The article is devoted to a comprehensive theoretical and legal study of the law enforcement function of the state in wartime conditions using the example of Ukraine during the period of full-scale armed aggression of the Russian Federation from February 24, 2022. The relevance of the study is due to the need for a scientific understanding of the transformation of the law enforcement system in extreme conditions of martial law, which requires a rethinking of doctrinal approaches to understanding the essence and content of the law enforcement function of the state in a special period. The methodological basis of the study is made up of general scientific and special legal methods of cognition: dialectical method, system-structural analysis, formal-legal, comparative-legal and historical-legal methods. The article analyzes the legal principles of the functioning of law enforcement agencies in the special conditions of the legal regime of martial law, examines the transformation of their competence, organizational structure and the specifics of the implementation of law enforcement activities in conditions of armed conflict. The provisions of the Constitution of Ukraine, the Law of Ukraine «On the Legal Regime of Martial Law», legislation on the National Police, the Security Service of Ukraine, the National Guard and other regulatory legal acts that regulate the activities of law enforcement agencies in a special period are analyzed. Special attention is paid to the study of the conceptual principles of the Comprehensive Strategic Plan for the Reform of Law Enforcement Agencies as Part of the Security and Defense Sector of Ukraine for 2023-2027 and the analysis of the Action Plan for its Implementation, approved by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine in 2024. The features of the functioning of the system of law enforcement agencies of Ukraine, including the National Police, the National Guard, the Security Service of Ukraine, the State Bureau of Investigation, and prosecutor’s offices under the legal regime of martial law are studied. Theoretical and methodological approaches to defining the concept of «law enforcement agencies» and the criteria for classifying state institutions as law enforcement agencies are analyzed. Problematic aspects of the implementation of the law enforcement function of the state under martial law are systematized, including issues of balancing national security and respect for human rights, personnel and material and technical support, coordination of the activities of various law enforcement structures, documentation and investigation of war crimes, and international cooperation. Promising directions for improving the regulatory and legal regulation of the activities of law enforcement agencies under special legal regimes are identified.
Kemajuan teknologi digital memberikan pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap sektor ekonomi dan hukum di Indonesia, terutama bagi pelaku bisnis digital dan startup. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji penerapan Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2024 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik (UU ITE) dalam memberikan perlindungan hukum bagi pelaku usaha digital, serta mengidentifikasi berbagai tantangan yang dihadapi startup dalam memenuhi ketentuan hukum tersebut. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah pendekatan hukum normatif dengan analisis deskriptif berdasarkan bahan hukum primer dan sekunder. Hasil penelitian mengungkapkan bahwa meskipun UU ITE telah menyediakan landasan hukum yang cukup kuat bagi aktivitas digital, masih terdapat sejumlah hambatan seperti rendahnya kesadaran hukum, tumpang tindih regulasi, serta keterbatasan sumber daya. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan kolaborasi antara pemerintah, aparat penegak hukum, dan pelaku industri digital guna memperkuat penerapan serta kepatuhan terhadap hukum di sektor ekonomi digital.
This study explores how socio-economic factors affect the effectiveness of public accountability frameworks in EU member states, with Romania as a case study. Using data from the World Bank, Eurobarometer, and cross-country comparisons, it identifies five key determinants: income inequality, education, healthcare access, political participation, and economic stability. Grounded in institutional theory, the research shows that inclusive institutions and lower disparities lead to stronger accountability, while weaker frameworks often reinforce inequality and corruption. For Romania, the study recommends boosting transparency, enforcing anti-corruption measures, improving rural-urban equity, and enhancing civic education to strengthen the link between citizens and institutions.
Marketing. Distribution of products, Office management
Micheli Pilau de Oliveira, Nathalia das Neves Teixeira, Joice Graciele Nielsson
O presente estudo objetiva analisar criticamente o padrão de beleza eleito cultural e historicamente como o ideal para os corpos femininos e seus reflexos na saúde das mulheres. O problema norte da investigação é: em que medida a medicalização da estética se constitui como uma violência silenciosa de gênero? Parte-se da hipótese de que, a partir do momento em que as mulheres promoveram rupturas na estrutura de poder patriarcal da sociedade, povoando o mercado de trabalho e ainda assim responsáveis pelo trabalho “invisível’ afeto ao lar, a estratégia empregada para a manutenção do status quo foi a imposição do “mito da beleza”, consistente na obrigação de corresponder ao padrão estético tido como ideal. As mulheres negras, nesse escopo, experimentam essa violência em maior intensidade, haja vista a intersecção da raça que potencializa o mito da beleza. O método empregado é o hipotético-dedutivo e a técnica de pesquisa bibliográfica.
Law, Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
Clara Rossatto Bohrz, Débora Pinter Moreira, Jânia Maria Lopes Saldanha
As adversidades enfrentadas pelos haitianos frequentemente os levam a considerar a emigração, resultando na diáspora haitiana. Fatores como a rota para outros destinos e a liderança do Brasil na Missão da ONU no Haiti impulsionaram essa migração. Embora discursos oficiais enfatizem os direitos humanos dos migrantes, a prática nem sempre corresponde, gerando discussões, especialmente no judiciário. Usando um método dedutivo, combinou-se o conceito de hospitalidade universal de Kant com a ideia de mobilidade de Joseph, destacando a "negralização das migrações" para analisar o tratamento jurídico das migrações haitianas no Brasil. Utilizou-se o método monográfico e jurisprudencial com pesquisa documental. Após examinar influências democráticas no cenário normativo atual, analisaram-se decisões judiciais sobre o direito de reunião familiar, concluindo que a resposta jurídica à diáspora haitiana no Brasil tem aspectos positivos e limitações, caracterizando um "cosmopolitismo jurídico à brasileira". Propõe-se regulamentar a admissão excepcional como alternativa à portaria MJSP/MRE no 38/2023 para promover a reunificação familiar.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
У статті ідентифіковано проблеми, що виникають у процесі доказування істотної зміни обставин у контексті правозастосування та встановлено, що наразі, пріоритетним є формування чітко окресленого, ефективного інституту істотної зміни обставин, адаптацію правових підходів його регулювання відповідно до нових викликів. Вказана проблематика прослідковується при практичній реалізації норм статті 652 Цивільного кодексу України, зокрема в переважній більшості судових рішень досить критично оцінюються докази наявності істотної зміни обставин. Тому збалансувати майнові інтереси сторін при виникненні істотної зміни обставин стає досить обтяжливим, а норми вказаної вище статті в існуючій на сьогодні редакції недостатньо чітко визначають механізми її доказування, що призводить до виникнення юридичних суперечок та правових невизначеностей. Cаме формування механізму доказування наявності істотної зміни обставин сприятиме прозорості договірних відносин, покращенню договірної дисципліни, зниженню правових ризиків, справедливому врегулюванню спорів, полегшенню судового розгляду. А для забезпечення дотримання принципу свободи договірних відносин важливо законодавчо закріпити обов’язок з визначення такого механізму самими сторонами в договорі.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
The article examines the problems of defining the subject of municipal law as a branch of Ukrainian law. The phenomenology of municipal law is studied in the context of its genesis, development and understanding of the subject of municipal legal regulation. It is proved that the subject of municipal law as a branch of national law should be considered social relations that arise in the process of recognition, formation, organization and exercise of municipal power, as well as the realization and protection of municipal human rights. The article provides a doctrinal analysis of approaches to interpreting the content of relevant social relations. The issue of the principles and forms of implementation of municipal law was raised. It is stated that the urgent task of the modern municipal legal doctrine is the search for the main characteristics of the subject of municipal legal regulation, that is, the generalized criterion that allows to attribute the social relationship to the number of proper municipal legal relations. Municipalism and community organization at the municipal level - the municipal system - should act as such a characteristic. For the first time, it was proposed to introduce the category «municipal system» into scientific circulation. According to the author, the municipal system is a system of social relations and principles related to the exercise by territorial communities of their functions and powers as the primary subject of local self-government, as well as the implementation of historical, socioeconomic, spiritual-cultural, ethno-national and other features and traditions of their municipal life, which are recognized and protected by the Constitution and other acts of positive law. It is a kind of system-conglomerate structure, a synergistic combination of the principles of local self-government and heterogeneous elements and processes of municipal life (human rights, freedom, democracy, power, territory, property, etc.). It is claimed that the municipal system is one of the basic criteria for the formation of the subject of modern municipal law.
This study aims to analyze how the effectiveness of the presidential threshold concept is implemented in the presidential and vice presidential elections in Indonesia. The theory used is the theory of democracy associated with political parties and elections. The method used in this study uses a normative approach by analyzing the law on the symptoms that exist in the election process, and using a qualitative approach by collecting existing data in literacy and literature. The results of the discussion show that the process of using the presidential threshold in the election results in pros and cons and conflicts in it because of various understandings and incompatibilities with the social life that exists in Indonesian society, which incidentally each region has its own culture. The character of the presidential threshold seems to be a planting bomb for every political party that carries each candidate because the strategies and steps that are determined can make a wrong position and have a negative impact on the related political parties
Islamic law, Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
Sara Mitchell and Andrew Owsiak's examination of the impact of UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and Article 287 declarations on the peaceful resolution of maritime disputes significantly advances the literature on the relationship between international law/international courts and maritime issues. To their credit, the authors employ a wide range of empirical tests in the article to provide readers with confidence in the empirical results. Nonetheless, there are some important limitations in their approach. Drawing on insights from the causal inference literature, I argue that Mitchell and Owsiak's empirical analyses suffer from two biases that both (1) raise concerns about the causal relationships identified in the article, and (2) suggest some important scope conditions in its empirical findings. I investigate the biases and propose suggestions for legal scholarship to produce more credible results.
Comparative law. International uniform law, Private international law. Conflict of laws
This paper aims to analyse collective labour rights of both “classic” selfemployed persons and economically dependent self-employed workers under the Spanish Statute of Self-Employed Workers (Ley 20/2007 del Estatuto del Trabajo Autónomo). The author applies comparative analysis and critical reasoning with a view to answering the questions: is the scope of protection wide enough, and can Poland draw a lesson from it? The paper presents evidence that demonstrates that among all self-employed workers, only economically dependent self-employed workers are granted the right to bargain collectively. However, findings suggest that in practice, collective bargaining is stymied mainly because it takes place only at the enterprise level, and because the number of economically dependent self-employed workers is minimal. The paper concludes that collective labour rights under the Statute of Self-Employed Workers could be better protected (especially as regards “classic” self-employed persons). On the other hand, however, in Poland, the lack of any criteria that would enable a diversification of the scope of collective rights granted to self-employed persons is subject to criticism. It appears that in some areas the legislator should differentiate the scope of protection. The criterion of economic dependence, which exists in Spanish law, could be successfully used for this purpose.
Law, Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
El presente artículo tiene por objeto examinar la importancia de los principios generales de la contratación pública incorporados en el Acuerdo de Libre Comercio entre la República de Chile y la República de Colombia. El análisis se realiza a partir del estudio de la evolución global de los principios de igualdad, no discriminación, transparencia, libre concurrencia y publicidad. Estos principios han generado la unificación de criterios y la reglamentación existente en esta disciplina, así como la formación de un derecho común que se basa en la prohibición de cualquier tipo de discriminación por razón de nacionalidad, y como garante de las relaciones comerciales encaminadas a avanzar en materia de contratación pública.
* Discurso pronunciado pelo Prof. Dr. Joaquim Carlos Salgado, Titular da Cadeira de Introdução à Ciência do Direito e Filosofia do Direito, representando os professores titulares empossados na sessão solene da Egrégia Congregação da Faculdade de Direito da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, em 30 de novembro de 1992. ano centenário da Faculdade.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
Fundamental legal principles may function as a check on legislative power protecting citizens against arbitrary interferences with their liberty. This contribution deals with the principle of equality and the principle of certainty. First, the testing of legislation against the principle of equality is presented as a case study of constitutional review. In the Netherlands, the constitutional dialogue between the legislator and the Dutch Supreme Court revolving around the principle of equality demonstrates a fair amount of subtle details. As a result, constitutional review can hardly be called an all or nothing affair.Secondly, retroactive tax legislation is dealt with. The legislator does seem to take the principle of legal certainty, another fundamental legal principle, quite seriously, although no testing of statutory legislation is possible by the courts. With regard to retroactive tax legislation the Government has committed itself in a memorandum, requested by Parliament, to adhere to rules of conduct with regard to different situations where it deems retroactive tax legislation to be justified. Thus, a soft law instrument facilitates a dialogue between different partners in the business of law-making.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
El estudio arroja la presencia de grupos delictivos organizados en el territorio mexicano, que trafican con especies de fauna protegidas, valiéndose de las mismas rutas que utiliza el narcotráfico y, en muchas ocasiones, mediante la diversificación de actividades criminales, por lo que lo mismo trafican con personas, armas y drogas que con ejemplares de vida silvestre, y obtienen ganancias calculadas solo por debajo del tráfico ilícito de drogas. No obstante estas características, en la legislación mexicana no existe la regulación del tráfico de especies como una figura cometida por la delincuencia organizada, razón por la cual toda la gama de instrumentos excepcionales de investigación creados para investigar, perseguir y sancionar al crimen organizado no pueden emplearse para esta manifestación criminal del tráfico de ejemplares de vida silvestre. Se ha utilizado el método de análisis de contenidos referido a libros, revistas especializadas, notas periodísticas y documentos de Naciones Unidas, poniendo énfasis en los datos que arroja la comisión de delitos ambientales, mediante grupos delictivos organizados.
<span style="font-family: ";Times New Roman";,";serif";; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">O trabalho tem como objetivo investigar a possibilidade de um ensino jurídico mais aberto e plural às diferenças e à humanização, por meio da aprendizagem de uma outra noção de direitos humanos – teoria da (re)invenção dos direitos humanos. Escrito em forma de manifesto, o texto é um convite ao mergulho do leitor em reflexões sobre a relação entre direitos humanos e ensino jurídico, em um constante diálogo com Luis Alberto Warat, Joaquín Herrera Flores e Rubem Alves. Vislumbra-se o ensino jurídico como um ato de amor, cuja vontade se resume em dar asas à imaginação poética para se pensar a construção de um mundo mais humanizador e libertário dos desejos e sonhos instituintes. É uma luta que grita um grito silente em favor da cidadania e da busca da democracia plural e participativa.</span>
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence, Social sciences (General)
In the space of two decades, social rights have emerged from the shadows and margins of human rights jurisprudence. The authors in this book provide a critical analysis of almost two thousand judgments and decisions from twenty-nine national and international jurisdictions. The breadth of the decisions is vast, from the resettlement of evictees to the regulation of private medical plans to the development of state programs to address poverty and illiteracy. The jurisprudence not only implicates our understanding of economic, social, and cultural rights, but also challenges the philosophical debates that question whether these rights can and should be justiciable.