Agentic AI systems - capable of goal interpretation, world modeling, planning, tool use, long-horizon operation, and autonomous coordination - introduce distinct control failures not addressed by existing safety frameworks. We identify six agentic governance failures tied to these capabilities and show how they erode meaningful human control in military settings. We propose the Agentic Military AI Governance Framework (AMAGF), a measurable architecture structured around three pillars: Preventive Governance (reducing failure likelihood), Detective Governance (real-time detection of control degradation), and Corrective Governance (restoring or safely degrading operations). Its core mechanism, the Control Quality Score (CQS), is a composite real-time metric quantifying human control and enabling graduated responses as control weakens. For each failure type, we define concrete mechanisms, assign responsibilities across five institutional actors, and formalize evaluation metrics. A worked operational scenario illustrates implementation, and we situate the framework within established agent safety literature. We argue that governance must move from a binary conception of control to a continuous model in which control quality is actively measured and managed throughout the operational lifecycle.
Lauren Kahn, Michael C. Horowitz, Laura Resnick Samotin
Human judgment has always been central to conflict and escalation, but how will a world of artificial intelligence (AI) change the role of humans in war? As militaries increasingly adopt AI-enabled decision-support systems (DSS), including the United States in the war against Iran, concerns about automation bias -- over-reliance on algorithmic recommendations -- and algorithm aversion -- premature distrust of automated outputs -- raise fears that relying on AI too much could increase the risk of error, miscalculation, and accidents. Yet existing evidence on how militaries actually interact with AI remains limited. We test theories about the susceptibility of militaries to automation bias by comparing the results from a survey experiment conducted with 236 cadets at the United States Military Academy at West Point to a demographically similar cross-national public sample. Respondents completed a target identification task and then received advice from either an algorithm or a human analyst and had the opportunity to re-assess their initial identification, allowing direct measurement of automation bias and algorithm aversion. Contrary to prominent concerns, we find that West Point cadets are less prone to cognitive distortion than members of the general public, displaying better calibrated trust in algorithmic decision support systems. While the findings are limited, they suggest that military education and exposure to AI can meaningfully shape how AI influences international politics in matters of war and peace.
У статті висвітлюється актуальність портфельного управління в системі оборонного менеджменту України. Проблема полягає у необхідності оптимізації використання ресурсів, складності та багатошаровості оборонного сектору, а також великій кількості залучених суб’єктів. Забезпечення національної безпеки в умовах динамічних викликів вимагає чіткого структурування та координації оборонних проєктів і програм. Метою статті є розроблення та обґрунтування структурно-логічної схеми портфельного управління в оборонному менеджменті України, що дозволить підвищити ефективність та прозорість використання ресурсів, а також забезпечить відповідність проєктів і програм стратегічним цілям національної безпеки. У роботі використано методологічні підходи, що ґрунтуються на методології PM²-PfM Європейського Союзу для створення трирівневої системи розподілу ролей та повноважень: стратегічного, портфельного та компонентного рівнів. Застосування інструменту Матриці розподілу відповідальності (RASCI) дозволило чітко розмежувати обов’язки та забезпечити ефективну взаємодію між учасниками процесу управління. Висновки дослідження підкреслюють, що в Україні сформована чітка, але потребує оптимізації, система управління портфелем проєктів / програм на стратегічному рівні. Запропонована трирівнева схема управління є ефективним механізмом для досягнення стратегічних цілей оборони, що забезпечує баланс між стратегічним плануванням, розподілом ресурсів та оперативним управлінням. На всіх рівнях управління чітко визначені ролі та обов’язки, що сприяє підвищенню ефективності та прозорості. Практична значущість статті полягає у наданні детальних рекомендацій для розроблення та впровадження національного стандарту управління портфелем проєктів / програм у Збройних Силах України. Цей стандарт, заснований на запропонованій структурно-логічній схемі та інструменті RASCI, сприятиме формуванню єдиного підходу до управління, покращенню координації та забезпеченню успішної реалізації оборонних проєктів і програм, що є критично важливим для зміцнення обороноздатності країни та забезпечення її національної безпеки.
Objectives: With the advancement of modern society, people in cognitively demanding jobs are increasingly exposed to occupational stress. Prolonged and high-intensity cognitive activities are prone to inducing mental fatigue (MF), which adversely affects both psychological and physiological well-being, as well as task performance. Existing methods for inducing MF often demonstrate limited effectiveness due to insufficient cognitive load from overly simplistic tasks and the potential emotional disturbance caused by prolonged task duration. This study aims to explore a comprehensive cognitive task paradigm that integrates task complexity and time pressure, thereby developing a novel and effective method for inducing MF based on high mental workload (HMW) and the effects of time on task (ToT). Methods: Using convenience sampling, university students from a medical college were recruited as participants. The study was conducted in three steps. In the first step, we constructed a 1-back Stroop (BS) task paradigm by designing tasks with varying levels of complexity and incorporating time pressure through experimental manipulation. In the second step, the efficacy of the BS task paradigm was validated by comparing it with the traditional 2-back cognitive task in inducing HMW. In the third step, an MF induction protocol was established by combining the BS task paradigm with the ToT effect (i.e., a continuous 30 min task). Effectiveness was assessed using validated subjective measures (NASA Task Load Index [NASA-TLX] and Visual Analog Scale [VAS]) and objective behavioral metrics (reaction time and accuracy). Statistical analyses were performed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and t-tests. Results: The BS task paradigm, which integrates complex cognitive abilities such as attention, working memory, inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility, and time pressure, demonstrated significantly higher NASA-TLX total scores, as well as elevated scores in mental demand, temporal demand, performance, and frustration scales, compared to the 2-back task. Additionally, the BS task paradigm resulted in longer reaction times and lower accuracy. As the BS task progressed, participants exhibited significant increases in mental fatigue (MF), mental effort (ME), mental stress (MS), and subjective feelings of fatigue, while the overall number of correct trials and accuracy showed a significant decline. Furthermore, reaction times in the psychomotor vigilance test (PVT) were significantly prolonged, and the number of lapses significantly increased between pre- and post-task assessments. Conclusions: The BS task paradigm based on complex cognitive abilities and time pressure could effectively induce an HMW state. Combined with the ToT effect, the BS paradigm demonstrated effective MF induction capabilities. This study provides a novel and reliable method for inducing HMW and MF, offering a valuable tool for future research in related fields.
The paper explores key areas of scientific research caused by the need to adapt to the conditions of modern armed conflicts. A particular emphasis was placed on military medicine, including the creation of mobile medical complexes, the improvement of methods for diagnosing and treating combat trauma, and the introduction of telemedicine technologies for providing immediate assistance in conflict areas. In addition, the impact of military activities on the health of servicemen was studied, including post-traumatic stress disorder, neuropsychological consequences, and methods for their correction. Scientific advances in the combat environment encompass a broad spectrum of issues, ranging from the enhancement of medical care methodologies to the development of psychological rehabilitation programs for service members and veterans. The discourse addressed strategies for the social rehabilitation of military personnel, including the integration of veterans into society, professional retraining, and psychological support. Examples of international experience in this area were presented, including the practice of stress testing and the simulation of combat conditions in military training programs. Armed conflict inevitably becomes a catalyst for scientific progress, fostering the development of technology, medicine, and psychology. In the contemporary context, scientific knowledge is adapted to address the challenges of war, leading to the development of effective mechanisms that mitigate its consequences for military personnel and civilians. An interdisciplinary approach, integrating medicine, military pedagogy, psychology, information technology, and social research, facilitates the emergence of innovative solutions that contribute to the preservation of life, health, and well-being of the population in armed conflicts.
This article is predominantly forward-looking, exploring the possibility of shaping a sixth Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA) by identifying scientific foundations that can support this trend. Although the concept of RMA has been intensively analyzed and exploited in recent decades, the emergence of disruptive technologies, especially in the field of artificial intelligence, raises the possibility of significant transformations not only at the technological level, but also in terms of the doctrines and operational concepts of the armed forces. The interest in artificial intelligence, far from being a novelty in the technological sphere, has reached a level of maturity that justifies analyzing its potential to dominate the future of warfare and "military affairs" as a whole.
Despite the considerable attention paid to the attitude of young people towards special military operation (hereinafter referred to as SMO), the role of mass media in shaping the attitudes of this age group is not analyzed very often. Meanwhile, this is precisely what largely determines how young people perceive what is happening. In this regard, the aim of the study, the results of which are presented in this article, was to identify the dynamics of young people’s attitudes towards SMO in the context of their inherent media practices. Empirical basis for the analysis was the data from monthly measurements carried out from March 2022 to March 2025 by the Levada Center (recognized as a foreign agent in Russia), as well as three online questionnaires (n = 3796) and a series of focus group interviews with young people (n = 110) conducted in November 2022, 2023 and 2024 by employees of the Department of Political Science of Saratov State University. It turned out that most young people do not closely follow what is happening within the framework of SMO, in general they support Russia’s actions in this confl ict, but the level of this support is lower than that of representatives of older generations. The main reasons for this are the de-ideologization of education, breakdown of the system of patriotic education of the younger generation, as well as the inherent media consumption practices that make young people virtually inaccessible to the political narratives formed by the authorities. Specifi c recommendations are formulated on how to achieve a more conscious and loyal attitude of young people to the special operation.
Scheduled for launch in 2030, the enhanced X-ray Timing and Polarization (eXTP) telescope is a Chinese space-based mission aimed at studying extreme conditions and phenomena in astrophysics. eXTP will feature three main payloads: Spectroscopy Focusing Arrays (SFAs), Polarimetry Focusing Arrays (PFAs), and a Wide-field Camera (W2C). This white paper outlines observatory science, incorporating key scientific advances and instrumental changes since the publication of the previous white paper [1]. We will discuss perspectives of eXTP on the research domains of flare stars, supernova remnants, pulsar wind nebulae, cataclysmic variables, X-ray binaries, ultraluminous X-ray sources, AGN, and pulsar-based positioning and timekeeping.
This paper introduces EdgeAgentX, a novel framework integrating federated learning (FL), multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL), and adversarial defense mechanisms, tailored for military communication networks. EdgeAgentX significantly improves autonomous decision-making, reduces latency, enhances throughput, and robustly withstands adversarial disruptions, as evidenced by comprehensive simulations.
The detection of a pulsar closely orbiting our Galaxy's supermassive black hole - Sagittarius A* - is one of the ultimate prizes in pulsar astrophysics. The relativistic effects expected in such a system could far exceed those currently observable in compact binaries such as double neutron stars and pulsar white dwarfs. In addition, pulsars offer the opportunity to study the magneto-ionic properties of Earth's nearest galactic nucleus in unprecedented detail. For these reasons, and more, a multitude of pulsar searches of the Galactic Centre have been undertaken, with the outcome of just seven pulsar detections within a projected distance of 100 pc from Sagittarius A*. It is currently understood that a larger underlying population likely exists, but it is not until observations with the SKA have started that this population can be revealed. In this paper, we look at important updates since the publication of the last SKAO science book and offer a focused view of observing strategies and likely outcomes with the updated SKAO design.
The Exoplanet Exploration Program (ExEP) is chartered by the NASA Astrophysics Division to carry out science, research, and technology tasks that advance NASA's science goals for exoplanets. The ExEP Science Gap List is a compilation of "science gaps", defined as either: 1) The difference between knowledge needed to define requirements for specified future NASA exoplanet missions and the current state of the art, or 2) Knowledge which is needed to enhance the exoplanet science return of current and future NASA exoplanet missions. It is annually updated and input is solicited from the exoplanet community via ExoPAG. Current gaps are: 1) Spectroscopic observations of the atmospheres of small exoplanets, 2) Modeling exoplanet atmospheres, 3) Spectral signature retrieval, 4) Planetary system architectures: occurrence rates for exoplanets of all sizes, 5) Occurrence rates and uncertainties for temperate rocky planets, 6) Yield estimation for exoplanet direct imaging missions, 7) Intrinsic properties of known exoplanet host stars, 8) Mitigating stellar jitter as a limitation to sensitivity of dynamical methods to detect small temperate exoplanets and measure their masses and orbits, 9) Dynamical confirmation of exoplanet candidates and determination of their masses and orbits, 10) Observations and analyses of direct imaging targets, 11) Understanding the abundance and distribution of exozodiacal dust, 12) Measurements of accurate transiting planet radii, 13) Properties of atoms, molecules and aerosols in exoplanet atmospheres, 14) Exoplanet interior structure and material properties, 15) Quantify and mitigate the impacts of stellar contamination on transmission spectroscopy for measuring the composition of exoplanet atmospheres, 16) Complete the inventory of remotely observable exoplanet biosignatures and their false positives, 17) Understanding planet formation and disk properties.
Synthetic aperture radar automatic target recognition (SAR ATR) is a key technique of remote-sensing image recognition, which has many potential applications in the fields of military surveillance, national defense, civil application, and so on. With the development of science and technology, deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) has been widely applied for SAR ATR. However, it is difficult to use deep learning to train models with limited ray SAR images. To resolve this problem, we proposed an effectively lightweight attention mechanism CNN (AM-CNN) model for SAR ATR. Extensive experimental results on the Moving and Stationary Target Acquisition and Recognition (MSTAR) data set illustrate that the AM-CNN model can achieve a superior recognition performance, and the average recognition accuracy can reach 99.35% on the classification of 10 class targets. Compared with the traditional CNN and the state-of-the-art method, our model is significantly superior to improve performance and efficiency.
The cosmopolitan, remarkable designer and chief architect of (Abbas Hilmi II) Khedive’s royal palaces, Antonio Lasciac (Italian and English) or Anton Laščak (Slovene) with multinational origin, was an exceptional personality, who played an influential role in the field of architecture in Egypt and overseas. He is one of the most appreciated foreign architects praised by the Arabs throughout modern history. Here, we focus on the picture of Antonio Lasciac and his architectural works as well as his undetermined citizenship together with the most well-known story about him as portrayed in the scientific studies and Arab press. Researchers and journalists published several interesting and positive reports, opinions and topics on him. Among the sources of this research I am presenting press articles, related studies, together with other trusted internet websites.
Biomass chitosan (CS) was used as a template, graphitic phase carbon nitride (g-C3N4) with high nitrogen content and certain catalytic activity was used as a dopant, and nano-transition metal cobalt (Co) was used as a catalytic center point. The carbon aerogel (C (CS)/g-C3N4/Co) with a three-dimensional network-like structure was prepared by assembling the three materials through experimental operations such as freeze-drying and high-temperature carbonization. It was demonstrated by scanning and transmission characterization that the CS in the carbon aerogel could provide more active sites for the cobalt nanoparticles, and the doping of graphite-phase carbon nitride as a template dispersed the cobalt nanoparticles and changed the conductivity of the CS. To investigate the catalytic effect of carbon aerogel on ammonium perchlorate (AP), it was investigated by differential thermal analyzer and TG thermal analysis. This carbon aerogel was very effective in catalyzing AP, and the 10 wt% content of the catalyst reduced the AP pyrolysis peak from 703.9 to 595.5 K. And to further investigate the synergistic effect of the three materials, further carbon aerogels such as C (CS)/Co, g-C3N4/Co were prepared and applied to catalyze AP, and the same ratio reduced the AP pyrolysis peak by 98.1 °C and 97.7 °C. This result indicates a synergistic effect of the assembly of the three materials.
Background Patellofemoral pain (PFP) is a prevalent condition commencing at various points throughout life. We aimed to provide an evidence synthesis concerning predictive variables for PFP, to aid development of preventative interventions. Methods We searched Medline, Web of Science and SCOPUS until February 2017 for prospective studies investigating at least one potential risk factor for future PFP. Two independent reviewers appraised methodological quality using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale. We conducted meta-analysis where appropriate, with standardised mean differences (SMD) and risk ratios calculated for continuous and nominal scaled data. Results This review included 18 studies involving 4818 participants, of whom 483 developed PFP (heterogeneous incidence 10%). Three distinct subgroups (military recruits, adolescents and recreational runners) were identified. Strong to moderate evidence indicated that age, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), body fat and Q angle were not risk factors for future PFP. Moderate evidence indicated that quadriceps weakness was a risk factor for future PFP in the military, especially when normalised by BMI (SMD −0.69, CI −1.02, –0.35). Moderate evidence indicated that hip weakness was not a risk factor for future PFP (multiple pooled SMDs, range −0.09 to −0.20), but in adolescents, moderate evidence indicated that increased hip abduction strength was a risk factor for future PFP (SMD 0.71, CI 0.39, 1.04). Conclusions This review identified multiple variables that did not predict future PFP, but quadriceps weakness in military recruits and higher hip strength in adolescents were risk factors for PFP. Identifying modifiable risk factors is an urgent priority to improve prevention and treatment outcomes.
Метою статті є формування нових методологічних підходів щодо оцінювання навмисності застосування противником неконвенційної зброї по об’єктах цивільної інфраструктури держави та визначення обсягу збитків, що нанесені державі внаслідок застосування такої зброї для притягнення держави-агресора до відповідальності згідно з нормами міжнародного права та обґрунтування обсягу репарацій. Для досягнення поставленої мети повинна бути створена система оцінювання наслідків застосування противником неконвенційної зброї. Ця система являє собою сукупність взаємопов’язаних термінів, методів, методик, при використанні яких за результатами застосування противником неконвенційної зброї по критичних об’єктах цивільної інфраструктури можна було б достовірно встановити ступінь навмисності застосування цієї зброї противником та оцінити нанесений противником збиток. Для побудови системи оцінювання наслідків застосування противником засобів ураження, елементами якої є взаємопов’язані терміни, методи та методики, необхідно сформулювати єдині принципи, які відображують основні закономірності, науково обґрунтовані загальні положення, правила і рекомендації, якими слід керуватися під час розроблення елементів системи. Застосування цих принципів мають забезпечити: єдність прийнятих термінів в усіх елементах системи; узгодженість застосованих математичних формалізацій процесів у розроблених методах та методиках, які є складовими системи; адекватність розроблених методів, методик реальним процесам та явищам тощо. Використання єдиної системи оцінювання застосування противником неконвенційної зброї по критичних об’єктах цивільної інфраструктури надасть можливість оформлення науково обґрунтованих рекомендацій відповідним органам державної влади щодо підтвердження фактів навмисного застосування агресором зазначеного виду зброї та визначення нанесеного збитку державі в результаті застосування цієї зброї для притягнення агресора до відповідальності відповідно до норм міжнародного права. Водночас, використання єдиної системи оцінювання застосування противником неконвенційної зброї по критичних об’єктах цивільної інфраструктури надає можливість здійснювати прогноз навмисних дій противника по критичних об’єктах державної цивільної інфраструктури.
Military Science, Societies: secret, benevolent, etc.
In the defense core technology field, it is important to secure core technologies at a pace that is in line with the pace of technological development, which has become more advanced over time. However, the pace of technological advancement is faster than ever, and the need for weapons systems with new technologies is increasing. Nevertheless, it can be said that independently securing core technologies in all fields is almost impossible, considering the required costs and duration. International technology cooperation can overcome these cost and period constraints, and strengthen relations between countries. International technology cooperation in the field of defense core technology has began to overcome difficulties in independent development; however, the sharing and joint development of key defense-related technologies among countries has encountered various difficulties. Therefore, in this study, the factors affecting the performance (quantitative and qualitative) of core technology R&D projects in the defense sector were divided into individual competencies (professional skills, communication skills, leadership, and foreign language skills) and external factors (legal system, interrelationship, cost reduction, and period reduction), and research models and hypotheses were established. This hypothesis was verified through a survey and a multiple regression analysis. The analysis revealed that the derived influencing factors had a positive (+) effect on project performance, confirming that both individual competency and external factors are important in project performance.
Introduction/purpose: Turning is a typical machining process. However, an appropriate solution for a concurrent optimization of minimizing surface roughness, minimizing cutting forces and vibrations, and maximizing the material removal rate in turning processes has not been found yet. This article formulates the rule of separating an independent attribute from multiple attributes by using the linear correlation coefficient in the spirit of the cluster analysis first. Moreover, the evaluation of the concurrent optimization of steel turning by means of probability - based multi - objective optimization (PMOO) is taken as an example to show the procedure including the separation of an independent attribute from multiple attributes by using PMOO. Methods: PMOO is a promising solution for turning processes. It is necessary to have an independent attribute in the evaluation of PMOO to be analogical as an independent event in the view of the probability theory. The separation of an independent attribute from multiple attributes by using the linear correlation coefficient is conducted in the spirit of the cluster analysis. It further assumes that if the linear correlation coefficient of two attributes in the cluster analysis is higher than 0.8, i.e., in case of very strong correlation, then they could be put into one category, and only one of them could be taken as an independent attribute to join the evaluation of PMOO. Results: The formulation reflects the essence of PMOO and its application in material machining rationally, which opens a new way for solving the relevant problem. The example of the parameter optimization of steel turning by means of PMOO indicates the rationality of the appropriate solution. Conclusion: This innovative study has practical significance of making the utilization of PMOO method reasonable by providing a rational rule of separating independent attributes from multiple attributes of PMOO.
Military Science, Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General)