Hasil untuk "Metropolitan areas"

Ardiansyah Putra Wardana, Andrea Emma Pravitasari, Dyah Retno Panuju

Urbanization represents a dominant worldwide phenomenon that increasingly transforms spatial system and ecological conditions across regions. The Kedungsepur Metropolitan area in Central Java Province, Indonesia, comprises Kendal, Demak, Ungaran (Semarang Regency), Semarang City, Salatiga, and Purwodadi (Grobogan) and represents one of the country’s rapidly developing metropolitan regions. This metropolitan area provides a representative case for examining how urbanization shapes land use transitions, spatial clustering, and sustainability disparities within an underexplored integrative metropolitan perspective. This study aims to quantify land use and land cover (LUCC) change and assess rural-urban transformation. This study applies a gain-loss analysis to assess LULC dynamics, employs the rural urban index (RUI), uses spatial autocorrelation index (Moran’s I and Local Indicator for Spatial Association/LISA). Based on the LUCC analysis, extensive forest conversion to dryland agriculture and built-up areas occurred, totaling 64,739.09 ha, while the number of urban villages increased from 235 to 302 between 2012 and 2022. Kendal experienced the highest level of urban transformation (31%), whereas Salatiga and Grobogan showed minimal change (6%). A Moran’s I value of 0.83 indicates a strong spatial clustering of urban growth. The findings highlight the need of integrated spatial planning and strengthened urban-rural transformation as key strategies for achieve sustainable regional development.

Kusuma R. Haratama, Ananda M. A. Farizi, Maleakhi C. Saputro et al.

Rapid urbanization in Indonesian cities has increased interest in Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) as a strategy to promote compact, mixed-use, and transit-supportive urban forms. This study evaluates the TOD readiness of five major transit hubs in Surabaya—Purabaya Terminal, Joyoboyo Terminal, Gubeng Station, Surabaya Kota Station, and Pasar Turi Station—using a spatially explicit Built Environment Index (BEI). A Geographic Information System (GIS) approach was applied to analyze population density, employment density, land use mix, and accessibility within 400, 800, and 1,200 m service areas. These indicators were normalized and aggregated into the BEI under multiple weighting scenarios to reflect different planning priorities. The results identify Gubeng Station as the most TOD-ready hub, supported by high density, balanced job–to-population ratio, and strong land use integration, while Joyoboyo and Pasar Turi show limited TOD alignment. The proposed framework provides a replicable, data-driven tool to support TOD prioritization in emerging metropolitan contexts.

Gregory Bowers, Eve Chase, William Ford et al.

A Detector Response Matrix (DRM) is a discrete representation of an instrument's Detector Response Function (DRF), which quantifies how many discrete energy depositions occur in a detector volume for a given distribution of particles incident on the detector. For simple radiation detectors that can count such energy depositions (such as scintillators, Proportional Counter Tubes (PCTs), etc), we consider the ideal counting DRF, $\mathbf{G}_\varphi (E_\mathrm{in}, E_\mathrm{dep})$, which relates the detector's counting histogram (number of energy depositions within a given channel) to an incident particles characterization, $\varphi$ (e.g. incident flux, fluence, intensity). From the counting DRF we can derive the counting DRM, the effective area, and the flash effective area (which measures the total energy deposited in the detector from a large, instantaneous fluence).

Róbert Juhász, Igor D. Kovács, Beáta Oborny

The survival of populations hinges on their ability to offset local extinctions through new colonizations. The dispersal area ($A$) plays a crucial role in this process, as it determines the probability of finding colonizable vacant sites. We investigated the spatial colonization-extinction dynamics in a lattice model (a contact process), exploring various finite dispersal areas and estimating the extinction threshold $λ_E(A)$. Our results revealed a consistent $λ_E(A)$ relationship, largely independent of lattice geometry (except for the smallest $A$). This $λ_E(A)$ relationship obeyed universal scaling laws within two broad ranges of $A$. The scaling relations suggest considerable selection upon the increase of dispersal area, particularly at low $A$ values. We discuss these findings in the broader context of the evolution of dispersal area.

SVYRYDENKO, NATALIA

In this work, the activity of the illustrious Metropolitan Petru Movilă, a personality of encyclopedic culture, is analyzed. Certain historical moments in the cultural life of Ukraine are examined, which took place after the dissolution of the great state in Central Europe – Kievan Rus – as well as during the Renaissance and the existence of the new federal state, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. This union, which ruled not only the territories that are now parts of Poland and Lithuania, but also the entire territory of Belarus, parts of Ukraine and Latvia, as well as the western Russian lands that today form the Smolensk region, reached the height of its power in the first half of the seventeenth century. A special role in supporting the progressive reforms of this period belongs to Archbishop Petru Movilă, Metropolitan of Kyiv, Galicia, and All Rus’, Exarch of the Holy Apostolic Throne of Constantinople, and Archimandrite of Pechersk (1633–1646). The presence of Petru Movilă on Ukrainian soil at the beginning of the seventeenth century was reflected in positive changes in the educational system and in many areas of culture, including the field of music. The memory of the good and important deeds accomplished by Petru Movilă in Ukraine, and especially in Kyiv, lives on today in the country’s history and in the activity of the most authoritative educational institution in Ukraine – the Kyiv Mohyla Academy, founded in the seventeenth century by the tireless metropolitan.

Papaioannou AI, Loukides S, Vassilakopoulos T et al.

Andriana I Papaioannou,1 Stelios Loukides,2 Theodoros Vassilakopoulos,3,4 Nikolaos Tzanakis,5 Konstantinos Kostikas,6 Georgios Hillas,7 The triple therapy for COPD Delphi expert panel members who have contributed to this study.Petros Bakakos1 1, Konstantinos Bartziokas2 2, Afroditi Boutou3 3, Evangelia Fouka4 4, Irini Gerogianni5 5, Athina Gogali6 6, Konstantinos I Gourgoulianis5 5, Paraskevi Katsaounou7 7, Epameinontas Kosmas8 8, Georgios Krommidas9 9, Miltiadis Markatos10 10, Antonios Papaioannou11 11, Konstantinos Porpodis4 4, Nikoleta Rovina1 1, Ioanna Sigala7 7, Paschalis Steiropoulos12 12, Grigorios Stratakos1 1, Dimitrios Toumpanakis13 13, Stavrvos Tryfon14 14, Eleni Tzortzaki15 15, Eleftherios Zervas16 16 On behalf of the Triple Therapy for COPD Delphi Expert Panel1 1st Department of Pulmonary Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, “Sotiria” Chest Hospital, Athens, Greece; 2 2nd Department of Pulmonary Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Attikon’ University Hospital, Athens, Greece; 3Laboratory of Physiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece; 4Critical Care and Pulmonary (2nd) Department, HENRY DUNANT Hospital Center, Athens, Greece; 5Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Crete Heraklion, Crete, Greece; 6Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece; 7 5th Pulmonary Department, “sotiria” Chest Hospital, Athens, Greece; 1 1st Department of Pulmonary Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, “Sotiria” Chest Hospital Athens, Greece; 2 2nd Department of Pulmonary Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, “Attikon” University Hospital Athens, Greece; 3Respiratory Medicine Department, “Hippokration” General hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; 4Pulmonary Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, G. Papanikolaou Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece; 5Respiratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larisa Greece; 6Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece; 7 1st Department of Critical Care Medicine, Evangelismos Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.; 8Department of Pulmonary Medicine “PNOH”, Metropolitan Hospital, Athens, Greece; 9Private Practice, Athens, Greece; 10Private Practice, Chania, Greece; 11Private Practice, Katerini, Greece; 12Department of Respiratory Medicine, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, University General Hospital Dragana, Alexandroupolis, Greece; 13 2nd Department of Critical Care Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, “Attikon” University Hospital, Athens, Greece; 14Pulmonology Department, “G. Papanikolaou” General Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.; 15Private Practice, Heraklion Crete, Greece; 16 7th Respiratory Clinic, “Sotiria” Chest Hospital, Athens, GreeceCorrespondence: Andriana I Papaioannou, 1 st Department of Pulmonary Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, “Sotiria” Chest Hospital Athens, Greece, Tel +30 210 7489671, Email papaioannouandriana@gmail.comBackground: In recent years, COPD treatment has become more personalized considering specific patient’s characteristics.Aim and Methods: We have performed a DELPHI consensus project to assess the level of consensus among Greek experts on the use of triple therapy in COPD as an initial and follow-up treatment. A three-round Delphi online survey was developed. The questionnaire was developed by a 6-member steering committee, included 54 statements, and divided into 3 domains: (A) triple therapy as initial treatment (divided into subdomains examining the impact of exacerbations based on lung function, bronchodilation reversibility and/or blood eosinophil count, smoking, symptoms, and comorbidities), (B) escalation to triple therapy from dual bronchodilation and (C) de-escalation from triple therapy to dual bronchodilation. The survey was funded by AstraZeneca and was hosted and analysed by an independent external company.Results: Consensus was reached in 84.8%, 63% and 80% of statements for domains A, B and C, respectively. Experts agreed that initial treatment with triple therapy is a reasonable option for specific patients, while escalation from dual bronchodilation to triple therapy could be considered, besides frequent exacerbators, also in patients with a history of one moderate exacerbation, mainly in the presence of marked bronchodilator reversibility or high blood eosinophil count. Finally, there was a consensus that de-escalation from triple therapy to dual bronchodilation was inappropriate in patients who had experienced one moderate exacerbation in the previous year.Conclusion: Although consensus was generated in several statements, panelists failed to reach consensus in many aspects of the use of triple therapy, identifying areas for further research.Keywords: COPD, inhaled corticosteroids, exacerbations, dual bronchodilation, triple therapy

Louise Jammet

The article examines the representations of decarbonized metropolitan futures, highlighting the absence of representation for many metropolitan spaces identified as undesirable. Although often crucial for the functioning of metropolises, these ‘back sides’ are underrepresented in urban imaginaries, overshadowed by numerous images that favor city centers and the most vibrant areas. Meanwhile, images of requalified brownfields and underground spaces for recreational or commercial uses are proliferating in urban prospective works. The article thus questions the imaginary transformation of undesirable places into desirable and economically profitable spaces and its impact on the possibilities of achieving decarbonization trajectories beyond the current ‘path dependencies’ of metropolises. It concludes on the necessity to include these spaces and their functions in scenarios and illustrations, recognizing their essential role for a transition towards decarbonized metropolises.

SM Shaqib, Alaya Parvin Alo, Shahriar Sultan Ramit et al.

In order to ensure traffic safety through a reduction in fatalities and accidents, vehicle speed detection is essential. Relentless driving practices are discouraged by the enforcement of speed restrictions, which are made possible by accurate monitoring of vehicle speeds. Road accidents remain one of the leading causes of death in Bangladesh. The Bangladesh Passenger Welfare Association stated in 2023 that 7,902 individuals lost their lives in traffic accidents during the course of the year. Efficient vehicle speed detection is essential to maintaining traffic safety. Reliable speed detection can also help gather important traffic data, which makes it easier to optimize traffic flow and provide safer road infrastructure. The YOLOv8 model can recognize and track cars in videos with greater speed and accuracy when trained under close supervision. By providing insights into the application of supervised learning in object identification for vehicle speed estimation and concentrating on the particular traffic conditions and safety concerns in Bangladesh, this work represents a noteworthy contribution to the area. The MAE was 3.5 and RMSE was 4.22 between the predicted speed of our model and the actual speed or the ground truth measured by the speedometer Promising increased efficiency and wider applicability in a variety of traffic conditions, the suggested solution offers a financially viable substitute for conventional approaches.

James Hogg, Jessica Cameron, Susanna Cramb et al.

With the rise in popularity of digital Atlases to communicate spatial variation, there is an increasing need for robust small-area estimates. However, current small-area estimation methods suffer from various modeling problems when data are very sparse or when estimates are required for areas with very small populations. These issues are particularly heightened when modeling proportions. Additionally, recent work has shown significant benefits in modeling at both the individual and area levels. We propose a two-stage Bayesian hierarchical small area estimation approach for proportions that can: account for survey design; reduce direct estimate instability; and generate prevalence estimates for small areas with no survey data. Using a simulation study we show that, compared with existing Bayesian small area estimation methods, our approach can provide optimal predictive performance (Bayesian mean relative root mean squared error, mean absolute relative bias and coverage) of proportions under a variety of data conditions, including very sparse and unstable data. To assess the model in practice, we compare modeled estimates of current smoking prevalence for 1,630 small areas in Australia using the 2017-2018 National Health Survey data combined with 2016 census data.

Li Gan

We obtain an explicit formula to enumerate closed random walks on a cubic lattice with a specified length and 3D algebraic area. The 3D algebraic area is defined as the sum of algebraic areas obtained from the walk's projection onto the three Cartesian planes. This enumeration formula can be mapped onto the cluster coefficients of three types of particles that obey quantum exclusion statistics with statistical parameters $g=1$, $g=1$, and $g=2$, respectively, subject to the constraint that the numbers of $g=1$ (fermions) exclusion particles of two types are equal.

Mingkun Wang, Xinge Zhu, Changqian Yu et al.

Predicting the future motion of road participants is crucial for autonomous driving but is extremely challenging due to staggering motion uncertainty. Recently, most motion forecasting methods resort to the goal-based strategy, i.e., predicting endpoints of motion trajectories as conditions to regress the entire trajectories, so that the search space of solution can be reduced. However, accurate goal coordinates are hard to predict and evaluate. In addition, the point representation of the destination limits the utilization of a rich road context, leading to inaccurate prediction results in many cases. Goal area, i.e., the possible destination area, rather than goal coordinate, could provide a more soft constraint for searching potential trajectories by involving more tolerance and guidance. In view of this, we propose a new goal area-based framework, named Goal Area Network (GANet), for motion forecasting, which models goal areas rather than exact goal coordinates as preconditions for trajectory prediction, performing more robustly and accurately. Specifically, we propose a GoICrop (Goal Area of Interest) operator to effectively extract semantic lane features in goal areas and model actors' future interactions, which benefits a lot for future trajectory estimations. GANet ranks the 1st on the leaderboard of Argoverse Challenge among all public literature (till the paper submission), and its source codes will be released.

Maria Xofi, José Carlos Domingues, Pedro P. Santos et al.

Understanding the impacts of multi-hazard risk in urban areas is a fundamental step towards the adoption of resilience-enhancement and disaster prevention strategies, underpinning institutional adjustments aimed at improving the capacity of the authorities and stakeholders to manage risk. Within this framework, the work presented in this paper seeks to identify and analyze a set of exposure and buildings’ physical vulnerability indicators to be used as input to a parametric-based seismic vulnerability assessment methodology for the unreinforced masonry (URM) building stock of Lisbon Metropolitan Area (LMA). For this approach, data from the 2011 Census survey are used to define the parameters describing the building’s physical vulnerability and characterise the level of exposure in the study area. These results are then combined with the hazard component into a GIS tool. Seismic vulnerability results are presented for the URM building stock in LMA, and a more detailed analysis is conducted for the building stock of Setúbal municipality. Finally, risk outputs are presented and briefly discussed. Ultimately, understanding the impact and extent of multi-hazards can help prioritize resilience-increasing actions and disaster prevention measures to mitigate and manage natural hazards.

Elena Taviani

The aim of this paper is to explore urban racialization as a process that emerges in specific places of the city. Using the publicly accessible Google Maps and Google Street View imagery of Lisbon Metropolitan Area, I conduct a fine-grained analysis of the urban and architectural forms through which race materialises in a central historical square, in a few peripheral social housing areas and in some informal urban gardens. Inscribed in the wider Black European framework, Black Lisbon is here intended as a provocation more than a label, and the concept of blackness is adopted as a visible tracker of micro-scale mechanisms of racialization as well as resistance to them. Considering the complex spatial dynamic that results and that encompasses different forms of omissions, displacements, replacements and place-makings, I argue that certain buildings, settings, bodies presence, urban spots and gardens arise as critical elements of the (still disregarded) compilation of non-white European architectures.

Raffaele Carli, M. Dotoli, R. Pellegrino

The recent development of metropolitan cities, especially in Europe, requires an effective integrated management of city services, infrastructure, and communication networks at a metropolitan level. A preliminary step towards a proper organizational and management strategy of the metropolitan city is the analysis, benchmarking and optimization of the metropolitan areas through a set of indicators coherent with the overall sustainability objective of the metropolitan city. This paper proposes the use of the Analytic Hierarchy Process multi-criteria decision making technique for application in the smart metropolitan city context, with the aim of analysing the sustainable development of energy, water and environmental systems, through a set of objective performance indicators. Specifically, the 35 indicators defined for the Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems Index framework are used. The application of the approach to the real case study of four metropolitan areas (Bari, Bitonto, Mola, and Molfetta) in the city of Bari (Italy) shows its usefulness for the local government in benchmarking metropolitan areas and providing decision indications on how to formulate the sustainable development strategy of the metropolitan city. Based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process characteristics, the results highlight that although one specific area (Mola in the considered case) is globally ranked at the first place, it is only ranked first with respect to some dimensions. Such a result has strong implications for the metropolitan city's manager who has the possibility to identify and implement targeted actions, which may be designed ad hoc to improve specific dimensions based on the current state of the city, thus maximizing the efficiency and effectiveness of the actions undertaken for the sustainable development of energy, water and environmental systems of the whole metropolitan city.

Vinod Kumar, Krishnendra Shekhawat

A plane graph is called a rectangular graph if each of its edges can be oriented either horizontally or vertically, each of its interior regions is a four-sided region and all interior regions can be fitted in a rectangular enclosure. If the dual of a plane graph is a rectangular graph, then the plane graph is a rectangularly dualizable graph. A rectangular dual is it area-universal if any assignment of areas to each of its regions can be realized by a combinatorially weak equivalent rectangular dual. It is still unknown that there exists no polynomial time algorithm to construct an area-universal rectangular dual for a rectangularly dualizable graph . In this paper, we describe a class of rectangularly dualizable graphs wherein each graph can be realized by an area-universal rectangular dual. We also present a polynomial time algorithm for its construction.

Bianca Dittrich

A number of approaches to 4D quantum gravity, such as holography and loop quantum gravity, propose areas instead of lengths as fundamental variables. The Area Regge action, which can be defined for general 4D triangulations, is a natural choice for an action based on areas. It does indeed appear in the semi-classical limit of spin foam models. The Area Regge action does however only lead to a discrete version of the gravitational equations of motion, if one implements constraints, that ensure that the areas are compatible with a consistent length assignment to the edges of the triangulation. The constrained version is then classically equivalent to the Length Regge action, which provides a discretization of the Einstein-Hilbert action. Here we perform the first systematic analysis of the Area Regge dynamics on a hyper-cubical lattice. Surprisingly, we find that the linearized Area Regge action on a hyper-cubical lattice does single out the Length Regge action by its scaling behaviour in the lattice constant. That is, integrating out the variables describing fluctuations in the area-length constraints one finds the linearized Length Regge action plus terms of higher order in the lattice constant. This appears without any explicit implementation of the area-length constraints.

G. Sanesi, G. Colangelo, R. Lafortezza et al.

Abstract Rapid expansion of urban built-up areas since the 1950s has led to the Milan region becoming one of the major metropolitan areas of Europe. This has been accompanied by significant structural changes to urban and peri-urban landscapes and fragmentation of formerly contiguous green corridors by the distribution of new urban forms such as housing and transport infrastructure. The need to address the loss of green space was first recognised by policy-makers at the end of the 1970s and in due course, this has led to new policies and laws. These policies included the introduction of the Milan metropolitan parks approach that, nowadays, is represented by numerous urban forests that have become the backbone of green infrastructure (GI) creation and management. In the last decades, a total of 10 000 hectares of new forests and green systems have been created. Boscoincittà and Parco Nord Milano are the best known examples of this approach aimed to redevelop the neighbourhoods of some suburbs of Milan to create multifunctional green spaces (forests, grasslands, wetlands, river corridor, and allotment gardens) in lands previously industrial or uncultivated. The creation and management of urban forests has become the backbone of GI creation and management in the Metropolitan Area of Milan. In recent decades, trends of land use change have been characterised by a rapid decrease in natural and agricultural areas and an increase in artificial and urban structures. Although the phenomenon is growing rapidly in this area, there is evidence of an opposite social and environmental trend highlighting the importance of GI positively affecting urban quality of life. Recent policies and management plans are dealing with this evidence by turning their attention to expanding green areas and infrastructure. The purpose of our investigation is to revisit effective measures designed to increase the quality and quantity of UGI in the metropolitan region under study. To this end, we assessed land use changes and described the potentialities and impacts of policies on such phenomena. The study analyses the main elements of UGI in the Italian context within the framework of the European Union Life + project called Emonfur, a research programme involving, inter alia, the establishment of an Urban Forest inventory and impact analysis of ecosystem services in the Metropolitan Area of Milan. Our research has allowed us to determine the current status of key sites by monitoring the policy and planning decisions that resulted in their development. We believe that such an analysis can pave the way to understand future land-use dynamics not only in northern Italy but in other metropolitan territories as well.

Vincent Verbavatz, Marc Barthelemy

As mitigating car traffic in cities has become paramount to abate climate change effects, fostering public transport in cities appears ever-more appealing. A key ingredient in that purpose is easy access to mass rapid transit (MRT) systems. So far, we have however few empirical estimates of the coverage of MRT in urban areas, computed as the share of people living in MRT catchment areas, say for instance within walking distance. In this work, we clarify a universal definition of such a metrics, the "People Near Transit (PNT)", and present measures of this quantity for 85 urban areas in OECD countries, the largest dataset of such a quantity so far. By suggesting a standardized protocol, we make our dataset sound and expandable to other countries and cities in the world, which grounds our work into solid basis for multiple reuses in transport, environmental or economic studies.

Abdul Khaliq , Muhammad Naseem Khan, Fayaz Ahmad et al.

INTRODUCTION: Road traffic accidents is a major public health problem with an estimate to become the ninth leading cause of death worldwide. Pakistan yearly spends around 100 billion rupees on injuries and ranks 5th due to the fatality associated with road traffic accidents. Seat-belt use decreases the fatality amongst drivers and front-seat passengers by around 45–50%. Therefore, the current study was aimed to determine seat belt use among drivers and front passengers and its association of demographic factors. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out from October 2016 to March 2017. The city was categorized into five major geographical areas and from each of these areas two roads were randomly selected from the list of the available roads. Data collection was done in the petrol pumps located on these roads and every fifth vehicle interviewed. Data was collected on an adapted tool with information regarding use of seat-belt and socio-demographic factors. Data was analyzed, using STATA version 13.1. RESULTS: A total of 1690 vehicles were interviewed during the time period. Around one third (35.5%) of the drivers were using seat-belt when approached and none of the front passengers. Around three fourth (72.2%) of the drivers reported avoiding fines and penalties as the main reason for using seat-belts. The main reason reported for not wearing seat-belt was embarrassment and was reported by around half of the drivers (45.6%) and front passenger (42.8%). On logistic regression education, type of vehicle and years of experience were independently associated with seat-belt use. Driving experience and education were negatively associated with seat-belt use while the use was less in private cars compared to taxis. CONCLUSIONS: Seat belt use in drivers of the metropolitan city of Peshawar was quite low and ironically was none in the front passengers. Avoiding fines and penalties was the main reason for seat-belt use which was common in taxis. Policy makers and planners should impose regulations and implementation of seat-belt use by all passengers to reduce the morbidity and mortality following road traffic accidents.

Eun Mi Jung, Kyoung-Nam Kim, Hyesook Park et al.

Background: Findings from previous studies on the association between exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and the risk of infant mortality were inconsistent. Thus, two main objectives of our study were to examine the association between exposure to PM2.5 and specified infant mortality and to identify critical trimesters. Methods: We retrospectively created a birth cohort of singleton full-term infants born in South Korea between 2010 and 2015 using national birth and infant mortality data. The specified causes of infant mortality were circulatory and respiratory diseases, perinatal conditions, congenital anomalies, and sudden infant death syndrome. We performed 1:10 propensity score matching for various exposure windows: each trimester, prenatal, and postnatal (up to age 1). Conditional logistic regression was applied to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), while accounting for gestational age, birth weight, maternal education level, season of birth, and regions (metropolitan areas/provinces). We also conducted sex-stratified analyses and used different matching ratios for sensitivity analyses. Results: A total of 2,501,836 births and 761 deaths (0.03%) were identified in the birth cohort. We found an increased risk of infant mortality per 10 µg/m3 increase in PM2.5 exposure during the prenatal period (OR: 1.29, 95% CI: 1.07–1.55). Exposure in the 1st and 2nd trimesters was linked to an elevated risk (OR: 1.19, 95% CI: 1.02–1.37; OR: 1.21, 95% CI: 1.04–1.40). However, no association was shown in the third trimester. PM2.5 exposure in the 1st and 2nd trimesters was associated with elevated male infant mortality, but did not reach statistical significance in female infants. The use of different matching ratios did not significantly affect the results. Conclusion: The study findings suggest that exposure to PM2.5 could affect infant mortality differently by the timing of exposure and sex, which suggests a relation to fetal development. However, further investigations are warranted.