Hasil untuk "Lexicography"

R. Carter, Michael McCarthy

Natalia V. Novospasskaya, Aida D. Haddad

The linguistic situation in Arab countries is characterized by the presence of several variants of the Arabic language, which interact constantly, complicating the establishment of a lexical corpus for each dialect. This paper analyzes existing approaches to the study of Arabic dialects, identifies shortcomings in the methodology of dialect analysis, and discusses directions for comparative research. It establishes the growing research interest in dialects, highlights the lack of systematic analysis of dialectal vocabulary in Arabic, and notes the interest in the phonetic and grammatical levels of analysis of specific dialects, as well as the lexical level in comparative studies. The authors propose an overview of existing digital solutions to describe and analyze Arabic dialects, highlighting the need to find new lexicographic formats and sources of dialectal material that can help capture the lexical composition and phonetic and grammatical characteristics of dialectal units. They also propose a new approach to organizing a dialectal dictionary and present a project for a multimedia dictionary of the Syrian dialect of Arabic.

Jasmina Lukec

Maria Tuulik, Ene Vainik, Esta Prangel et al.

Artiklis uurime, kas ja mil määral saavad suured keelemudelid (SKMid) leksikograafi aidata sõnastikuseletuste loomisel ja sõnatähendus(t)e esitusel. Katsetatud SKMidest jäid lõplikku hindamisküsitlusse GPT-4o ja Gemini 1.5 Pro tähendusseletused 60 sõna kohta. Kasutatud näitetu promptimise (zero-shot) meetod võimaldas selgitada leksikograafide eelistusi ja nõudmisi seletustele ilma nende vormi ennetavalt piiramata. Tähendusseletusi hindas 21 leksikograafi. Vastajate üldine rahulolu oli suhteliselt kõrge: leksikograafid hindasid oma töö jaoks väga kasulikuks või mõnevõrra kasulikuks 83% seletustest. Mudelite sooritus eesti keeles enamasti rahuldas vastajaid: 75% juhtudel hinnati seletuste keelt grammatiliselt korrektseks. Rahulolu semantilise esitusega oli mõnevõrra madalam: väljatoodud tähendusi peeti õigeks 56% juhtudel. Kahest SKM-ist hinnati kõrgemalt GPT-4o tähendusseletusi. Leksikograafide hinnangud varieerusid. Hinnangutele lisatud kommentaaride analüüs selgitas leksikograafide rahulolu/rahulolematuse sisemist struktuuri, millele toetudes on edaspidi võimalik luua täpsemaid prompte eri tüüpi sõnastikuseletuste tarvis. Abstract. Maria Tuulik, Ene Vainik, Esta Prangel, Margit Langemets, Eleri Aedmaa, Kristina Koppel, Lydia Risberg: Describing senses for lexicography: how helpful are large language models? In this article, we investigate whether and to what extent large language models (LMMs) can assist lexicographers in writing definitions and presenting word meaning(s). Of the LLMs tested, the GPT-4o and Gemini 1.5 Pro meaning descriptions for 60 words were selected for the final evaluation. The zero-shot prompting method used made it possible to identify the lexicographers’ preferences and demands for the descriptions without preemptively limiting their form. The meaning descriptions were evaluated by 21 lexicographers. The overall satisfaction of respondents was relatively high: lexicographers rated 83% of the meaning descriptions as very or somewhat useful for their work. The performance of the models in Estonian was mostly satisfactory for the respondents: in 75% of the cases, the language of the meaning descriptions was judged to be grammatically correct. Satisfaction with the semantic presentation was somewhat lower: the meanings given were considered correct in 56% of cases. Of the two LLM-s, GPT-4o’s output was rated higher. Lexicographers’ evaluations varied. The analysis of the comments accompanying the evaluations clarified the internal structure of the lexicographers’ satisfaction/dissatisfaction and will allow the findings to be used in the future to create detailed prompts providing basis for different types of dictionary definitions.

Mihela Melem Hajdarović, Sanja Nekić

Djeca od najranijih dana stvaraju dojam o svijetu oko sebe, stoga je vrlo važno omogućiti im odrastanje uz provjerene informacije, koje na stručan i zanimljiv način artikuliraju njihov svijet. U Hrvatskoj je tijekom XX. stoljeća objavljen popriličan broj raznih enciklopedijskih izdanja (nizova) za djecu i mladež. Ovo istraživanje bavi se trima enciklopedijskim izdanjima: enciklopedijom Svijet oko nas (I. svezak 1968; II. svezak 1970), Dječjom enciklopedijom Larousse (1970) i Enciklopedijom za djevojčice (1974). Istraživanje ima nekoliko ciljeva: nastoji utvrditi kakvu vrstu informacija odabrane enciklopedije pružaju djeci i mladima, a analizom teksta i ilustracija utvrditi će se jesu li prilagođeni njihovoj dobi. Rekonstruirat će se vrijednosti koje se enciklopedijskim člancima prenose djeci te utvrditi jesu li one obrazovnoga (stjecanje znanja), odgojnoga (stjecanje moralnih vrijednosti) ili kombiniranoga karaktera. Utvrdit će se specifičnosti odabranih enciklopedija, a njihova komparacija pokazat će koji su njihovi dominantni sadržaji i na koji su način posredovani. Utvrdit će se prate li enciklopedije za djecu i mlade uobičajeni, danas razvijeni enciklopedijski stil, te na koji način (i je li uopće) te rane enciklopedije svoju ulogu ostvaruju i danas (u kojoj mjeri i na koji način komuniciraju s današnjom djecom i mladeži). U radu se koristila mješovita metodologija (engl. Mixed Methods Research), koja podrazumijeva kombiniranje istraživačkih metoda i istraživačkoga dizajna u istraživanju te postojanje točaka integracije između rezultata u kvantitativnim i kvalitativnim istraživanjima. Kvantitativni dio istraživanja uključuje prikupljanje (klasificiranje i kvantificiranje) podataka i sadržajnu analizu članaka i ilustracija. Kvalitativni dio istraživanja sastoji se od provođenja polustrukturiranih intervjua s djecom dječje i mladenačke dobi te odraslima. Ukupno je intervjuirano dvadesetero djece i mladih te desetero odraslih. Rezultati analize enciklopedijskoga sadržaja pokazali su da su enciklopedije za djecu i mlade uvijek nešto više ilustrirane, što je poželjno jer su nalazi iz intervjua pokazali da djeca i mladi i očekuju veći broj ilustracija. Svi tekstovi i ilustracije prilagođeni su dobi čitalačke publike kojoj su namijenjeni. Sve tri enciklopedije imaju zajedničkih elemenata, ali i svojih posebnosti. Razgovori sa sugovornicima pokazali su da im biografski sadržaj nije toliko bitan koliko članci koji obrađuju opće pojmove. Do istoga se nalaza došlo analizom enciklopedijskih sadržaja. Sva izdanja imaju kombinirani odgojno-obrazovni karakter, a svako ga provodi na sebi specifičan način. Sve tri enciklopedije i danas imaju svoju vrijednost, no razgovori s ispitanicima pokazali su kako grafička oprema tih ranih enciklopedija uglavnom predstavlja najveći jaz između njih i današnjih generacija.

Sarah Lang

Martin Ruland’s Lexicon Alchemiae, in its 1612 edition, and Sommerhoff’s German-Latin dictionary (1701) in TEI-XML format provide valuable resources for understanding the cryptic language of alchemy, characterized by its use of codenames, or Decknamen. Alchemical terminology, often allegorical and poetic, arose as a shared vocabulary for laboratory practices before the advent of modern analytical chemistry. Lacking precise measurements, chymists relied on these terms to describe sensory experiences and chemical processes, forming a language that, while obscure to outsiders, enabled communication within their community. Together, the two dictionaries contain some 20,000 entries in Latin and German.

K. Getchell, Stephen Carradini, P. Cardon et al.

The rapid, widespread implementation of artificial intelligence technologies in workplaces has implications for business communication. In this article, the authors describe current capabilities, challenges, and concepts related to the adoption and use of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in business communication. Understanding the abilities and inabilities of AI technologies is critical to using these technologies ethically. The authors offer a proposed research agenda for researchers in business communication concerning topics of implementation, lexicography and grammar, collaboration, design, trust, bias, managerial concerns, tool assessment, and demographics. The authors conclude with some ideas regarding how to teach about AI in the business communication classroom.

G. Rees, R. Lew

In metalexicographical research, experts have judged the performance of technologies such as OpenAI Generative Pretrained Transformer (GPT) in lexicographic production tasks as promising yet inferior to human lexicographers. It remains unclear whether this perceived inferiority limits the effectiveness of AI-generated lexicography in resolving practical language doubts. Accordingly, this study compares the effectiveness of AI-generated definitions to those from the Macmillan English Dictionary (MED) in resolving vocabulary doubts in a multiple-choice reading task designed to test lexical knowledge. It involves 43 L2 English users in the third year of an English studies degree at a Spanish university. Students provided with MED definitions performed better on the reading task than those without access to definitions. However, there was no significant difference between the performance of students with either MED definitions or without definitions altogether, and those provided with AI-definitions. The implications of these findings are discussed along with avenues for further research.

L. Gao, K. J. Parker, K. J. Parker et al.

Recently, a number of methods have been developed that make it possible to image the elastic properties of soft tissues. Because certain types of tissues such as malignant lesions, for example, have elastic properties that are markedly different from surrounding tissues, elasticity imaging could provide a significant adjunct to current diagnostic ultrasonic methods. Further, elasticity imaging techniques could be used to augment the study of tissues that change their elastic properties, such as skeletal and cardiac muscle. In this paper, we survey some of the previous work done in the related field of biomechanics, and we review measurement techniques from the 1950s to the 1980s. Different approaches to elastic imaging and signal processing are then discussed and a lexicography for elastic imaging is introduced. It is hoped that this nomenclature will provide a meaningful categorization of various approaches and will make evident the inherent parameters displayed and conditions applied in deriving the resulting images. Key assumptions and signal processing approaches are also reviewed. Finally, directions for future work are suggested.

H. Bergenholtz, S. Tarp

In the history of lexicography, a lot has been said about dictionary users and their needs. This paper will focus on two theories that both share the postulate that dictionaries are tools made by human beings in order to solve specific problems. The first theory is developed by the German scholar H.E. Wiegand and it will be argued that his theory about dictionary use should be considered a linguistic reconstruction of information items in existing dictionaries. The other theory is the modern theory of lexicographic functions that takes all the theoretical and practical consequences of the basic postulate that dictionaries are utility products.

Tatyana V. Sivova

The focus of this study is the reconstruction of the Russian floristic space color conceptosphere, in particular its fragment, represented by the wormwood color descriptions, which is significant plant in the traditional Slavic culture, functioning in various discourses (lexicographic, artistic, advertising). In the course of the study, a number of tasks were solved: 1) based on the lexicographic sources, K. Paustovsky’s prose, linguistic associative experiment, the National corpus of the Russian language data, advertising text, the quantitative and qualitative composition of wormwood color descriptions, represented by more than 70 unique nominations, was determined; 2) color dominants that visualize the plant and are the color stereotype of its perception: green – according to the associative experiment data, gray – according to the K. Paustovsky’s color picture of the world, gray-haired and silvery – according to the main and poetic subcorps of the National corpus of the Russian language were revealed; 3) the functional potential of the wormwood color descriptions, which creates the idea of the plant, was described; 4) on the example of the wormwood color descriptions use in texts, some trends in the development of the Russian color system were indicated, in particular, active color terms production based on color plant descriptions. The results obtained make it possible to make a certain contribution to the Russian color conceptosphere description; can be used both in research activities and in educational and methodical work, in lexicography.

Tebogo J. Rakgogo, Evangeline B. Zungu

The primary focus of this article is the onomastic discrepancies that are considered a blatant disregard of Section 6 (1) of the Constitution of South Africa (Act No. 108 of 1996). The article employs a qualitative research approach where text analysis is used, focusing on constitutional documentation, legislative frameworks on language-related matters and higher education policy documentations, as well as language policy documentation from the selected 10 South African universities that offered Sepedi as a first language or conversational module. It is found that there is a constitutional disregard by competent organisations such as universities, financial institutions, Google and language authorities (such as Pan South African Language Board, Sesotho sa Leboa National Language Body and Sesotho sa Leboa National Lexicography Unit), since most of the policies are inconsistent with Section 6 (1) of the South African Constitution, 1996. In summary, the article records that the policies supersede the Constitution, since the language name ‘Northern Sotho/Sesotho sa Leboa’ is the most used name to refer to the official standard language rather than its counterpart, Sepedi.

Anne Tamm, Natalia Vaiss

The paper examines a class of Estonian transitive verbs referred to as ‘partitive verbs’: verbs that appear with partitive-marked objects. This class is more heterogeneous than previously assumed. Firstly, there are verbs that cannot have total (accusative) objects. Secondly, there are verbs that can have total objects in lexically restricted combinations. Thirdly, some verbs combine freely with a boundarymarking element. Finally, there is a group of less studied verbs that normally represent unbounded situations but nevertheless allow total object marking if the context highlights the boundary of a situation or result. We clarify the conditions of partitive verbs appearing with total objects, hoping to enhance Estonian L2 instruction and lexicography. *** "Piiride seadmisest: partitiivverbid eesti verbiklassifikatsioonides" Artiklis vaatleme eesti keele transitiivverbide klassifikatsioonides partitiivverbideks liigitatud verbe, keskendudes nn pehmetele partitiivverbidele. Kasutusnäidetest ilmneb, et pehmete partitiivverbide näol on tegemist heterogeensema verbiklassiga, kui on eelnevate uurimuste alusel järeldatud. Täiustame seniseid klassifikatsioone eesmärgiga täpsustada verbide esitust eesti keele õppesõnaraamatuis. Eristame partitiivverbide klassi, mis tüüpjuhtudel väljendavad tulemuseta ja piiritlemata situatsioone, ent esinevad siiski ka totaalobjektiga, kui diskursuse kontekst tõstab esile situatsiooni piirid ja tulemuse.

Branko Salaj

In early May 1941, three Serbs were killed by a group of young Ustasha militiamen assigned to the local headquarters of the Ustasha movement in the Croatian city of Karlovac. The affair, known as »the Vujičić case« after its best known victim, attorney and politician Milan Vujičić, was hushed up at that time, but the case left a deeper imprint on historical studies than some of the larger atrocities committed during the period. The case was reopened in early 1947, upon the extradition of Vladimir Židovec to Yugoslavia. Židovec was the secretary of the local Ustaša HQ at the time of the crime, and afterwards a diplomat in the Independent State of Croatia (ISC). Subjected to harsh interrogation by the Yugoslav Udba secret police, Židovec offered to collaborate and authored a lengthy but tainted testimony. He claimed that his antagonist and formal local superior Ante Nikšić, afterwards an ISC diplomat and minister of the interior, initiated the crime. In spite of various important deficiencies of the inquiry, the thesis that Nikšić had instigated the murder of his personal friend Vujičić has been reiterated over the years. It has been incorporated into reference manuals as a proven fact, and has even been contextualized on a larger scale. This article therefore strives to reconsider the case on the basis of some new elements. While offering no final answers, it points to various incongruences of the present interpretation.

Boris Blažina

Monika Szymańska

The coral of your lips, the stars of your eyes – the function of the genitive case in a particular kind of genitive metaphor compared to other semantic functions of this case (based on examples in the Polish language) This paper attempts to explicate the meanings of expressions representing a specific type of genitive metaphor – binding two notions by the rule of conventional, surface sameness. This article aims to prove that the genitive function that appears in this kind of expression is part of a general pattern modelling the semantic roles of this case. This pattern presents the genitive as a lingual indicator of the relation between a "smaller range" object and a "larger range" object and explains the essence of the semantic function appearing not only in this particular type of genitive metaphor, but also in structures such as genetivus definitivus.   Ust korale, gwiazdy oczu– rola dopełniacza w szczególnym typie metafory dopełniaczowej na tle innych ról semantycznych tego przypadka (na przykładach w języku polskim) Artykył prezentuje próbę eksplikacji znaczeń wyrażeń reprezentujących pewien szczególny typ metafory dopełniaczowej – wiążącej dwa pojęcia na zasadzie umownej, pozornej, tożsamości. Próba ta ma na celu udowodnienie, że rola dopełniacza, która ujawnia się w opisywanym typie wyrażeń, wpisuje się w ogólny schemat modelujący role semantyczne tego przypadka. Schemat ten ujmuje dopełniacz jako językowy wykładnik stosunku obiektu o „mniejszym zakresie” do obiektu mającego „większy zakres” i pozwala wyjaśnić istotę roli semantycznej uwidoczniającej się nie tylko w szczególnym typie metafory dopełniaczowej, ale także w konstrukcjach takich, jak genetivus definitivus.

Małgorzata Brożyna Reczko

LOVE in English and Polish The paper presents a sample contrastive analysis of the linguistic picture of love in English and Polish. The material used in the survey is drawn from lexicographic data, including the British National Corpus and Narodowy Korpus Języka Polskiego [National Corpus of Polish]. The paper focuses on the similarities and differences in conceptualizing the abstract concept of love in the English and Polish languages. An analytical method, developed by Bartmiński and associates, serves as the theoretical basis for the reconstruction of the linguistic picture of the world.   MIŁOŚĆ w języku angielskim i polskim Niniejszy artykuł to próba kontrastywnego porównania językowego obrazu świata MIŁOŚCI w języku angielskim i polskim. Materiał badawczy pochodzi głównie ze źródeł leksykograficznych: słowników oraz korpusów (Narodowego Korpusu Języka Polskiego oraz z korpusu języka angielskiego British National Corpus). Celem badania było poszukiwanie podobieństw i różnic w konceptualizacji MIŁOŚCI w tych dwóch językach. Metoda badawcza została zaczerpnięta z prac J. Bartmińskiego i dotyczy rekonstrukcji językowego obrazu świata różnych pojęć.

Jack Windsor Lewis, Inger Margrethe Mees

The evolution of pronunciations in mainly British English dictionaries is traced from their beginnings, with accounts of certain neglected figures in the field. In the paper we discuss how representations of pronunciations have developed from being indicated by means of conventional spelling with the addition of marks and numbers to more sophisticated systems of phonetic notation. A significant feature of the twenty-first century is the addition of spoken pronunciations of the items.

Drago Roksandić

Članak je nastao s ciljem da se analizom ključnih stajališta Miroslava Krleže i članova Centralne i republičkih redakcija, iskazanih na Plenumu i komisijama Centralne redakcije Enciklopedije Jugoslavije u Zagrebu od 12. do 14. lipnja 1952. godine, postavi problem Krležina odnosa te odnosa drugih aktera prema tom enciklopedijskom projektu. Polazeći od hladnoratovskih proturječja u Jugoslaviji između 1948. i 1952. godine i dalekosežno projiciranih društvenih promjena u zemlji u tom vrlo kratkom periodu, Krleža je mogao konceptualizirati Jugoslavicu u epohalnim razmjerima, a istovremeno predstaviti njezine socijalističke prosvjetiteljske ciljeve na utilitarnoj razini. Cijena toga raskoraka naslućivala se već 1952. godine. Ipak, mnogobrojni suradnici, okupljeni u Zagrebu i u drugim jugoslavenskim centrima na Krležinu projektu, logikom distribucije vlasti i moći u Jugoslaviji učinili su Enciklopediju Jugoslavije europski kompetitivnim projektom.

Ewa Rudnicka

Elements of grammatical information in the dictionary edited by T. Lehr-Spławiński, as an example of socio-cultural factors in lexicography The paper examines the convention of formulating the inflectional information, especially pertaining to grammatical cases, in Trzaska, Evert, and Michalski’s Dictionary of Polish that was edited in the interwar period by T. Lehr-Spławiński. The author attempts to determine what factors informed the use of a lexicographically innovative solution that nonetheless did not upset the linguistic tradition, and has proven both very functional and influential for future conventions in Polish lexicography. The analysis of nominal inflection presented in the dictionary is compared to analyses in numerous academic and popular grammars, mostly from the interwar period or widely known at the time, and in the context of the publishing layout of the editor who contracted Lehr-Spławiński. The aim of the paper is to highlight the significant role that research on the sociocultural context plays in metalexicographical studies and in a better understanding and interpretation of dictionaries, not so much as linguistic compendia, but also as texts of culture.