immunodeficiency Virus. And AIDS. Human T Cell Lymphotropic Virus. Infections. Viral Infections with Cutaneous Lesions. Viral Respiratory Infections. Enteric Viral Infections. Viral Hepatitis. Viral Febrile Illnesses. Viral Encephalitis. Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers. PART III BACTERIAL INFECTIONS. Section a Infections of the Eye and Throat. Trachoma and Inclusion Conjunctivitis Diphtheria. Section B Respiratory Tract Infections. Q Fever. Psittacosis. Pertussis. Melioidosis. Actinomycoses. Nocardiosis. Section C Gastrointestinal Tract Infections. Shigellosis. Cholera and Other Vibrioses. Diarrhea Caused By Escherichia Coli. Campylobacter Enteritis. Miscellaneous Bacterial Enteritides. Helicobacter PyloriInfections. Section D Sexually Transmitted Infections. Chlamydial Infections. Lymphogranuloma Venereum. Syphilis and the Endemic Treponematoses. Gonococcal Infections. Chancroid. Granuloma Inguinale. Section E Infections Causing Neurological Manifestations. Acute Bacterial Meningitis. Tetanus. Botulism. Section F Infections of Skin and Soft Tissues. Anthrax. Glanders. Gas Gangrene. Pyomyositis. Tropical Phagedenic Ulcer. Section G Febrile Lymphadenitis. Bartonella-Associated Infections. Plague. Tularemia. Pasteurella. Brucellosis. Section H Disseminated Febrile Illnesses. Rickettsial Infections: General. Principles. Typhus. Spotted Fevers. Trench Fever. Scrub Typhus. Ehrlichiosis. Relapsing Fever. Leptospirosis. Lyme Disease. Meningococcal Disease. Typhoid Fever. Nontyphoidal Salmonellosis. Section I Mycobacterial Infections. Tuberculosis. Leprosy. Nontuberculosis Mycobacterial. Part IV the MYCOSES. General Principles. Superficial Mycoses. Subcutaneous Mycoses. Systemic Mycoses. Treatment of Systemic Mycoses. Part V PROTOZOAL INFECTIONS. General Principles. Section a Intestinal and Genital Infections. Amebiasis. Giardiasis. Cryptosporidiosis. Cyclosporiasis. Miscellaneous Intestinal Protozoa. Trichomoniasis. Section B Infections of the Blood and Reticuloendothelial System. Malaria. African Trypanosomiasis. American Trypanosomiasis. Leishmaniasis. Babesiosis. Section C Tissue Infections. Toxoplasmosis. Pneumocystosis. Free-Living Amebic Infections. OtherTissue Protozoa Infections. PART VI HELMINTHIC INFECTIONS. General Principles. Section a Intestinal Nematode Infections. General Principles. Nematodes Limited to the . Intestinal Tract. Intestinal Nematodes That. Migrate Through Lungs. Intestinal Nematodes That. Migrate Through Skin And. Lung. Section B Filarial Infections. Filariasis. Loiasis. Onchocerciasis. Miscellaneous Filarial Infections. Section C Other Tissue Nematode Infections. Dracunculiasis. Trichinosis. Toxocariasis. Gnathostomiasis. Angiostrongyliasis. Cutaneous Larva Migrans. Anisakiasis. Section D Trematode Infections. General Principles. Schistosomiasis. Intestinal Fluke Infections. Liver Fluke Infections. Lung Fluke Infections: Paragonimiasis. Section E Cestode Infections . General Principles. Tapeworm Infections. Larval Cestode Infections. PART VII POISONOUS and TOXIC PLANTS and ANIMALS. Poisonous Plants and Fish. Animals Hazardous to Humans. Pentastomiasis. Injurious Arthropods. PART VIII NUTRITIONAL PROBLEMS and DEFICIENCY DISEASES. General Principles. Protein-Energy Malnutrition. Vitamin Deficiencies. Mineral Deficiencies. Other Nutrition-Related Disorders. PART IX VECTOR TRANSMISSION of DISEASES. General Principles of Infectious . Disease Transmission. Zoonoses. Mollusks Involved in Disease. Transmission. Ticks and Mites in Disease. Transmission. Insects in Disease Transmission. Control of Arthropods of Medical. Importance. PART X TROPICAL DISEASE in a TEMPERATE CLIMATE. General Principles. Establishing a Travel Clinic. Adviceto Travelers. Screening Long Term Travelers. Diarrhea in Travelers. Fever in Travelers. Skin Lesions in Travelers. Eosinophilia in Travelers and Immigrants. Diseases of Immigrants. Global Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases. PART XI LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS of PARASITIC DISEASES. Examination of Stool and Urine Specimens. Examination of Blood, Other Body Fluids, Tissues, And Sputum. Parasitic Immunodiagnosis .

P. Christian, Emily R. Smith

Erica Phillips, Stephanie Zobrist, Erin M. Milner et al.

ABSTRACT Many countries rely on national household surveys to monitor coverage of nutrition interventions. Following a multi‐year consultative effort, 14 new and revised nutrition coverage indicators were included in the Round 8 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS‐8) core questionnaire. These indicators were better aligned with international recommendations and generate actionable data for policy and programmatic decision making at national, subnational, and global levels. This analysis highlights their potential applications. We included six sub‐Saharan African countries who collected and released DHS‐8 datasets between January 2021 and June 2024 (Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Kenya, Mozambique, and Tanzania). We present weighted averages for all nutrition coverage indicators from pregnancy through young childhood by country and estimate inequities in coverage. Coverage of nutrition interventions provided during pregnancy, birth, and postnatal care was higher than during infancy and young childhood, with wide variation between and within countries. For the new indicators on prenatal counseling about breastfeeding and maternal diet, Ghana had the highest coverage (88% and 92%, respectively) and Mozambique the lowest (48% and 51%). Postnatal counseling about infant and young child feeding practices was universally lower, ranging from 12% in Mozambique to 50% in Ghana. Subnational region, wealth quartile, and maternal education were consistent drivers of inequity. The greatest differences in coverage were by subnational region, as high as 71 percentage points for coverage of height and weight measurement of young children in Kenya. The expanded DHS‐8 nutrition indicators fill critical information gaps about coverage and inequalities in care.

D. Gargano, R. Appanna, A. Santonicola et al.

Adverse food reactions include immune-mediated food allergies and non-immune-mediated intolerances. However, this distinction and the involvement of different pathogenetic mechanisms are often confused. Furthermore, there is a discrepancy between the perceived vs. actual prevalence of immune-mediated food allergies and non-immune reactions to food that are extremely common. The risk of an inappropriate approach to their correct identification can lead to inappropriate diets with severe nutritional deficiencies. This narrative review provides an outline of the pathophysiologic and clinical features of immune and non-immune adverse reactions to food—along with general diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Special emphasis is placed on specific nutritional concerns for each of these conditions from the combined point of view of gastroenterology and immunology, in an attempt to offer a useful tool to practicing physicians in discriminating these diverging disease entities and planning their correct management. We conclude that a correct diagnostic approach and dietary control of both immune- and non-immune-mediated food-induced diseases might minimize the nutritional gaps in these patients, thus helping to improve their quality of life and reduce the economic costs of their management.

Rachel L. Thompson, Luis David Olivera León, Houlin Hong et al.

Abstract Background Urban parks may promote physical activity (PA); however, little is known about whether renovated urban parks contribute to overall PA similarly across diverse sociodemographic groups. In this cross-sectional study, we examined associations between park-based activities and overall PA among adults living near recently renovated parks in low-income New York City (NYC) neighborhoods, with particular attention to differences by race/ethnicity and sex. Methods A total of 1336 adult survey respondents who reported past-month use of a renovated park within 0.5 miles of their residence were included. Surveys captured past-month participation in activities at the renovated park (walking, exercising, taking children to the playground/park, relaxing, socializing, volunteering) and self-reported PA level during visits (sitting, light, moderate-to-vigorous). The outcome, overall past-week PA, was measured in metabolic equivalent of task (MET)-minutes using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire and log-transformed prior to analysis. Linear regression models estimated associations of park-based activities and park-based PA levels with log(MET-minutes) of overall PA in the full sample and stratified by race/ethnicity and sex. Results In the full sample, park-based activities explained 5.4% of the variability in overall PA of past-month renovated park users; self-reported park-based PA level explained 5.2% of the variability. Compared to past-month park users who did not engage in these activities, those who reported exercising at the study park had 47% higher overall PA and those who reported walking had 33% higher overall PA, while those who reported volunteering had 26% lower overall PA, after confounder adjustment. Activities at renovated parks explained more variability in overall PA among males (6.3%) compared with females (5.1%), and among minority groups (Latino/as = 6.5%, Blacks = 6.8%, other race/ethnicity = 11.2%) compared with Whites (4.3%). Conclusions Among adults with past-month renovated park use in low-income NYC neighborhoods, park-based activities explained a significant proportion of the variability in overall PA, with stronger contributions among minorities and males. These findings highlight the importance of considering sociodemographic differences when assessing the role of renovated urban parks in promoting PA and suggest that investments in high-quality green spaces may be particularly impactful for minority groups facing disproportionate barriers to PA.

A. Cardo, I. Churruca, A. Lasa et al.

Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic autoimmune disorder of the small intestine, whose only effective treatment is a gluten-free diet (GFD). It is characterized by the atrophy of the intestinal villi that leads to altered nutrient absorption. This study describes the nutritional imbalances which may be found in adults with CD following a GFD. During the first year of treatment, deficiencies will overcome as the intestinal mucosa recovers. Thus, biochemical data will show this progression, together with the decrease in symptoms. In contrast, in the long term, when a strict GFD is followed and mucosal recovery is achieved, analyzing nutrient intake makes more sense. Macronutrient consumption is characterized by its low complex carbohydrate and fiber intakes, and high fat (especially SFA) and sugar intakes. This profile has been related to the consumption of GFP and their nutritional composition, in addition to unbalanced dietary habits. The most notable deficiencies in micronutrients are usually those of iron, calcium and magnesium and vitamin D, E and some of group B. It is necessary to follow up patients with CD and to promote nutritional education among them, since it could help not only to achieve a gluten free but also a balanced diet.

Wanrong Guo, Huanyi Cao, Yunfeng Shen et al.

Abstract Background The effectiveness of ketogenic diet (KD) in ameliorating fatty liver has been established, although its mechanism is under investigation. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) positively regulates obesity-associated metabolic disorders and is elevated by KD. FGF21 conventionally initiates its intracellular signaling via receptor β-klotho (KLB). However, the mechanistic role of FGF21-KLB signaling for KD-ameliorated fatty liver remains unknown. This study aimed to delineate the critical role of FGF21 signaling in the ameliorative effects of KD on hepatic steatosis. Methods Eight-week-old C57BL/6 J mice were fed a chow diet (CD), a high-fat diet (HFD), or a KD for 16 weeks. Adeno-associated virus-mediated liver-specific KLB knockdown mice and control mice were fed a KD for 16 weeks. Phenotypic assessments were conducted during and after the intervention. We investigated the mechanism underlying KD-alleviated hepatic steatosis using multi-omics and validated the expression of key genes. Results KD improved hepatic steatosis by upregulating fatty acid oxidation and downregulating lipogenesis. Transcriptional analysis revealed that KD dramatically activated FGF21 pathway, including KLB and fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1). Impairing liver FGF21 signaling via KLB knockdown diminished the beneficial effects of KD on ameliorating fatty liver, insulin resistance, and regulating lipid metabolism. Conclusion KD demonstrates beneficial effects on diet-induced metabolic disorders, particularly on hepatic steatosis. Liver FGF21-KLB signaling plays a critical role in the KD-induced amelioration of hepatic steatosis.

Luis Grosembacher

Desde la aprobación del primer sistema infusor automatizado de insulina (AIDs, automated insulin delivery system) en 2016 como tratamiento para personas con diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DM1), se ha incrementado significativamente el número de usuarios y consorcios de AIDs, mejorando los diseños y prestaciones de sus componentes (infusor, sensor y algoritmo). Los infusores que administran insulina a través de catéteres o sin ellos “bombas parches” son de menores dimensiones y con mayores variantes de operabilidad, desde teléfonos móviles, del propio infusor o mediante dispositivos administradores o bien operables en forma múltiple. Los actuales desafíos para desarrolladores de algoritmos son: a) controlar las variaciones de glucemia en el entorno prandial, con bolos calculados precomidas y bolos correctores automatizados prandiales, o bien anunciando comida, pero sin bolos calculados previos (AIDs semi o totalmente automáticos); b) ajustar la infusión de insulina durante la actividad física y ante cambios agudos de glucemia por estrés físico o emocional. Los numerosos trabajos randomizados y controlados (RCT) en DM1 con AIDs concluyen que los mismos son efectivos para mejorar los niveles de HbA1c, reducir tiempos en rango, y bajar riesgos y tiempos en hipoglucemias. También coinciden en cuanto a beneficios psicosociales, especialmente atenuando el miedo individual y familiar a las hipoglucemias. Los estudios del mundo real con AIDs confirman los beneficios metabólicos y de calidad de vida de los RCT. Lo anterior explica el uso creciente de los AIDs en todas las edades de DM1, siendo mayor su preferencia en adultos mayores y niños. En el primer consenso sobre recomendaciones de los AIDs se sugirió que la falla del tratamiento con múltiples dosis de insulina para alcanzar objetivos metabólicos, elevada variabilidad glucémica, hipoglucemias problemáticas e hiperglucemia nocturna (fenómeno del alba) en DM1 serían las indicaciones principales de los AIDs, entre otras. Algunos pendientes a resolver con los AIDs son: lograr una equitativa accesibilidad a todos los estratos socioeconómicos, adecuar la tecnológica en DM1 con capacidades diferentes (p. ej., ceguera), adaptar algoritmos en situaciones especiales (p. ej., embarazos u hospitalizaciones) y realizar RCT prospectivos y comparativos entre diferentes AIDs. Podemos concluir que los AIDs constituyen un cambio paradigmático en el tratamiento de la DM1, con un horizonte tecnológico sin límites, dirigido a alcanzar objetivos metabólicos, a atenuar la carga de tareas diarias y distrés por la enfermedad para finalmente elevar su calidad de vida.

Dian Wahyu Wardani, Andriati Ningrum, Manikharda et al.

The protein hydrolysate that contains bioactive peptides of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) skin collagen with antioxidant activity has been successfully studied by using in silico and in vitro assays. We found that using the in silico assessment, the antioxidant peptides can be found from the precursor (type I α1 and α2 collagen of yellowfin tuna). Applying papain as a protease will also provide the greatest degree of hydrolysis for antioxidative peptides. The highest peptide rank peptides sequence such as Pro-Trp-Gly (PWG), Pro-His-Gly (PHG), His-Leu (HL), Ile-Arg (IR), Ala-His (AH), Glu-Leu (EL) that predicted using papain in silico. Molecular docking analysis showed all peptides derived from yellowfin tuna have hindered the substrate to access the active site of myeloperoxidase (MPO). Interestingly, the substitution of the amino acid from His (PHG, 7.1 kcal/mol) to Trp (PWG, 8.0 kcal/mol) has increased the affinity of the peptide towards MPO. They have antioxidative activities used in silico approach to MPO enzyme. We also confirm the in vitro assays for the protein hydrolysate after proteolysis using papain. The concentration and hydrolysis time will give influence the degree of hydrolysis, and antioxidant activities (P < 0.05). In conclusion, hydrolysate protein of type I α1 and α2 collagen from yellowfin tuna produced by papain hydrolysis has the potential to be used in food, active packaging material until health applications..

Sylvain Charlebois, Janet Music, H. P. Vasantha Rupasinghe

<i>Purpose:</i> A diet rich in fruits and vegetables is vital for prolonged health and wellness. Yet, the consumption of fruits and vegetables remains low in some regions. <i>Methodology:</i> This exploratory quantitative study utilized a web-based survey instrument to probe the likelihood of consumption by Canadian consumers. Canadians who have lived in the country for 12 months or more and were 18 years of age or older were surveyed. Care was given to get a representative sample from all Canadian regions. <i>Findings:</i> Barriers to produce consumption include cost (39.5%), lack of knowledge and preparation skills (38.5%), and confusion surrounding health benefits (6.3%). There is further confusion surrounding the nutrition of frozen vs. fresh vegetables. Finally, respondents were concerned about pesticide residue on imported produce (63.4%). <i>Originality:</i> Although evidence that fruits and vegetables can mitigate disease and that promotion of fruit and vegetable consumption has been a key policy area for the Canadian government, consumers still fail to integrate sufficient fruits and vegetables into their diets. To our knowledge, this is the only study probing consumers on their fresh produce intake in the Canadian context. Public awareness and education about the regular consumption of fruits and vegetables and their nutritional value and health-promoting benefits can increase consumption in many Canadian regions and demographics.

G. Nardo, M. Villa, L. Conti et al.

Background: A strictly gluten-free diet (GFD) is the basis for managing celiac disease (CD). Numerous studies have reported nutritional deficiencies/imbalances ascribable to a GFD. The aim of this review is to describe nutritional deficiencies observed in children with celiac disease on a GFD, to discuss the clinical consequences related to these nutritional imbalances, and to identify strategies that may be adopted to treat them. Methods: We reviewed the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases between January 1998 and January 2019. Results: Children are, regardless of whether they are on a gluten-free diet or not, at risk of consuming too much fat and insufficient fiber, iron, vitamin D, and calcium. These imbalances may be exacerbated when children are on a gluten-free diet. In particular, the intake of folate, magnesium, zinc, and foods with a high glycemic index in children with CD who are on a GFD is significantly altered. Conclusions: Therapeutic protocols should include nutritional education to help teach subjects affected by disorders such as CD the importance of labels, the choice of foods, and the combination of macro- and micronutrients. Children with CD on a GFD should be encouraged to rotate pseudo-cereals, consume gluten-free commercial products that have been fortified or enriched, and use foods that are local and naturally gluten-free.

P. Collins, I. Yang, Yuan-Chin Chang et al.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) primarily affects the lungs but due to the accompanying chronic systematic inflammation and the symptoms associated with the disease there are many extrapulmonary effects which include complex physical and metabolic adaptations. These changes have been associated with reduced exercise capacity, increased nutritional requirements, altered metabolic processes and compromised nutritional intake. As a result, nutritional depletion in COPD is multi-faceted and can involve imbalances of energy (weight loss), protein (sarcopenia), and periods of markedly increased inflammation (pulmonary cachexia) which can increase nutritional losses. As a result, depletion of both fat-mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) can occur. There is good evidence that nutritional support, in the form of oral nutritional supplements (ONS), can overcome energy and protein imbalances resulting in improved nutritional status and functional capacity. However, in order to treat the aetiology of sarcopenia, frailty and cachexia, it is likely that targeted multi-modal interventions are required to address energy and protein imbalance, specific nutrient deficiencies, reduced androgens and targeted exercise training. Furthermore, interventions taking a disease-course approach, are likely to hold the key to effectively managing the common and costly problem of nutritional depletion in COPD.

C. Verburgt, M. Ghiboub, M. Benninga et al.

The increase in incidences of pediatric Crohn’s Disease (CD) worldwide has been strongly linked with dietary shifts towards a Westernized diet, ultimately leading to altered gut microbiota and disturbance in intestinal immunity and the metabolome. Multiple clinical studies in children with CD have demonstrated the high efficacy of nutritional therapy with exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) to induce remission with an excellent safety profile. However, EEN is poorly tolerated, limiting its compliance and clinical application. This has spiked an interest in the development of alternative and better-tolerated nutritional therapy strategies. Several nutritional therapies have now been designed not only to treat the nutritional deficiencies seen in children with active CD but also to correct dysbiosis and reduce intestinal inflammation. In this review, we report the most recent insights regarding nutritional strategies in children with active CD: EEN, partial enteral nutrition (PEN), Crohn’s disease exclusion diet (CDED), and CD treatment-with-eating diet (CD-TREAT). We describe their setup, efficacy, safety, and (dis)advantages as well as some of their potential mechanisms of action and perspectives. A better understanding of different nutritional therapeutic options and their mechanisms will yield better and safer management strategies for children with CD and may address the barriers and limitations of current strategies in children.

Janice Y. Ho, William B. Goggins, Phoenix K. H. Mo et al.

Abstract Background Physical activity is an important factor in premature mortality reduction, non-communicable disease prevention, and well-being protection. Climate change will alter temperatures globally, with impacts already found on mortality and morbidity. While uncomfortable temperature is often perceived as a barrier to physical activity, the actual impact of temperature on physical activity has been less well studied, particularly in China. This study examined the associations between temperature and objectively measured physical activity among adult populations in five major Chinese cities. Methods Aggregated anonymized step count data was obtained between December 2017-2018 for five major Chinese cities: Beijing, Shanghai, Chongqing, Shenzhen, and Hong Kong. The associations of temperature with daily aggregated mean step count were assessed using Generalized Additive Models (GAMs), adjusted for meteorological, air pollution, and time-related variables. Results Significant decreases in step counts during periods of high temperatures were found for cold or temperate climate cities (Beijing, Shanghai, and Chongqing), with maximum physical activity occurring between 16 and 19.3 °C. High temperatures were associated with decreases of 800-1500 daily steps compared to optimal temperatures. For cities in subtropical climates (Shenzhen and Hong Kong), non-significant declines were found with high temperatures. Overall, females and the elderly demonstrated lower optimal temperatures for physical activity and larger decreases of step count in warmer temperatures. Conclusions As minor reductions in physical activity could consequentially affect health, an increased awareness of temperature’s impact on physical activity is necessary. City-wide adaptations and physical activity interventions should seek ways to sustain physical activity levels in the face of shifting temperatures from climate change.

A. Misganaw, T. Haregu, Kebede Deribe et al.

BackgroundEthiopia lacks a complete vital registration system that would assist in measuring disease burden and risk factors. We used the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 (GBD 2015) estimates to describe the mortality burden from communicable, non-communicable, and other diseases in Ethiopia over the last 25 years.MethodsGBD 2015 mainly used cause of death ensemble modeling to measure causes of death by age, sex, and year for 195 countries. We report numbers of deaths and rates of years of life lost (YLL) for communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) disorders, non-communicable diseases (NCDs), and injuries with 95% uncertainty intervals (UI) for Ethiopia from 1990 to 2015.ResultsCMNN causes of death have declined by 65% in the last two-and-a-half decades. Injury-related causes of death have also decreased by 70%. Deaths due to NCDs declined by 37% during the same period. Ethiopia showed a faster decline in the burden of four out of the five leading causes of age-standardized premature mortality rates when compared to the overall sub-Saharan African region and the Eastern sub-Saharan African region: lower respiratory infections, tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, and diarrheal diseases; however, the same could not be said for ischemic heart disease and other NCDs. Non-communicable diseases, together, were the leading causes of age-standardized mortality rates, whereas CMNN diseases were leading causes of premature mortality in 2015. Although lower respiratory infections, tuberculosis, and diarrheal disease were the leading causes of age-standardized death rates, they showed major declines from 1990 to 2015. Neonatal encephalopathy, iron-deficiency anemia, protein-energy malnutrition, and preterm birth complications also showed more than a 50% reduction in burden. HIV/AIDS-related deaths have also decreased by 70% since 2005. Ischemic heart disease, hemorrhagic stroke, and ischemic stroke were among the top causes of premature mortality and age-standardized death rates in Ethiopia in 2015.ConclusionsEthiopia has been successful in reducing deaths related to communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional deficiency diseases and injuries by 65%, despite unacceptably high maternal and neonatal mortality rates. However, the country’s performance regarding non-communicable diseases, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, and chronic respiratory disease, was minimal, causing these diseases to join the leading causes of premature mortality and death rates in 2015. While the country is progressing toward universal health coverage, prevention and control strategies in Ethiopia should consider the double burden of common infectious diseases and non-communicable diseases: lower respiratory infections, diarrhea, tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes. Prevention and control strategies should also pay special attention to the leading causes of premature mortality and death rates caused by non-communicable diseases: cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes. Measuring further progress requires a data revolution in generating, managing, analyzing, and using data for decision-making and the creation of a full vital registration system in the country.

M. C. Opazo, Irenice Coronado-Arrázola, Omar P. Vallejos et al.

Abstract Adequate iodine nutrition is crucial for all mammals by playing his starring role as a component of thyroid hormones, which are key regulators of cellular processes for life such as differentiation, growth, function, and metabolism. Deficiency or excess of iodine in the diet are worldwide highly frequent conditions that are responsible of health problems like hypothyroidism, hypothyroxinemia, goiter, thyroiditis, hyperthyroidism, and autoimmune thyroid diseases among others. The incorporation of iodine in salt or other nutrients resolved the consequences of severe iodine deficiency like goiter, cretinism. However, this strategy in several countries led to other ailments like Hashimoto autoimmune thyroiditis, hyperthyroidism, and hypothyroidism. The goal of this review is to analyze and discuss the different aspects of iodine nutrition for human health comprising its biological role through thyroid hormones, pathogen control, and the regulation of the intestinal microbiota.

I. Abdulwaliyu, S. Arekemase, J. A. Adudu et al.

Summary Background & aims Inadequate knowledge and intake of a balance diet is a contributing factor of micronutrient deficiencies in developing countries. Phytic acid contributes in inhibiting the bioavailability of some micronutrients. In spite of the anti-nutritional effect of phytic acid, it is known to exhibit some medicinal effects. This study investigated the medicinal significance of phytic acid as an indispensable anti-nutrient in diseases. Methods Relevant scientific literatures from the major databases such as Pubmed, Medline and Google Scholar. The keywords searched and reviewed in this study were phytic acid, anti-nutrients, minerals, diseases and plants. Results The published peer reviewed literatures searched showed that phytic acid, though an anti-nutrient, plays an indispensable role directly or indirectly in several disease conditions. It exhibits antioxidant function, a property that qualifies it to possess multiple medicinal values like: anti-diabetic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory properties to mention a few. Its chelating property affects the absorption and toxicities associated with essential and nonessential heavy metals, a scenario that could prevent neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson diseases and other related diseases. Conclusion The medicinal values of phytic acid outweighed its negative impact. Hence, there is critical need for developing countries to improve on the dietary pattern of its people in addition to nutrition education.

R. Maurya, P. Bhattacharya, R. Dey et al.

Leptin, a pleiotropic protein has long been recognized to play an important role in the regulation of energy homeostasis, metabolism, neuroendocrine function, and other physiological functions through its effects on the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral tissues. Leptin is secreted by adipose tissue and encoded by the obese (ob) gene. Leptin acts as a central mediator which regulates immunity as well as nutrition. Importantly, leptin can modulate both innate and adaptive immune responses. Leptin deficiency/resistance is associated with dysregulation of cytokine production, increased susceptibility toward infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders, malnutrition and inflammatory responses. Malnutrition induces a state of immunodeficiency and an inclination to death from communicable diseases. Infectious diseases are the disease of poor who invariably suffer from malnutrition that could result from reduced serum leptin levels. Thus, leptin has been placed at the center of many interrelated functions in various pathogenic conditions, such as bacterial, viruses and parasitic infections. We review herein, the recent advances on the role of leptin in malnutrition in pathogenesis of infectious diseases with a particular emphasis on parasitic diseases such as Leishmaniasis, Trypanosomiasis, Amoebiasis, and Malaria.

E. Sticová, M. Jirsa

ATP-binding cassette (ABC) subfamily B member 4 (ABCB4), also known as multidrug resistance protein 3 (MDR3), encoded by ABCB4, is involved in biliary phospholipid secretion, protecting hepatobiliary system from deleterious detergent and lithogenic properties of the bile. ABCB4 mutations altering canalicular ABCB4 protein function and expression may have variable clinical presentation and predispose to several human liver diseases. Well-established phenotypes of ABCB4 deficit are: progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 3, gallbladder disease 1 (syn. low phospholipid associated cholelithiasis syndrome), high ɣ-glutamyl transferase intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, chronic cholangiopathy, and adult biliary fibrosis/cirrhosis. Moreover, ABCB4 aberrations may be involved in some cases of drug induced cholestasis, transient neonatal cholestasis, and parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease. Recently, genome-wide association studies have documented occurrence of malignant tumours, predominantly hepatobiliary malignancies, in patients with ABCB4/MDR3 deficit. The patient's age at the time of the first presentation of cholestatic disease, as well as the severity of liver disorder and response to treatment are related to the ABCB4 allelic status. Mutational analysis of ABCB4 in patients and their families should be considered in all individuals with cholestasis of unknown aetiology, regardless of age and/or time of onset of the first symptoms.

Sami A. Omar, A. Webb, J. Lundberg et al.